Orientador: Tiago Zenker Gireli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_CamilaMariaMateusAlvesde_M.pdf: 4842438 bytes, checksum: 62d1a3d25fab3452d2d61cc54a1bf0e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As obras costeiras são de grande porte e custos associados já que são inseridas em um meio complexo que sofre alterações de diversos fatores, sejam eles naturais ou antrópicos. Projetar estes tipos de estruturas baseando-se apenas em conhecimentos teóricos não garante sua máxima otimização e minimização de custos. Para isso, utilizam-se inúmeras ferramentas, como a modelagem numérica, que permite analisar os impactos gerados pela iteração entre a obra e o meio ambiente. Nesse estudo, foi realizada uma caracterização hidrodinâmica da Baía e Estuário Santista utilizando a modelagem numérica através do software MIKE 21, onde se criou um modelo que representasse o canal do porto de Santos. Na etapa de calibração, a modificação dos coeficientes de Manning conduziu o modelo para a convergência do processo. Na etapa da validação, os valores dos estudos foram coerentes com os extraídos do protótipo, levando-se em consideração as simplificações adotadas para este estudo e o emprego de um modelo bidimensional. Por fim, pode-se concluir que a caracterização da região foi efetuada com sucesso e que o modelo desenvolvido já se configura em uma ferramenta apta a ser empregada para simular os impactos que as mudanças climáticas e a ação antrópica poderiam trazer para hidrodinâmica do Estuário Santista / Abstract: The coastal works are associated to large costs as they are inserted in a complex environment that changes on several factors, whether natural or anthropogenic. Designing these types of structures based only on theoretical knowledge does not guarantee its maximum optimization and cost minimization. For this, various tools are used, such as numerical modeling, that can be analyzed the impacts generated by the interaction between the work and environment. In this study, a hydrodynamic characterization are performed of Santos Bay and Estuary using numerical modeling software MIKE 21, which created a model that represents the channel of the Port of Santos. In the calibration step, modifying the Manning coefficients of the model led to the convergence of the process. In the validation step, the values of the studies were consistent with those extracted from the prototype, taking into account the simplifications adopted for this study and the use of a two-dimensional model. Finally, can be concluded that the characterization of the region was carried out successfully and the model developed has already been configured in a suitable tool to be used to simulate the impacts of climate change and human action could bring to Santos Estuary hydrodynamics / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This paper describes the current ground-based calibration results of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Suomi National Polar orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Sentinel-2A Multispectral Instrument (MSI), using an automated suite of instruments located at Railroad Valley, Nevada, USA. The period of this study is 2012 to 2016 for MODIS, VIIRS, and ETM+, 2013 to 2016 for OLI, and 2015 to 2016 for MSI. The current results show that all sensors agree with the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS) to within +/- 5% in the solar-reflective regime, except for one band on VIIRS that is within +/- 6%. In the case of ETM+ and OLI, the agreement is within +/- 3%, and, in the case of MODIS, the agreement is within +/- 3.5%. MSI agrees with RadCaTS to within +/- 4.5% in all applicable bands. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

Requirements validation is a critical phase of requirements engineering processes, which makes sure that requirements are correct, consistent, complete and accurate. Requirements validation is used in determining the right requirements, while verification determines that implementation is correct with respect to its requirements. The main objective of validation is to certify that requirement specification document is the acceptable description of the system, which is going to be implemented. Requirements validation techniques (RVTs) play pivotal role to detect possible defects in the requirements. RVTs can help in the completion of projects, within given schedule, budget and according to the desired functionality. The studies of six companies regarding requirements validation, is presented in this thesis. This study explores the requirements validation techniques that are presented in academia and practiced in industry as well. Interview studies are conducted in two countries, which is an attempt to find the usage of requirements validation techniques in both of the countries. The pros and cons of identified RVTs are discussed, along with it; the comparison of different RVTs with respect to the satisfaction level of specific RVT in terms of catching defects, time/schedule and cost is presented as well.

Toute étude scientifique commence par une question de recherche. Cependant, trouver la réponse à cette question reste un défi qui peut être relevé dans certains cas, mais qui risque dans d’autres de déboucher sur d’autres questions. Ces dernières pourront former une clé ou un pont permettant dans un futur proche ou lointain de répondre à la question initiale de recherche. La présente étude doctorale n’échappe pas à ce constat. Elle a été menée à partir d’une première question de recherche avide de savoir comment les jeunes élèves tunisiens (du secondaire) perçoivent les comportements interpersonnels de leurs enseignantes et enseignants d’éducation physique et sportive (ÉPS). Nous avons découvert à travers notre recension des écrits sur ce sujet que la documentation scientifique est étonnamment pauvre en informations relatives à l’environnement d’apprentissage (EA) et plus spécifiquement en ce qui a trait à la dimension relationnelle dans le contexte scolaire arabe (MacLeod et Fraser, 2010). En conséquence, et en tant que chercheuse d’origine arabe, valider un questionnaire tenant compte des particularités linguistiques et culturelles des habitants de cette partie du monde est une priorité motivée aussi bien par des raisons scientifiques (sujet original) que personnelles (l’origine de la chercheuse principale). Nous avons par ailleurs choisi de valider la version courte (32 items) du « Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction » (QTI) qui a été traduite et adaptée en français par Lapointe et Legault (1999). Le choix de ce questionnaire est expliqué principalement par la place qu’il occupe dans la documentation scientifique traitant de l’EA et plus spécifiquement de la dimension relationnelle. Nous anticipions que sa validation permettrait non seulement de répondre à notre question de départ, mais qu’elle conduirait aussi à initier les recherches sur l’EA dans la partie nord-africaine du monde arabe, plus spécifiquement en Tunisie. Cet objectif nous a permis de rédiger le premier article de cette thèse qui se veut une continuité des études ayant validé le QTI dans le monde et a permis au QTI, qui a fait l’objet de plus de 40 études basées sur des différents types de validation dans plusieurs pays (ex. : la France, la Turquie, la Chine, etc.), de franchir pour la première fois les frontières du monde arabe, à travers l’exemple de la Tunisie. Contrairement à ce qui est attendu, nous avons découvert que le QTI ne possède pas des qualités psychométriques suffisantes (fidélité et validité) pour étudier l’EA tunisien. Cependant, une nouvelle structure statistiquement robuste a émergé de l’analyse des données collectées en Tunisie (article 1). Nous supposons qu’elle pourrait mieux décrire les perceptions des élèves accordées aux comportements interpersonnels de leurs enseignantes et enseignants, pour peu qu’elle soit fondée théoriquement à l’avenir. Dans le but d’expliquer la non-validation du QTI dans le contexte tunisien, nous avons recensé aussi bien les études traitant les démarches de validation des questionnaires psychométriques en général que ceux traitant spécifiquement de la validation des différentes versions du QTI. Ce travail nous a permis de constater que, dans la plupart des cas, les démarches de vérification des qualités psychométriques des questionnaires, que ce soit en éducation, en psychologie, en communication, sont entachées par la présence de lacunes méthodologiques et statistiques plus ou moins sévères (Bourque, Poulin et Cleaver, 2006). Plus spécifiquement, c’est l’usage inapproprié des analyses factorielles (AF) comme méthode de validation factorielle qui semble être problématique (Beavers, Lounsbury, Richards, Huck et Skolits et Esquivel, 2013). En conséquence, nous avons rédigé notre deuxième article qui offre une première critique approfondie des démarches et processus mis en œuvre par de nombreuses équipes de recherche à travers le monde pour vérifier les qualités psychométriques du QTI (passage du contexte tunisien vers le monde). À notre connaissance, Dumas (2009) et den Brok, Fisher, Brekelmans, Rickards, Wubbels, Levy et al. (2003a) sont les seuls à avoir abordé ce sujet. Cependant, il n’était pas dans leur intention de faire la critique de ce questionnaire, se contenant tout simplement de soulever l’existence de quelques faiblesses. Les résultats de ce présent article ont mis en évidence l’existence de lacunes de plusieurs ordres au niveau des démarches de validation des différentes versions du QTI. Toutefois, nous ne savons pas où se situent les démarches de validation de la version courte-française utilisée dans cette thèse par rapport aux critiques soulevées. Nous n’avons trouvé aucune étude traitant de ce sujet. Par ailleurs, nous avons poursuivi notre examen critique des démarches de validation du QTI en fixant comme troisième objectif la revérification des qualités psychométriques de la version courte du QTI dans un contexte dans laquelle cette version est censée être valide, à savoir le contexte québécois. Ladite version a été validée par Lapointe et Legault (1999) et exploitée par Dumas (2009) dans le contexte de l’éducation physique et à la santé. Ce dernier a accepté de nous fournir sa base de données anonymisées qui nous a permis de rédiger notre troisième article qui renferme une comparaison entre deux types de démarches d’AF : la première comprend les mêmes étapes d’AF que celles utilisées par les chercheurs qui ont validé le QTI dans le passé, même si elles ne correspondent pas aux étapes exigées par les experts des AF. Nous avons essayé dans la deuxième de respecter les critères et étapes recommandés par les spécialistes des AF (ex. : Osborne et Costello, 2009). Nous avons choisi de bien décrire cette démarche dans le but d’offrir au lectorat francophone un guide détaillé sur l’usage approprié des AF vu que la plupart des guides sont en anglais. Les résultats de cet article permettent de porter un jugement sur le degré de rigueur de la version courte du QTI. Ceci a engendré des zones d’ombre sur la crédibilité des résultats publiés antérieurement sur l’EA au Québec à partir de cette version. Ils permettent aussi d’avancer les connaissances méthodologiques et statistiques en termes de mésusages (démarche 1) et de bons usages des AF (démarche 2). En résumé, nous n’avons pas pu répondre à notre question de départ en raison des contraintes temporelles et budgétaires. Néanmoins, cette question a bifurqué vers des considérations d'ordre méthodologique qui nous a permis de contester la perspective bidimentionnelle de la relation ensiegnant-élève partagée depuis plus de 25 ans par les chercheurs qui ont utilisé le QTI en offrant une nouvelle perspective uni-axiale qui peut être appliquée aussi bien en Tunisie qu’au Québec.

Abstract The workload of Verification and Validation (V&V) has increased constantly in the high technology industries. The changes in the business environment, with fast time-to-market and demands to decrease research and development costs, have increased the importance of efficient product creation process, including V&V. The significance of the V&V related know-how and testing is increasing in the high tech business environment. As a consequence, companies in the ICT sector have pressures for improving product development process and verification and validation activities. The main motive for this research arises from the fact that the research has been scarce on verification and validation from product development process perspective. This study approaches the above mentioned goal from four perspectives: current challenges and success factors, V&V maturity in different NPD phases, benchmarking automotive sector, and shifting the emphasis of NPD efforts. This dissertation is qualitative in nature and is based on interviewing experienced industrial managers, reflecting their views against scientific literature. The researcher has analysed the obtained material and made conclusions. The main implications of this doctoral dissertation can be concluded as a visible need to shift the emphasis of V&V activities to early NPD. These activities should be viewed and managed over the entire NPD process. There is a need for companies to understand the V&V maturity in different NPD phases and develop activities based on this understanding. Verification and validation activities must be seen as an integral element for successful NPD. Benchmarking other sectors may enable identifying development potential for NPD process. The automotive sector being a mature sector, has developed practices for successfully handling requirements during NPD. The role of V&V is different in different NPD phases. Set-based type V&V can provide required understanding during early product development. In addition, developing parallel technological alternatives and platforms during early NPD also support shifting the emphasis towards earlier development phases.

Abstract The main motive for this research arises from the fact that the research has been scarce on verification and validation (V&V) activities from the management viewpoint, even though V&V has been covered from the technical viewpoint. There was a clear need for studying the management aspects due to the development of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector, and increased significance of V&V activities. ICT has developed into a turbulent, high clock-speed sector and the importance of V&V activities has increased significantly. As a consequence, companies in the ICT sector require ideas for improving their verification and validation activities from the product development management viewpoint. This study approaches the above mentioned goal from four perspectives: current V&V management challenges, organisational and V&V maturities, benchmarking another sector, and uncertainty during new product development (NPD). This dissertation is qualitative in nature and is based on interviewing experienced industrial managers, reflecting their views against scientific literature. The researcher has analysed the obtained material and made conclusions. The main implications of this doctoral dissertation can be concluded as a need to overcome the current tendency to organise through functional silos, and low maturity of V&V activities. Verification and validation activities should be viewed and managed over the entire NPD process. This requires new means for cross-functional integration. The maturity of the overall management system needs to be adequate to enable higher efficiency and effectiveness of V&V activities. There are pressures to shift the emphasis of V&V to early NPD and simultaneously delay decision-making in NPD projects to a stage where enough information is available. Understanding enhancing V&V methods are a potential way to advance towards these goals.

This thesis considers the problem of reconstructing system level behavior of an SoC design from a partially observed signal trace. Solving this problem is a critical activity in post-silicon validation, and currently depends primarily on human creativity and insights. In this thesis, we provide algorithms to automatically infer system level flows from incomplete, ambiguous, and noisy trace data. This thesis also demonstrates the approach on two case studies, a multicore SoC model developed within the within the GEM5 environment, and a cycle accurate register transfer level model of a similar SoC design.

Ce travail de thèse s'est intéressé à la validité des modèles de simulation dans le cadre du développement des systèmes complexes et critiques. Une analyse de l'approche d'ingénierie système, et plus particulièrement de l'aspect modélisation et simulation, a permis de constater qu'il est impossible d'établir de façon directe la validité du modèle de simulation. De nombreux points sont à l'origine de cette impossibilité, comme une mauvaise formulation des objectifs de simulation, une incohérence implémentatoire, les limites du moteur de simulation, etc. La validité d'un modèle de simulation étant définie pour un objectif de simulation, il est apparu important de proposer une approche globale de la M&S, associant un ensemble d'outils capables de détecter des incohérences entre les objectifs de simulation et les modèles du système d'intérêt. Ces outils, à destination de l'utilisateur de la simulation, permettent l'amélioration du niveau de confiance dans le modèle de simulation et donc dans les résultats de simulation. Notre étude se base sur la théorie de la M&S telle que proposée par B.P. Zeigler. En considérant le concept de cadre expérimental qui y est introduit, nous avons pu proposer un cadre méthodologique capable d'exprimer les objectifs de simulation de manière claire. Ce cadre méthodologique nous permet d'étudier les problématiques d'application et d'accommodation de la M& S que nous regroupons sous la problématique de compatibilité. Ainsi, notre premier objectif a été de proposer une approche capable de mesurer l'incohérence entre les objectifs de simulation et le modèle du système. En s'appuyant sur les méthodes formelles et la théorie des automates, nous avons établi un ensemble de métriques capables de mesurer le degré de compatibilité dynamique entre cadre expérimental et modèle du système d'intérêt. Pour cela, nous étudions en premier lieu la compatibilité dynamique entre automates à interface en utilisant la décomposition en arbre. Montrant les limites d'une telle approche, nous sommes passé à l'étude de la compatibilité entre modèles DEVS en utilisant la génération de graphes de classe, autrement appelés graphes d'atteignabilité. Cette étude formelle de la compatibilité nous permet de proposer un ensemble de bonnes propriétés de la simulation. Nous proposons finalement une méthodologie qui permet de guider l'utilisateur de la simulation dans l'élaboration de métriques permettant de mesurer ce niveau de compatibilité. S'appuyant sur les concepts de l'ingénierie dirigée par les modèles, nous proposons un langage dédié à la simulation permettant de guider l'utilisateur de la simulation dans l'évaluation de la validité des modèles de simulation. / This work is focused on the validity of simulation models during development of complex and critical systems. The analysis of the system engineering approach and, especially the modeling and simulation aspect, showed that it was impossible to directly determine simulation models validity. Many aspects can cause this unattainability, such as bad formulation of simulation objectives, implementation inconsistency, limits of the simulation engine, etc. The validity of a simulation model being defined for a specific simulation goal, it seemed important to provide a global M&S approach, combining a set of tools to detect inconsistencies between objectives and models of the system under test. These tools, dedicated to the simulation user, allow to improve confidence level of the simulation model and thus in simulation results. Our study is based on the M& S theory as proposed by B.P. Zeigler. Using the concept of experimental frame, we are able to propose a methodological framework to express simulation objectives clearly. This allows us to study applicability and accommodation, witch we grouped under compatibility issue. Thus, our first objective was to propose an approach able to measure inconsistencies between experimental frame and model of the system. Based on formal methods and automata theory, we propose a set of metrics that measure the degree of dynamic compatibility between experimental frame and model system of interest. For this, we firstly study the dynamic compatibility between interface automata using tree decomposition. Showing limits of this approach, we studied compatibility between DEVS models using reachability graphs analysis. This formal study of the compatibility help us to propose a set of good properties of the simulation. Finally, we propose a methodology to guide the simulation user in metrics development to measure the compatibility level. Based on model-driven engineering approach, we propose a simulation dedicated language, to help users to asses the validity of simulation models.

Clustering plays an important role in the exploratory analysis of data. Its goal is to organize objects into a finite set of categories, i.e., clusters, in the hope that meaningful and previously unknown relationships will emerge from the process. Not every clustering result is meaningful, though. In fact, virtually all clustering algorithms will yield a result, even if the data under analysis has no true clusters. If clusters do exist, one still has to determine the best configuration of parameters for the clustering algorithm in hand, in order to avoid poor outcomes. This selection is usually performed with the aid of clustering validity criteria, which evaluate clustering results in a quantitative fashion. In this thesis we study the evaluation/validation of clustering results, proposing, in a broad context, measures and relative validity criteria ensembles. Regarding measures, we propose the use of the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve as a relative validity criterion for clustering. Besides providing an empirical evaluation of AUC, we theoretically explore some of its properties and its relation to another measure, known as Gamma. A relative criterion for the validation of density based clustering results, proposed with the participation of the author of this thesis, is also reviewed. In the case of ensembles, we propose their use as means to avoid the evaluation of clustering results based on a single, ad-hoc selected, measure. In this particular scope, we: (i) show that ensembles built on the basis of arbitrarily selected members have limited practical applicability; and (ii) devise a simple, yet effective heuristic approach to select ensemble members, based on their effectiveness and complementarity. Finally, we consider clustering evaluation in the specific context of gene expression data. In this particular case we evaluate the use of external information from the Geno Ontology for the evaluation of distance measures and clustering results / Técnicas de agrupamento desempenham um papel fundamental na análise exploratória de dados. Seu objetivo é a organização de objetos em um conjunto finito de categorias, i.e., grupos (clusters), na expectativa de que relações significativas entre objetos resultem do processo. Nem todos resultados de agrupamento são relevantes, entretanto. De fato, a vasta maioria dos algoritmos de agrupamento existentes produzirá um resultado (partição), mesmo em casos para os quais não existe uma estrutura real de grupos nos dados. Se grupos de fato existem, a determinação do melhor conjunto de parâmetros para estes algoritmos ainda é necessária, a fim de evitar a utilização de resultados espúrios. Tal determinação é usualmente feita por meio de critérios de validação, os quais avaliam os resultados de agrupamento de forma quantitativa. A avaliação/validação de resultados de agrupamentos é o foco desta tese. Em um contexto geral, critérios de validação relativos e a combinação dos mesmos (ensembles) são propostas. No que tange critérios, propõe-se o uso da área sob a curva (AUC Area Under the Curve) proveniente de avaliações ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) como um critério de validação relativo no contexto de agrupamento. Além de uma avaliação empírica da AUC, são exploradas algumas de suas propriedades teóricas, bem como a sua relação com outro critério relativo existente, conhecido como Gamma. Ainda com relação à critérios, um índice relativo para a validação de resultados de agrupamentos baseados em densidade, proposto com a participação do autor desta tese, é revisado. No que diz respeito à combinação de critérios, mostra-se que: (i) combinações baseadas em uma seleção arbitrária de índices possuem aplicação prática limitada; e (ii) com o uso de heurísticas para seleção de membros da combinação, melhores resultados podem ser obtidos. Finalmente, considera-se a avaliação/validação no contexto de dados de expressão gênica. Neste caso particular estuda-se o uso de informação da Gene Ontology, na forma de similaridades semânticas, na avaliação de medidas de dissimilaridade e resultados de agrupamentos de genes.

RapidScat is a Ku-band radar that measures the normalized backscatter coefficient σ0 of the Earth's surface. Launched in 2015, it currently operates on the International Space Station. Nearly one year into its mission, RapidScat measurements began exhibiting strange behavior that is believed to be caused by a change in receiver gain. Changes in gain are compensated for during post-processing, but the measurements have a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Calibration and validation of σ0 measurements from this low SNR state are performed using extended land targets with various signal strengths. Study areas include the Amazon rainforest, Congo rainforest, Argentina pampas, two regions in the Sahara desert, and a desert region in Australia. The effects of seasonal, azimuthal, incidence angle and local-time-of-day variations on σ0 are studied using data from two Ku-band sensors, QuikSCAT and RapidScat, for each study area. Calibration is performed comparing RapidScat data from all SNR states to QuikSCAT data as well as comparing RapidScat low SNR state data to the nominal (high SNR) state data. Results from both calibrations are consistent with each other. Results suggest that σ0 is unbiased by noise for the ranges of σ0 covered in this study (-7 dB to -27 dB). However, the second low SNR state vertically polarized σ0 appears to be biased lower than would be expected from year-to-year seasonal variation. The third low SNR state σ0 appears unbiased compared to the nominal RapidScat SNR σ0.