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This study focuses on the feasibilities of Marine Recreational Fishing at Hsiao- Liu-Chiu Island by presenting its resource distribution and discussing the current fishing business conditions around the island. The current situations of local re- creational fishing businesses are evaluated by SWOT analysis. Tourists who visit the island are surveyed as research subject. Through questionnaires and field recreation activity investigation, this study demonstrates various possible development of re- creational fishing. The conceptual framework of this study is based on a non- marketing method - Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) - to analyze collected data. The method has estimated the economical value of Hsiao-Liu-Chiu Island for future recreation activities with the willingness-to-pay (WTP) among the visiting tourists. A proper managerial and administrative system is also suggested in order to bring optimal performance in terms of economical value and resource application for the island's fishermen and tourists. According to the data collected: 70% of tourists are willingly to participate sport fishing; 90% would like to try recreational cage. And under CVM estimation, the WTP for sport fishing is about NT$896 per person, and NT$738 per person for recreational cage. Considering the total annual tourist population visiting Hsiao-Liu- Chiu Island, sport fishing may generates about NT$93,000,000 economical value annually, and about NT$98,000,000 for recreational cage. At the end, this research also provide suggestions on related management strategies and directions for the fishermen, cage owners, and local fishery organization

Food waste is one of an organic waste and contains the value of recycling and reusing. EPA shows that there are almost the amount of 4500 tons food wastes which is about 36~64% in households in Taiwan everyday. Therefore, if food wastes could be reused again, not only greatly reducing the amount of waste, decreasing the problem of odor from progressing food wastes, but also increasing the using year of landfills and incinerators. Furthermore, it can develop fully the value of multiple reusing in recycling. The study is forced on questionnaires for the residents of the city of Kaohsiung and Taichung, to know the present of recycling of food waste and its difficulty in executing a strategy. Conferring the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept of food waste recovery and if the price is different or not by Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), and moreover evaluating the potential benefit. The results of the study are as following: there are conspicuous difference in ¡§if doing something about recovery¡¨ ¡§the way of recovery¡¨ and ¡§if see any inspectors examine the classification of refuse¡¨. The most difficulties of recovery food waste in both cities are ¡§its odor and breed mosquito and fly easily¡¨ and ¡§not knowing clearly what materials should be recovered or not¡¨. About the price of the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept, the major answer shows ¡§No, I would not.¡¨ from this questionnaires. On the other hand, answers of ¡§Yes, I would like.¡¨ all hope that the pay less is better and the compensation more is better. The price of the willingness to pay of Kaohsiung residents is NT$ 41.8 dollars, and Taichung residents is NT$ 45.3 dollars. Otherwise, the higher environmental conscious the Kaohsiung residents have, the higher willing to pay. At the same time, the difficulty of recovery food waste is low comparatively. In addition, ¡§occupation¡¨ ¡§family revenue per month¡¨ ¡§cooking per week¡¨ have effect on the price of the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept. In the result of regression, some of variable parameters could affect the price of the willingness to pay. It maybe provides society for reference according the benefit in the estimating of regression. Therefore, the study hopes to provide the decision-maker more clear environmental and economical information through evaluate and analyze the willingness of pay of food waste. Furthermore, it maybe help the government to make a future policy in order to practice the food waste recovery indeed and carry out the target of reducing the amount of waste and resources recovering for a sustainable resources of food waste.

The objective of a business valuation arrangement is to reach a reasonable and acceptable opinion of value. Valuing a business entity has become less of a guessing game than before. Business valuations are two thirds science and one third art according to several theorists and practitioners. The result of a valuation is only definite if it can accurately predict the future, and given that it is not possible, there will always be an element of risk that the actual value differs from the expected estimate. There are several reasons why business valuations need to be performed. They can be categorised into three groups, namely transaction-based, tax-based, and litigation-based. Most business entities will require a business valuation at some stage. Business valuations can be categorized into different approaches and methods. The three approaches comprise the income based valuation approach, the market derived valuation approach, as well as the asset based valuation approach. Each one of these approaches has different methods that can be used under them. For the purpose of this research study, the methods used under the income based valuation approach are the discounted economic income valuation method and the direct capitalisation valuation method. The guideline publicly traded business entity valuation method and the merger and acquired business entity valuation method are used under the market derived valuation approach. When performing a business valuation under the asset based valuation approach, the asset accumulation valuation method and the capitalised excess earnings valuation method are used. In this research study a business valuation is going to be performed on a franchised restaurant, namely a Spur Steak Ranch. The particular Spur Steak Ranch that is going to be used is the Tampa Bay Spur. A franchise is a right granted to individuals or groups to market a business entity‟s products or services within a particular location. Franchising is a method of expanding a business entity on less capital than would otherwise be possible. The franchisee pays a capital lump sum to enter the franchise and accepts some of the running costs of its outlet. In addition, the franchise offers the franchisee the use of the franchise name and any goodwill related with it, the use of its business structures and support services, its product or service to sell, as well as management and staff training programmes. Franchising has become a dominant force in the distribution of products and services in several parts of the world. Any facility that prepares separate meals for eating on or off the premises falls under the title „„restaurant.‟‟ Not one restaurant is the same, and by producing meal experiences with unique characteristics, restaurants accommodate the requirements of particular customer categories. A restaurant is as much a financial entity as any other business entity. The most important elements in profitability in restaurants are economy and productivity. The franchised restaurant used in this research study is the Spur Steak Ranch which has been in South Africa for over 40 years. Allen Ambor, the founder and executive chairperson of Spur, is the person who started it all in 1967 when he invested R4,000 to open the Golden Spur in Newlands, Cape Town. Today, Spur restaurants are very popular for having play areas for children, thus, entertaining the whole family, making Spur a very popular fully-licensed franchised restaurant. The particular Spur Steak ranch used in this case study is the Tampa Bay Spur. The Tampa Bay Spur Steak Ranch is a family-oriented franchised restaurant, based on the widely known Spur concepts. The restaurant is owned by Lungisa Financial Administrators and is located in the Time Square Building, Dias Road, in Jeffrey‟s Bay. The restaurant spans in the region of 550m2 and can accommodate up to 180 customers. The Tampa Bay Spur was taken over by new owners in December 2011 and also completed a revamp that ended in March 2011. The research question and objective in this research study is to find out what combination of valuation approaches and methods seems to be the most reliable and accurate to value a franchised restaurant, particularly, a Spur Steak Ranch, and more specific the Tampa Bay Spur. To achieve this objective, five secondary objectives must be carried out. The first objective is to critically evaluate and compare popular valuation approaches and methods with each other. The second objective is to deliberate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods. Thirdly, to point out the uncertainty factors in valuations, for example, to calculate the discount rate by using the WACC or CAPM formula. The fourth objective is to develop an empirical case study based on actual information of a selected Spur (Tampa Bay Spur) and comparing different valuation approaches and methods with the original amount calculated by Spur after performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur. The fifth and last objective is to make recommendations regarding the valuation method used by the Spur. After performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur by using several valuation approaches and methods, calculating an average value from the different approaches and comparing it to the original value that the Spur calculated after performing a valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur, a conclusion can be made that the valuation method used by the Spur is fair and reliable. However, the method used by the Spur does not give enough insight for the buyer and seller to understand how they calculated the final value and needs improvement. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The objective of a business valuation arrangement is to reach a reasonable and acceptable opinion of value. Valuing a business entity has become less of a guessing game than before. Business valuations are two thirds science and one third art according to several theorists and practitioners. The result of a valuation is only definite if it can accurately predict the future, and given that it is not possible, there will always be an element of risk that the actual value differs from the expected estimate. There are several reasons why business valuations need to be performed. They can be categorised into three groups, namely transaction-based, tax-based, and litigation-based. Most business entities will require a business valuation at some stage. Business valuations can be categorized into different approaches and methods. The three approaches comprise the income based valuation approach, the market derived valuation approach, as well as the asset based valuation approach. Each one of these approaches has different methods that can be used under them. For the purpose of this research study, the methods used under the income based valuation approach are the discounted economic income valuation method and the direct capitalisation valuation method. The guideline publicly traded business entity valuation method and the merger and acquired business entity valuation method are used under the market derived valuation approach. When performing a business valuation under the asset based valuation approach, the asset accumulation valuation method and the capitalised excess earnings valuation method are used. In this research study a business valuation is going to be performed on a franchised restaurant, namely a Spur Steak Ranch. The particular Spur Steak Ranch that is going to be used is the Tampa Bay Spur. A franchise is a right granted to individuals or groups to market a business entity‟s products or services within a particular location. Franchising is a method of expanding a business entity on less capital than would otherwise be possible. The franchisee pays a capital lump sum to enter the franchise and accepts some of the running costs of its outlet. In addition, the franchise offers the franchisee the use of the franchise name and any goodwill related with it, the use of its business structures and support services, its product or service to sell, as well as management and staff training programmes. Franchising has become a dominant force in the distribution of products and services in several parts of the world. Any facility that prepares separate meals for eating on or off the premises falls under the title „„restaurant.‟‟ Not one restaurant is the same, and by producing meal experiences with unique characteristics, restaurants accommodate the requirements of particular customer categories. A restaurant is as much a financial entity as any other business entity. The most important elements in profitability in restaurants are economy and productivity. The franchised restaurant used in this research study is the Spur Steak Ranch which has been in South Africa for over 40 years. Allen Ambor, the founder and executive chairperson of Spur, is the person who started it all in 1967 when he invested R4,000 to open the Golden Spur in Newlands, Cape Town. Today, Spur restaurants are very popular for having play areas for children, thus, entertaining the whole family, making Spur a very popular fully-licensed franchised restaurant. The particular Spur Steak ranch used in this case study is the Tampa Bay Spur. The Tampa Bay Spur Steak Ranch is a family-oriented franchised restaurant, based on the widely known Spur concepts. The restaurant is owned by Lungisa Financial Administrators and is located in the Time Square Building, Dias Road, in Jeffrey‟s Bay. The restaurant spans in the region of 550m2 and can accommodate up to 180 customers. The Tampa Bay Spur was taken over by new owners in December 2011 and also completed a revamp that ended in March 2011. The research question and objective in this research study is to find out what combination of valuation approaches and methods seems to be the most reliable and accurate to value a franchised restaurant, particularly, a Spur Steak Ranch, and more specific the Tampa Bay Spur. To achieve this objective, five secondary objectives must be carried out. The first objective is to critically evaluate and compare popular valuation approaches and methods with each other. The second objective is to deliberate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods. Thirdly, to point out the uncertainty factors in valuations, for example, to calculate the discount rate by using the WACC or CAPM formula. The fourth objective is to develop an empirical case study based on actual information of a selected Spur (Tampa Bay Spur) and comparing different valuation approaches and methods with the original amount calculated by Spur after performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur. The fifth and last objective is to make recommendations regarding the valuation method used by the Spur. After performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur by using several valuation approaches and methods, calculating an average value from the different approaches and comparing it to the original value that the Spur calculated after performing a valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur, a conclusion can be made that the valuation method used by the Spur is fair and reliable. However, the method used by the Spur does not give enough insight for the buyer and seller to understand how they calculated the final value and needs improvement. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Yes / This paper considers recent field evidence to analyse what online public services citizens need, explores potential citizen subsidy of these specific services and investigates where resources should be invested in terms of media accessibility. We explore these from a citizen-centric affordability perspective within three ‘exemplar’ developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank and United Nations in particular promote initiatives under the ‘Information and Communication Technologies for Development’ (ICT4D) to stress the relevance of e-Government as a way to ensure development and reduce poverty. We adopt a ‘Contingency Value’ method to conceptually outline reported citizens willingness to pay for digital public services. Hence, our focus is mainly upon an empirical investigation through extensive fieldwork in the context of sub-Sahara Africa. A substantive survey was conducted in the respective cities of Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Lagos (Nigeria) and Johannesburg (South Africa). The sample of citizens was drawn from each respective Chamber of Commerce database for Ethiopia and South Africa, and for Nigeria a purchased database of businesses, based on stratified random sampling. These were randomly identified from both sectors ensuring all locations were covered with a total sample size of 1,297 respondents. It was found, in particular, that citizens were willing to pay to be able to access digital public services and that amounts of fees they were willing to pay varied depending on what services they wish to access and what devices they use (PCs or mobile phones). / European Investment Bank under the EIB-Universities Research Action Programme

This diploma thesis deals with the comparing prices of external work on an estate in detached house as a whole functional complex set by cost method to prices of simplified method situated in a village with no more than 1000 inhabitants. The theoretical part is concerned with explanation of basic terms commonly used in evaluation real estate such as a detached house or external work. This part also describes methods and technique used during the valuation. The practical part of my diploma thesis is focused on the valuation of the external work what make accessories of a detached house, by the cost and simplified method and their subsequent comparison.

This thesis examines the feasibility of economic incentives for reforestation, with improved water quality being one potential benefit, in the Fond D’or watershed of Saint Lucia. Population growth, economic development, and the onset of climate change have decreased the environmental quality in Small Island Developing State (SIDS) while increasing risk to the islands’ water security. The unique topography and geology of Caribbean island nations contribute to the challenges of managing freshwater resources. The governments of SIDS often lack the human and financial resources to provide potable water for their citizens, as well as to monitor and enforce environmental regulations limiting land use in watersheds. Therefore, a new approach to watershed management in Saint Lucia is imperative for the provision of valuable ecosystem services at the local, regional, and global scales. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a promising approach to the protection and maintenance of public ecosystem services where there is little incentive for private landowners to provide them. The first article explores household willingness-to-pay (WTP) for reforestation in Fond D’or watershed. The contingent valuation method was used to obtain residents’ WTP for a hypothetical scenario in which an increase in water users’ fees are used to fund a program where farmers in the upper watershed are compensated for taking land near water sources out of agricultural production for reforestation. The findings from 294 household surveys provide a description of the state of water quality and quantity in the Fond D’or, domestic water uses and sources, as well as attitudes and opinions about current water service. Bivariate analyses were performed to identify underlying factors that influence WTP, revealing that increased WTP is not a result of higher education and income. Rather, residence in a particular community group likely influences opinions about water, ultimately shaping WTP. Lastly, I discuss WTP in terms of its potential contribution to a PES scheme in Saint Lucia; WTP by local beneficiaries represents one potential funding source for PES mechanisms as well as public support for environmental improvement programs. The second article describes a methodological approach to constructing a PES scheme in the Fond D’or watershed. Of the five environmental policy approaches— prescription, penalties, property rights, persuasion, and payments—payment is likely to be the most feasible method to influence private land management decisions for the provision of ecosystem services for the public good. This article draws upon existing PES schemes for hydrological services around the globe to provide key lessons for expanding the use of the instrument to Saint Lucia. I apply these lessons to the social, political, and institutional context of Saint Lucia, identifying opportunities for and challenges to developing local or regional payment schemes for ecosystem services in the Fond D'or watershed. I outline the steps to constructing a PES and recommend further research to Saint Lucian policymakers.

Economical evaluation for the improvement strategy of drinking water quality by advanced water treatment in Greter Kaohsiung District

The Research on Revaluing the Development of Taiwan in Feng Shang Reservoir in Kaohsiung Abstract Since weekend holidays were carried out, the government has emphasized the tourist recreation and advocated making state-run enterprises with special scenic spots open to the public for promoting use value of their resources. With a trend of economic liberalization, government businesses such as TSC, TPC, and TSIC need operating in diversification and start investing in the tourist industry, each of which is owned based on the government¡¦s initiating plans for increasing the number of tourists. The protective areas of water resource that belong to TWSC are abundant in the ecological environment; however, forbidding people to go there has led to an obvious phenomenon against the unique sources shared by the masses. On one hand, this research, by opening Feng Shang Reservoir in Kaohsiung, can make people closed to water, realize the processing water, understand the importance of water resources to construct a society concerning about water. On the other hand, by using the natural resources there well and multiplying services to attract tourists, it not only has the educational function implied in entertainment but also augments income. But running the protective area of water resources as a tourist site will cause some negative effects of environment and water pollution as well as the anxiety about scaring migratory birds. Therefore, the protection and management of water resources must be under the cautious control. Making use of CVM, this research regards Feng Shang Reservoir as a fictitious market, and the visitors there as research objects of the investigation questionnaire. Besides analyzing the topics like the Development Market Potential, Future Use Benefits, Non-User Benefits¡Ketc, the aims of the research include inspecting the attitudes of customers toward the willingness to participate in and to pay according to the interviewees¡¦ different attitudes of social experiences, different preferences of outside recreations, different identifications of the nature¡Ketc. The results are the followings: 1. Feng Shang Reservoir possesses the market potential. 2. Future use Benefits estimated between $NT30,000,000 and $NT50,000,000 every year are high. 3. Non-User Benefits estimated between $NT160,000,000 and $NT220,000,000 every year are quite high. 4. For the attitudes of customers, labors, government employees, staffs of public school, and people of middle and old age who recognize more about the nature have high willingness to participate in; the common people who recognize less about the nature need to inspire their willingness through educational advocacy. Judging from the above results, this research advises that after appropriately developing Feng Shang Reservoir to the masses, the educational functions of water resources and the social benefits of environment are shared by all the society, which are equal to the return for society and even to TWSC¡¦s positive performance. Keywords¡GCVM(Contingent Valuation Method), WTP(Willingness To Pay), Tourism, Revalue, Feng Shang Reservoir.