This research identified that e-commerce is growing annually and has a significant impact on the South African economy. When the Minister of Finance announced that VAT registration would become compulsory for foreign suppliers importing e-commerce transactions into South Africa, there were many speculations regarding the implication this will have for South Africa. The main objectives for the research are to determine whether the current VAT structure and VAT Act in South Africa will be able to support the proposal made by the Minister of Finance and what possible challenges should be considered regarding VAT on e-commerce transactions that were already identified by other countries. It will further be considered whether the proposal is in line with current international legislation and trends. Therefore, the development and implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions in the European Union and New Zealand were researched and discussed to obtain an understanding of the similar current VAT systems in other parts of the world. It was identified during the research that there are still challenges experienced with the implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. The challenges range from the anonymity of the parties to the identification of the permanent establishment of the supplier, which are discussed in detail. These challenges can lead to tax evasion and the erosion of a country’s revenue base. The proposal by the Minister of Finance is found to be in line with other countries’ implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. Furthermore, South Africa’s current VAT system was analysed to ascertain whether it is sufficient to implement VAT on e-commerce transactions. Currently, SARS is dependent on the consumer’s honesty to declare the VAT on all e-commerce transactions. It was further identified that there are challenges relating to the implementation of VAT on ecommerce transactions as it is lacking place of supply rules, which often creates uncertainty about whether a product is subject to VAT. It was found in the study that the current VAT system would not be sufficient to support the proposal made by the Minister of Finance without an amendment to the VAT system to secure the income from the consumption tax on e-commerce transactions. It was further found that there are worldwide still challenges experienced with the implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. Recommendations were made for further research relating to the new Tax Bill that is due to be released in 2014 and the impact it will have on the South African economy. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the objectives of corporate reporting is the communication of information on a company's performance to all stakeholders. The traditional financial statements (balance sheet, income statement and the cash flow statement) do not sufficiently meet all of the above requirements. In view of this, the study project acknowledges the need for corporate reporting beyond the traditional conventional financial reports. This therefore necessitated the use of a Value-Added Statement (VAS) as one of the financial statements that is regarded to have the ability to enhance corporate reporting. A VAS is based on an economic concept and, therefore, a contribution of a specific company towards the Gross Domestic Product (GOP) can be directly measured. Although a VAS does not solely disclose all of the information pertaining to the economic performance of business enterprise, it is believed that the statement can assist interested parties in making well-informed economic decisions. However, the publication of a VAS is still not a statutory regulation in South Africa. The findings indicate some limitations in the manner in which a VAS is published. The format is not statutory and is not audited, but there are opportunities for further research and improvement. This aspect has unfortunately led some users to mistrust the statement. For example, it almost always indicates that the labour component takes most of the value added (Hird, 1983). Statistical tests (e.g. Shapiro-Wilk's W Spearman R Test, histograms) have been conducted. These tests show a weak negative relationship between change in number of employees and change in value added by each employee. This suggests that value added per employee is not the only factor that contributes to productivity. There is therefore not enough evidence to conclude that companies that reduce the number of employees improve productivity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die doelwitte van korporatiewe verslaggewing is om inligting oor die prestasie van 'n maatskappy aan alle belangegroepe te kommunikeer. Die tradisionele finansiële state (balansstaat, inkomstestaat en kontantvloeistaat) voldoen nie heeltemal aan bogenoemde vereistes nie. In die lig hiervan erken die studieprojek die behoefte aan korporatiewe verslaggewing bo en behalwe die tradisionele finansiële verslae. Dit het dus die gebruik van die toegevoegdewaardestaat (TWS) genoodsaak as een van die finansiële state wat daartoe kan bydra om korporatiewe verslaggewing te verbeter. 'n TWS is gebaseer op 'n ekonomiese konsep. Daarom kan 'n bydrae van 'n spesifieke maatskappy tot die Bruto Binnelandse Produk (BBP) direk gemeet word. Hoewel 'n toegevoegdewaardestaat nie op sy eie al die inligting oor die ekonomiese prestasie van 'n besigheidsonderneming blootlê nie, kan dit belangstellende partye help om ingeligte ekonomiese besluite te neem. Die publikasie van 'n toegevoegdewaardestaat is egter nog nie 'n statutêre regulasie in Suid-Afrika nie. Die bevindinge dui op 'n aantal beperkinge in die wyse waarop 'n TWS gepubliseer word. Die formaat is nie statutêr nie en word nie geouditeer nie, maar daar is geleenthede vir verdere navorsing en verbetering. Hierdie aspek het ongelukkig daartoe gelei dat sommige gebruikers die staat wantrou. Byvoorbeeld: Die VAS dui feitlik altyd aan dat die arbeidskomponent die meeste van die toegevoegde waarde opneem (Hird, 1983). Statistiese toetse (bv. Shapiro-Wilk se W Spearman R Toets, histogramme) is uitgevoer. Hierdie toetse dui op 'n swak negatiewe verhouding tussen verandering in die aantal werknemers en verandering in die waarde wat deur elke werknemer toegevoeg word. Dit dui daarop dat die waarde wat per werknemer toegevoeg word nie die enigste faktor is wat bydra tot produktiwiteit nie. Daarom lewer dit nie genoegsaam bewys om tot die gevolgtrekking te kom dat maatskappye wat hul aantal werknemers verminder terselfdertyd produktiwiteit verhoog nie.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the study is to establish a fault bank that highlights the differences between the published Value Added Statement of various companies and a standardised Value Added Statement. This standardised Value Added Statement is obtained from an already existing database. In the attached Appendices, full details of the analysis done between the standardised Value Added Statement and the published Value Added Statement are presented. This report highlights the differences of the Value Added Statement between various sectors of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, the various years of reporting, and the various companies. No Standard Accounting Practice exists for the preparation of Value Added Statements resulting in variations on the theme. Material differences exist between the various sectors, companies in a sector compared with other companies in the same sector, and there are even differences in companies reporting from one year to the next. In addition, it is also clear that in the reporting of the Value Added Statement, companies do not show any sign of improvement over the years. From this it is clear that there are significant shortcomings in the preparation of the Value Added Statement. There is a serious need for an Accounting Standard to be set in the reporting of the Value Added Statement, and companies should be obligated to comply herewith if the Value Added Statement is to be used as a meaningful criterion. It is important to ensure meaningful comparisons between various sectors, various years of analysis, and even various companies in different sectors of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die verslag is die opstel van 'n foutbank wat verskille uitwys van verskeie maatskappye se gepubliseerde Toegevoegedewaardestaat en 'n gestandardiseerde Toegevoegdewaardestaat. Hierdie gestandardiseerde Toegevoegdewaardestaat is verkry uit 'n alreeds bestaande databasis. Die vergelykings is opgesom in die aangehegte bylaes. Die verslag wys verskille uit tussen verskillende sektore op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs, jare van rapportering en verskillende maatskappye. Daar is geen Standaard Rekeningkundige voorskrifte nie - gevolglik is daar heelwat variasie op die tema. Verskillende sektore verskil wesenlik van mekaar, maatskappye in 'n sektor verskil wesenlik van ander maatskappye in dieselfde sektor en daar is selfs verskille in hoe maatskappye van jaar tot jaar gerapporteer het. Dit is ook duidelik soos die jare verloop dat maatskappye se verslagdoening geen verbetering toon nie. Die afleiding is dat daar tekortkominge is in die voorbereiding van die Toegevoegdewaardestaat. 'n Rekeningkundige Standaard sal daargestel moet word en maatskappye sal verplig moet word om hieraan te voldoen as die Toegevoegdewaardestaat gebruik wil word as 'n betekenisvolle maatstaf. Dit is uiters belangrik om te verseker dat betekenisvolle vergelyking getref sal kan word oor verskeie jare, tussen verskeie sektore en selfs tussen verskeie maatskappye in verskeie sektore op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study project explores cash value added statements (CVAS). a South African innovation. A complete survey is made of all the CV AS published by listed South African industrial companies from 1991 up to 1998. The survey yields a total of 18 listed South African industrials, which started to publish a CV AS in different years. Together, the 18 companies provide a population of 89 cash value added statements for analysis. The aim of the study is to establish how South African companies prepare a CV AS against a background which lacks a formal Accounting Standard on the subject. Secondly. it seeks to unravel any variations and mistakes presentation of published CY AS as measured against a standardized model of CY AS. In order to highlight the variations, a fault bank is created. An analysis of the fault bank reveals a number of differences in the treatment of certain components of a CV AS by listed South African industrial companies. Major deviations from the standardized model of a CVAS involve interest, dividends and taxation. / Please refer to fulltext for Afrikaans abstract

人口的增長、現代化的生活環境，讓人們必須去面對隨時不斷產生的巨量資料；不過值得慶幸的是，電腦設備的運算、儲存能力一直在改進，所以人類所能處理的資料量也隨之提升，資料採礦技術的發展便是人類嘗試在大量資料中進行分析，以解決生活中所遇到的難題。 許多實際個案的結果顯示，資料採礦工作確實能替分析者帶來更好的績效，然而仍是有不少的失敗案例。如果深入去分析失敗原因，問題並不是出於資料採礦技術無法使用，而是資料品質不良或是資料內涵資訊不足所導致的。 資料庫中有用的變數不足的問題可以藉由重新收集資料解決，然而這勢必需要花費龐大的經費並且缺乏時效性。如何利用其他的外部資料來提昇資料庫的資訊含量便是本研究的目的。在實證過程中，利用工商業與服務業普查資料庫和技術創新資料庫做為分析所使用的資料庫；並且控制資料庫連結變數個數、建模資料比例和各類模型三個因子，採用函數映設方式，進行資料庫增值的工作。 從研究結果可以發現，確實可以藉由其他資料或是資料庫的內容，來增加資料庫的內含欄位和訊息，希望能夠替資料採礦工作者提供一個節省精力的方向，而且做為未來更多研究的基礎。 關鍵字：資料採礦、函數映射、資料庫加值。

The most essential questions in economics is what determines economic growth? In theory FDI led to economic growth (Mello 1997), but empirical evidences indicate that the relationship is ambiguous (Masahiro & Iwasaki 2014). This thesis uses contemporary growth theories and econometric methods to empirically test for the association between foreign direct investment and economic growth in the six countries that form the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The analysis indicates a positive relationship concerning FDI and GDP growth in the panel of GCC. The result furthermore supports the endogenous growth theory and provide insights on the regions progress towards income diversification whit respect to hydrocarbons.

The growth of the service sector, after the Second World War, represented one of the changes brought by the Third Industrial Revolution. Nowadays, the service sector makes up the bulk of today’s economies around the world. However, too much emphasize on the development of the service sector, can be harmful for the economies in the long run. Therefore, the manufacturing sector should not be neglected, but developed along with the service sector. During the past decades, the manufacturing and the service sectors “worked” alongside through the servitization. The product and service integrations that manufacturers are offering, not only create additional value for the products, but also allow the manufacturers to expand their market share, gain higher revenues, attract new customers, etc. The development of the new technologies have enhanced and stimulated the product and service integration, which creates additional value. The additional created value is not beneficial only for the companies, but also for the customers, since it increases the customers’ satisfaction. Moreover, due to the creation of hi-tech products, the manufacturers include expertise and training as part of the integrated offers, which is a benefit plus for the customers.

Diploma Thesis Abstract This thesis deals with a new institute in the financial law - an unreliable value added tax payor. This institute was established as one of the means of improving tax collection and is closely related to the liability of a third party - the payor of value added tax; the recipient of taxable transaction. Listing tax payors in a list of unreliable payors caters to the potential guarantor, but this is at the expense of increasing the administrative burden since the recipient of taxable transactions has to consult the list of tax payors before making any transaction and, as the case may be, enter into a contract in order to gain protection in the event that the provider of taxable transaction is included in the list of unreliable payors. The designation of a value added tax payor as an unreliable payor is not stipulated by law quite clearly, but it is based on an internal regulation known as the Information of the General Tax Directorate. The protection from tax evasion in the form of blacklisting business entities - in the records of unreliable payors - may represent an administrative burden that is too onerous for entrepreneurs as well as substantial financial costs associated with the entire unreliable payor agendas. In all probability, it is also contrary to Council Directive...

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the system of the value added tax refund to the businesses in the Community and to focus on the main changes in this area. In the thesis we find the answers to the question if the system was succesfully modernize, speed up and whether changes in the tax refund brought relief on the applicant and tax administrator.

The thesis deals with the possibilities of optimization in the field of the value added tax in small municipalities. First of all, the main aspects of the value added tax in relation to municipalities are analyzed, both from the perspective of the Czech legislation and the legislation and jurisprudence of the European Union. Then the VAT treatment of public authorities in other Member States and possible future development of this area in the European Union are described. In the third chapter, various possibilities how small municipalities in the Czech Republic may optimize the costs on value added tax are outlined, whilst all the possibilities are explained in concrete practical examples. The last chapter contains a summary of which particular possibilities of optimization are suitable for different kinds of municipalities and the basic rules of application of VAT in municipalities are presented in a simplified schematic form.