Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2006 Aug 12.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 216 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Presentes há mais de dois séculos no cenário acadêmico mundial, as terras taras (TR) figuram há várias décadas entre as mais atuais tecnologias desenvolvidas pelo homem em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Particularmente, no que tange às aplicações de materiais luminescentes, as propriedades espectroscópicas únicas das TR tornaram-nas, nos últimos anos, praticamente insubstituíveis em dispositivos clássicos tricolores (tais como lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas ou tubos de raios catódicos). Contudo, o surgimento de novas tecnologias de visualização (displays compactos de alta resolução) e iluminação (eliminação do mercúrio de lâmpadas fluorescentes) impulsiona cada vez mais o estudo das propriedades e dos métodos de síntese de luminóforos a base de TR. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho consistiu na avaliação de processos sintéticos para a obtenção de sólidos nanoestruturados a base de fosfatos e vanadatos de TR capazes de atuar como luminóforos sob excitação no ultravioleta de vácuo, além da caracterização estrutural e espectroscópica desses materiais. Desenvolveram-se adaptações de três abordagens sintéticas para o preparo dos sólidos: o método dos precursores poliméricos (Pechini) e os métodos de precipitações em microemulsões reversas e de precipitações coloidais. Tais métodos são adaptáveis de acordo com as necessidades de síntese (controle morfológico, controle composicional, grau de agregação de partículas etc.) e consistem em abordagens consideravelmente eficientes para a obtenção de fosfatos e/ou vanadatos de TR nanoestruturados. Sintetizaram-se ortofosfatos (TRPO4), fosfovanadatos (TRP1-xVxO4) e sistemas core@shell (TRVO4@TRPO4) com diferentes composições, a fim de se obterem luminóforos vermelhos, verdes e azuis, além de sólidos com emissão por conversão ascendente (upconversion). Os compostos obtidos foram caracterizados por difratometria de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica, espalhamento dinâmico de luz, análise térmica, espectroscopia vibracional e espectroscopia de luminescência (emissão/excitação, tempos de vida, eficiências quânticas, cromaticidade, parâmetros de intensidade de Judd-Ofelt). / The rare earth elements (RE) have figured in the academic scenario for over two centuries, being an integral part of most up-to-date developed technologies in several fields of expertise. Regarding the applications of luminescent materials over the last years, the unique spectroscopic properties of RE elements have made them almost irreplaceable in classic tricolor devices, such as compact fluorescent lamps or cathode ray tubes. Nevertheless, the advent of new visualization and lighting technologies, like the high-resolution compact displays and the elimination of mercury from fluorescent lamps, has stimulated scientists to investigate the synthesis and properties of RE-based phosphors. In this work, we have evaluated the processes available for the synthesis of nanostructured RE phosphates and vanadates capable of acting as phosphors under vacuum ultraviolet excitation, and conducted the structural and spectroscopic characterization of these materials. We used three strategies to prepare the solids: the polymeric precursor method (Pechini), precipitation into reverse microemulsions, the colloidal precipitations. These methods can be adapted to the synthesis requirements and enable the control of morphology, composition and particle aggregation, thus constituting highly efficient ways to obtain nanostructured RE phosphates and/or vanadates. We synthesized orthophosphates (REPO4), phosphovanadates (REP1-xVxO4), and core@shell structures (REVO4@REPO4) with different composition, to generate of red, green, and blue phosphors, as well as solids with upconversion emissions. We characterized the prepared compounds by X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermal analysis, and vibrational and luminescence spectroscopies (emission/excitation, luminescence lifetimes, quantum yields, chromaticity, and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters).

Une forte demande en systèmes électrochimiques rechargeables s'est développée durant la dernière décennie afin d'alimenter en énergie des systèmes miniaturisés. Parmi ces nouveaux systèmes figurent notamment les microbatteries. Les avancées technologiques récentes laissent entrevoir un large champ d'applications quant à l'utilisation prochaine de ces dernières. Les couches minces de LiNiVO4 sont des matériaux prometteurs pour une utilisation en tant qu'anode dans des microbatteries au lithium. Toutes les couches minces ont été préparées par pulvérisation cathodique radio-fréquence à effet magnétron à partir d'une cible de LiNiVO4 sous argon pur ou bien un mélange argon/oxygène. Nous avons en particulier étudié l'influence de certains paramètres de dépôt tels que la pression partielle d'oxygène, la puissance, la distance cible-substrat ou la pression totale sur la composition, la microstructure et les propriétés électrochimiques. L'étude de la composition des couches minces déterminée par RBS, NRA et AES a montré que le rapport V/Ni augmente lorsque la pression partielle d'oxygène dans l'enceinte passe de 0 à 10 %. La diffraction des rayons X montre que les couches brutes sont amorphes. Les meilleurs résultats électrochimiques ont été obtenus pour une couche quasi-stoechiométrique, de composition Li1.12NiV1.02O4.11. Cette composition particulière conduit à l'insertion de 7 ions lithium par unité formulaire ce qui correspond à une capacité spécifique de 1000 mAh/g (quand le cyclage est effectué entre 3 V et 0.02 V). Cette dernière est même légèrement améliorée lorsque la couche est recuite à 300°C.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Full text release at OhioLINK's ETD Center delayed at author's request

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Presentes há mais de dois séculos no cenário acadêmico mundial, as terras taras (TR) figuram há várias décadas entre as mais atuais tecnologias desenvolvidas pelo homem em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Particularmente, no que tange às aplicações de materiais luminescentes, as propriedades espectroscópicas únicas das TR tornaram-nas, nos últimos anos, praticamente insubstituíveis em dispositivos clássicos tricolores (tais como lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas ou tubos de raios catódicos). Contudo, o surgimento de novas tecnologias de visualização (displays compactos de alta resolução) e iluminação (eliminação do mercúrio de lâmpadas fluorescentes) impulsiona cada vez mais o estudo das propriedades e dos métodos de síntese de luminóforos a base de TR. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho consistiu na avaliação de processos sintéticos para a obtenção de sólidos nanoestruturados a base de fosfatos e vanadatos de TR capazes de atuar como luminóforos sob excitação no ultravioleta de vácuo, além da caracterização estrutural e espectroscópica desses materiais. Desenvolveram-se adaptações de três abordagens sintéticas para o preparo dos sólidos: o método dos precursores poliméricos (Pechini) e os métodos de precipitações em microemulsões reversas e de precipitações coloidais. Tais métodos são adaptáveis de acordo com as necessidades de síntese (controle morfológico, controle composicional, grau de agregação de partículas etc.) e consistem em abordagens consideravelmente eficientes para a obtenção de fosfatos e/ou vanadatos de TR nanoestruturados. Sintetizaram-se ortofosfatos (TRPO4), fosfovanadatos (TRP1-xVxO4) e sistemas core@shell (TRVO4@TRPO4) com diferentes composições, a fim de se obterem luminóforos vermelhos, verdes e azuis, além de sólidos com emissão por conversão ascendente (upconversion). Os compostos obtidos foram caracterizados por difratometria de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica, espalhamento dinâmico de luz, análise térmica, espectroscopia vibracional e espectroscopia de luminescência (emissão/excitação, tempos de vida, eficiências quânticas, cromaticidade, parâmetros de intensidade de Judd-Ofelt). / The rare earth elements (RE) have figured in the academic scenario for over two centuries, being an integral part of most up-to-date developed technologies in several fields of expertise. Regarding the applications of luminescent materials over the last years, the unique spectroscopic properties of RE elements have made them almost irreplaceable in classic tricolor devices, such as compact fluorescent lamps or cathode ray tubes. Nevertheless, the advent of new visualization and lighting technologies, like the high-resolution compact displays and the elimination of mercury from fluorescent lamps, has stimulated scientists to investigate the synthesis and properties of RE-based phosphors. In this work, we have evaluated the processes available for the synthesis of nanostructured RE phosphates and vanadates capable of acting as phosphors under vacuum ultraviolet excitation, and conducted the structural and spectroscopic characterization of these materials. We used three strategies to prepare the solids: the polymeric precursor method (Pechini), precipitation into reverse microemulsions, the colloidal precipitations. These methods can be adapted to the synthesis requirements and enable the control of morphology, composition and particle aggregation, thus constituting highly efficient ways to obtain nanostructured RE phosphates and/or vanadates. We synthesized orthophosphates (REPO4), phosphovanadates (REP1-xVxO4), and core@shell structures (REVO4@REPO4) with different composition, to generate of red, green, and blue phosphors, as well as solids with upconversion emissions. We characterized the prepared compounds by X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermal analysis, and vibrational and luminescence spectroscopies (emission/excitation, luminescence lifetimes, quantum yields, chromaticity, and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters).

Ces dernières années, la sécurité civile et la lutte contre le terrorisme sont devenus des enjeux primordiaux, induisant un besoin croissant en techniques de détection de différentes menaces. Dans ce cadre, le CEA participe au développement de capteurs chimiques de gaz et des matériaux sensibles associés. Il existe aujourd'hui un besoin en matériaux sensibles robustes pour la détection des vapeurs de H2O2 car la durée de vie des composés fluorescents organiques existants est courte. Ces travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans cette optique et portent sur l'élaboration d'un matériau sensible inorganique composé de nanoparticules fluorescentes de vanadates de terres rares synthétisées par voie sol-gel. Des voies de synthèse innovantes, avec un contrôle fin des étapes de nucléation et de cristallisation, ont permis d'atteindre des performances importantes comme la détection sélective du gaz à des teneurs inférieures au ppm, en garantissant une durée de vie du matériau de plusieurs mois. De plus, un contrôle précis du pH assure une bonne reproductibilité des synthèses. Enfin, une excellente photostabilité des particules a été atteinte via l'intégration d'une étape de traitement au four micro-ondes dans la synthèse. Les particules ont été caractérisées par spectrométrie photoélectronique X, par résonance paramagnétique électronique ou encore par thermoluminescence pour mieux comprendre le mécanisme de quenching dynamique de la fluorescence des nanoparticules YVO4:Eu associé à l'exposition à H2O2. Il semble impliquer une action de H2O2 sur des lacunes d'oxygène. Un transfert d'énergie aurait lieu à partir de l'état excité des ions Eu3+ vers les défauts, empêchant donc l'émission. / Over the past few years, civil security and the fight against terrorism have become critical issues, leading to a growing need for techniques to detect different threats and especially gas. In this context, the CEA is actively involved in the development of chemical gas sensors and in the elaboration of their sensitive materials. Due to the short lifetime of fluorescent organic materials, a need for robust sensitive materials exists. In light of these issues, this project focuses on the development of a sensitive inorganic material composed of fluorescent nanoparticles of rare earths vanadates synthesized by the sol-gel process. Innovative syntheses, with a fine control of the nucleation and crystallization steps, enable to reach significant performance such as the selective detection of the target gas at sub ppm levels, while guaranteeing a material lifetime of several months. In addition, a precise pH control ensures a good reproducibility of the syntheses. Finally, an excellent photostability of the particles was obtained by incorporating a microwave treatment into the synthesis.The particles were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or thermoluminescence to better understand the mechanism of the detection of H2O2 vapors by the YVO4:Eu nanoparticles. A dynamic quenching of the particles fluorescence is associated with exposure to hydrogen peroxide. It seems to imply an action of H2O2 on the defects (such as oxygen vacancies), resulting in a transfer of energy from the excited state of Eu3+ ions to the defects, thus preventing the fluorescence emission.