The Port of Vancouver, situated on Burrard Inlet in southwestern British Columbia, is of major importance both as a world deep-sea port and as a coastal port. This importance in a dual function results from: first, the wealth of forestry and fishery resources of coastal British Columbia; secondly, the ability of the port to forward to world markets the produce resulting from these resources; and finally, the fact that Vancouver is a major hulk grain exporting port. The port occupies all of Burrard Inlet which was first seen by Europeans in 1791. It was not until 1859, however, when an unsuccessful attempt was made to mine coal, that any use was made of the area. The years of early growth from 1862 to 1886 were marked first by the start of lumbering on Burrard Inlet followed in 1886 by the incorporation of the City of Vancouver and the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway to Port Moody. By 1919 bulk shipments of wheat from Vancouver via the Panama Canal had been proved as successful. Thus, with wheat shipments established and the lumber industry extending beyond the limits of Burrard Inlet, the Port of Vancouver had become established as a world export centre of wheat and wood products. As Vancouver increased in importance as an exporting port, so there followed an increase in Industrialization with the resultant increase in population, industrial power, supply and rail facilities. However, available industrial locations on the harbour waterfront had become scarce with the result that some new, large industries — most notably pulp and paper — were located in small coastal settlements nearer the sources of raw material. From these small centres there started direct shipments to world markets rather than exclusively through Vancouver. As small out-ports operating alone, it is doubtful if such an arrangement would have been possible; with the attraction of manufactured goods and wheat available in Vancouver, however, it was possible to draw ships to British Columbia and so to the small ports with their special commodities for world markets. At the same time Vancouver profitted because of its own deep-sea shipments, plus the fact that the out-ports are dependent on Vancouver for virtually all requirements of labour, food supply and mechanical equipment. This dependence by the coastal area on Vancouver is the basis of very extensive coastal movement of various specialized types of vessels which operate almost exclusively from Vancouver. Thus the Port of Vancouver, competing economically but cooperating functionally with the out-ports, is a coastal port of major significance while at the same time its world shipments place it in a position of Importance as a deep-sea port. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The life of old people is not made complete by good physical care alone. Opportunity for participation in activities, companionship and a sense of being "part of things", are equally important. This survey of a well-established home for old people in Vancouver clearly Indicates that the people in a home for the aged tend to become cut off from the stream of life--their participation in adult activities, and their social contacts, become extremely limited. The survey begins with a discussion of some of the problems of the aged in our society and particularly those of housing. A variety of housing arrangements for old people are discussed and the special role of an institution for the aged is outlined. The history of Taylor Manor is reviewed. The rise and fall of its fortunes are traced against a background of changing attitudes and policies of administration. The central chapter presents a composite picture of the average Taylor Manorite based on an analysis of case records of forty-five residents. This composite picture is added to with the aid of a special questionnaire, with which the personal adjustment of twenty-five residents of Taylor Manor is evaluated. The results indicate that most of the people in Taylor Manor are lonely, withdrawn from the surrounding community, and hard pressed to find ways in which to "pass the time". The study concludes with recommendations as to how the loneliness and feeling of uselessness among Taylor Manor residents can be ameliorated. Possible parallels for an activities program are drawn (a) in the work done with senior citizens at Gordon House and (b) the auxiliary to the Provincial Infirmary at Marpole. Two major recommendations are made: (a) the appointment of a qualified group worker to start a program of planned activity in Taylor Manor and, (b) the establishing of a ladies' auxiliary to Increase contact with the outside community and to afford better opportunity for social contacts for the old people in Taylor Manor. Other recommendations on physical accommodation are also made. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Vancouver Island forms one of the border ranges of the North American Cordillera, and is separated from the mainland of British Columbia by a submerged depression, the Strait of Georgia. In extent, Vancouver Island is some 280 miles long and 50 to 80 miles wide, with an estimated area of 13,000 square miles. A central, strongly dissected mountainous backbone comprises most of the Island and forms its main axis, lying in a N.W. — S.E. direction. On the east, the backbone is bordered by a relatively narrow coastal plain which slopes gently to the Strait of Georgia. Southeastern Vancouver Island as considered in this study, is that portion of the Island lying south and east of a line from the mouth of Muir Creek to the southern end of Saanich Inlet, thence following the Inlet to the northern tip of Saanich Peninsula. Southeastern Vancouver Island presents a varied picture to the geographer. The upland topography of the west and southwest, on the one hand, is characterized by forest industry, with attendant sparse population and relatively few roads. Inland, scattered areas of suitable soils are occupied by general farms, while along the coast, the many bays and harbours are centres of fishing activity. On the other hand, extensive areas of modified glacial tills in the central and northern portions are widely developed for a variety of agricultural pursuits. Population is concentrated here and transportation routes show a dense, rectangular pattern. An urban area has developed in response to the natural harbour and its agricultural hinterland. The present day hinterland of this urban area extends far beyond the regional boundaries so that it now includes most of Vancouver Island. Though not well endowed with metallic minerals, the region has extensive reserves of non-mettalics in the form of sands, gravels and clays. These glacial deposits are being exploited for use in local construction. Fishing is well developed along the ocean littoral and exploits several fishes of which the Pacific salmon are the most important. The most valuable primary industries are agriculture and forestry. Agriculture is favoured by the long frostless season, absence of extreme temperatures, and dry, relatively sunny summers. Berry culture, bulb and seed production are thriving operations on the glacially derived soils, Forestry utilizes the steep slopes and non-arable soils of the maturely dissected upland area in the west and southwest. Though ouch of the forest area has been out over, climatic and edaphic conditions are optimum for reforestation of Douglas fir, the most valuable species. Secondary industry in Southeastern Vanoouvor Island ie favored by presence of forest and soil resources and a ready source of labour, but is hindered by limited markets and energy supplies. At present, manufacturing is restricted to simple processing. A great variety of tertiary industries centred in the urban area of Victoria serve the large residential zone. Tourism is one of these industries which has been particularly successful, capitalizing the local climate and scenery, the recreational facilities and "British" atmosphere. The region's greatest potential rests on its soil and forest resources. Ultimately, the cultivated land could be approximately doubled. The non-arable soils and upland areas now supporting various stages of second growth forest, are well suited to sustained yield forestry. The expansion of local population and secondary industries would probably parallel increased development of these basic industries, thereby adding considerably to the regional wealth. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This is a study of administrative confusion and uncertainty which has beset development of an important part of Vancouver's industrial waterfront. False Creek is a two-mile long, twenty-foot deep inlet. Half the residential area of Vancouver is separated from the commercial center by this waterway and its shore is extensively occupied by industry. Originally the inlet was more than twice its present size, but the eastern half and a central mud-flat "bay" were reclaimed by the federal government prior to the First World War. Until 1924 the federal government claimed title to the bed and foreshore but in that year acknowledged the province's claim. It retained, however, the reclaimed area known as Granville Island and owns a large tract of Indian reserve land near the False Creek mouth. At the turn of the century the city was given title to the eastern half of the bed and foreshore, and later made the reclaimed portion available to the Great Northern and Canadian National Railways. The Canadian Pacific Railway owns almost all the upland lots on both the north and south shore of the waterway as it exists today. These are occupied either as terminal yards or under lease. Headlines have been established along its shore and the Navigable Waters Protection Act applies. False Creek has been a problem area because it is both an obstacle and an industrial area of high utility and potential. The city administration has been able to cope with the former, limited only by the funds available. Any over-all development, however, has been virtually impossible because of: 1) a confusion (before 1924) as to the spheres of responsibility of the senior governments, 2) their tendency generally to act without consideration for the over-all development, and 3) the total lack of co-operation between themselves or with the city in furthering comprehensive economic development. This has meant that the only development, apart from the federal reclamation, has been the result of private enterprise. It has been the good fortune of the city that this has never, yet, been contrary to the over-all potentialities of the area. Recent action by the federal government indicates that the Indian reserve property may be disposed of for purposes inimical to the best economic use of the shore. There appears to be no possibility of the city developing the waterway comprehensively by its own efforts, nor any likelihood that either or both senior governments will do so. The answer may lie in a statutory corporation publicly and privately owned, perhaps on the order of the English "mixed undertaking". Such or similar action would be facilitated if the city were able to acquire the False Creek land presently held by the federal government, perhaps by accepting it in payment for the city-owned (1954) airport. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

This study was designed for the purpose of learning from the families, who are receiving assistance, what dependency means to them. The sample was selected from the Mothers' Allowance and Social Assistance categories. A group of twelve families comprised the sample that was used for intensive study. The families were interviewed personally by the writer to study their status prior to the onset of dependency, and specifically their experiences and status during their dependency years, with emphasis on the meaning of case work services to the families. The families' experiences and status point up the fact, that the maximum standard of living to be achieved within the policies of the agency is unusually low: the assistance payments are too small for a family to be able to maintain or achieve a standard of living providing for a "reasonably normal and healthy existence"; policy concerning treatment of other income and resources, appears to be sufficiently restrictive to prevent the families from making successful use of them to improve their standard of living; and finally, the professional case worker's role to help the families develop their own strengths, and make full use of other (community) resources is invalidated to a large degree, through the agency's rules and regulations concerning treatment of such income and resources. The case worker's role as a helping person to the families appeared to be especially significant during the early stages of the families' dependency status. The follow-up service, or sustaining case work treatment, is largely concerned with, verification of continued eligibility for financial assistance, only in terms represented by the maximum provided for in the social allowance scale. The implications of the study are, that the agency's policies, in terms of the families experiences, might warrant some revision to the extent that the professional case worker can function in his intended role as a helping person to the family. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Creative art experience has been widely recognized, in recent years, as an important facet of the recreational activity of human beings. In an age where leisure-time has become the right of most people, provision of facilities for its constructive use has assumed increasing significance. As a result, many new developments in recreation have emerged, including growth of group work specialization within the field of social work. Another related supplementation has come in the initiation of a new coordinative movement in the arts, one phase of which is described in the following study of the Community Arts Council of Vancouver. Embodied in the thesis is information obtained from within the Arts Council itself: from its files; from the people directly concerned with its inception and development; and from the writer's personal experience as a staff member. Other material is taken from the publications of the two coordinative movements from which the Arts Council's thinking borrows: those of American Welfare, and the Arts Council of Great Britain; and is tied in with current Canadian trends as shown by the work of the recent Royal Commission on Arts Letters and Sciences. In addition, information both quantitative and qualitative was obtained from a sampling of Arts Council affiliate-groups, through questionnaire and interview methods. The experiences of the war years, both on this continent and in Great Britain, underlined the values of supplementing the sporadic, unrelated activities of spontaneous and autonomous art groups with some organized means of coordinating these activities and providing essential joint services beyond the financial capacities of individual groups. Vancouver was the first city on the continent to attempt such provision on a local level, and did so in direct recognition that arts, the symbolization of man's basic drives, were essential to the common good, thus integral to welfare. In the light of this basic assumption of the movement, it was felt that a study of the growth and development of the prototype of other local Arts Councils on this continent would have reference value within the field of social work. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

No abstract / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

No abstract included. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The focus of this study is on means by which the spatial distribution of housing development can be explained. This involved firstly (I) identification of potential determinants of residential location and the verification thereof, and secondly (II) investigation into the applicability of the use of Clark's Theory of Exponentially Declining Densities as a predictor of housing unit completions. (I) Interviews with sixty-three developers in the Greater Vancouver Area were used to rank criteria used in their location decision-making. Regressions of some of the more important criteria were attempted with housing completions as the dependent variable. Analysis of the data demonstrates that housing unit completions of a subarea are strongly related to both its unused and total housing potential. The data does not support the developers’ contention that relative land price is an important locational determinant. Travel time from the central business district is not in itself a significant variable in explaining the spatial distribution of housing unit completions. (II) Less than 50% of the variation of population density is explainable in terms of distance from the CBD in the manner of Clark's relation: Population/Area = [formula omitted] here d is the distance from the central business district, and A and b are constants. Considerably better results (59% to 74% of the variation) are obtained with the inverse travel relations:Population/Area Zoned Residential =[formula omitted]and Housing Units/Area Zoned Residential = [formula omitted]where t is the travel time from the central business district. The existence of unused potential in a subarea as defined by the difference between the density observed and the density calculated (by Clark's Theory or by the Inverse Travel Time Relation above) is a significant predictor variable of whether or not residential construction will take place. However, the magnitude of the unused potential thus calculated is not a significant determinant of the actual number of housing unit completions. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The objectives of this study were to obtain up-to-date statistics on the quantitative aspects of condominium development in Metropolitan Vancouver; to obtain a social profile of all condominium purchasers;' to obtain information on purchasers' reasons for buying condominiums rather than single-family houses, and their criteria for selecting a particular condominium development; to assess the extent of satisfaction expressed by condominium purchasers; to examine the past behaviour of condominium resale prices; and to obtain information on the conversion of rental apartments to condominiums. Information on the quantitative aspects of condominium development was obtained by examining records of condominium registrations in the Vancouver and New Westminster Land Registry Offices. This information was of interest in itself, and also provided the basis for a survey of condominium owners conducted to obtain information on the purchasers of condominium units. Ten per cent of the residents in each condominium project larger than nine units were surveyed to obtain data on purchasers' characteristics, their reasons for puchase, and the extent of purchaser satisfaction. Information on condominium resale prices was obtained by examining records of units sold through the Multiple Listing Service of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver, and quantitative information on apartment conversion was obtained through a real estate consulting firm. The quantitative growth of condominium development was found to have been extremely rapid, with the annual increase in number of units registered averaging about 175 per cent between 1968 and 1971. Obviously such a growth rate could not be long sustained, and 1972 saw only 10 per cent more units registered than in 1971, but the high overall growth rate is indicative of substantial public acceptance of this new form of housing. The results of the purchaser survey are far too voluminous to be summarized here, but two general observations should be noted. The first is that there are substantial differences between purchasers of town house condominium units and purchasers of apartment type units. Apartment purchasers were found to be generally older, had fewer dependent children, more often considered their unit to be a permenent home, and placed different emphasis on the criteria for selecting a condominium. The second notable finding was the high degree of satisfaction expressed by condominium residents. Over 93 per cent indicated moderate or extreme satisfaction, and 86 per cent said that, based on their experience with condominium living, they would still have purchased their unit. Examination of condominium resale prices revealed that they had been quite static over much of the brief history of condominium development. However, a readily observable upward trend began in the latter half of 1972 and strengthened in 1973, which refutes earlier indications of a relatively slow rate of appreciation of condominiums. Some difficulty was encountered in obtaining information on apartment conversions, and essentially only the numbers involved were obtained. Since the City of Vancouver has at least temporarily frozen all conversions, the requirement for further research on this aspect of condominium development will depend on the resolution of the current political situation. Given the public acceptance of the condominium concept indicated by the rapid growth of condominium development, the degree of satisfaction expressed by condominium residents, and the recent strength observed in condominium resale prices, it is concluded that condominiums will continue to form an increasingly important segment of the Metropolitan Vancouver housing market. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate