Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la restauration d'image tridimensionnelle de microscopie de fluorescence. Deux difficultés majeures dans ce système d'imagerie sont traitées. La première est le flou variable en profondeur qui est dû aux aberrations induites par la variation des indices de réfraction dans le système optique et le spécimen imagé. La deuxième est le bruit qui est principalement dû au processus de comptage de photons. L'objectif de cette thèse est de réduire ces distorsions afin de fournir aux biologistes une image de meilleure qualité possible. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous étudions les modèles d'approximation du flou variable en profondeur et nous choisissons un modèle adéquat au problème d'inversion. Dans ce modèle, la réponse impulsionnelle (RI) variable en profondeur est approchée par une combinaison convexe d'un ensemble de RIs invariables spatialement. Nous développons pour ce modèle deux méthodes rapides de restauration non-aveugle par minimisation d'un critère régularisé, chacune d'elles est adaptée au type de bruit présent dans les images de microscopie confocale ou à champ large. Dans la deuxième partie, nous abordons le problème de restauration aveugle et proposons deux méthodes dans lesquelles le flou variable en profondeur et l'image sont conjointement estimés. Dans la première méthode, la RI est estimée en chaque voxel du volume considéré afin de laisser une grande liberté sur la forme de la RI, tandis que dans la deuxième méthode, la forme de la RI est contrainte par une fonction gaussienne afin de réduire le nombre de variables inconnues et l'espace des solutions possibles. Dans ces deux méthodes d'estimation aveugle, l'effet des aberrations optiques n'est pas efficacement estimé en raison du manque d'information. Nous améliorons ces méthodes d'estimation en alternant des contraintes dans les domaines fréquentiel et spatial. Des résultats sont montrés en simulation et sur des données réelles.

This master’s thesis describes the development of a model of the catalystsystem aiming at control by an MPC. A well functioning model, which is suitable in control purpose, is important while emission legislation become more and more hard to fulfill for the car manufacturers. Much research has been done in the field of physical modeling of the system, but in this work a linear adaptive time discrete ARX-model is developed and validated. The systems tendency to change its dynamic during usage implies that the model must be adaptive. The developed model proved to be well functioning and shows promising conditions for the MPC design. The system and the model are analyzed in the time- and frequency domains and the model is both implemented and validated in a Saab 9-5. The work has been performed both at Saab Automobile Powertrain AB in Södertälje and in Vehicular Systems Dept. of Electrical Engineering at Linköpings University.

The aim of this work is to study the relation between two invariants of water flow in a channel of finite depth. The first invariant is the height of the water wave and the second one is the flow force. We restrict ourselves to water waves of small amplitude. Using asymptotic technique together with the method of separation of variables, we construct all water waves of small amplitude which are parameterized by a small parameter. Then we demonstrate numerically that the flow force depends monotonically on the height.

A turbo system is driven by the excess energy in the exhaust gases.  As a result, variation in exhaust temperature cause variations in  boost pressure. By using the information about the available exhaust  energy in the turbo controller directly through a feedforward  controller, an unexpected variation in turbo boost can be avoided. A  model based controller is developed that calculates the desired  turbine power from the boost pressure reference and then, by  observing the available exhaust energy, controls the generated  turbine power to match the desired power. A Mean Value Engine Model  has been used to make simulation with the developed controller  implemented. Steps between different boost pressure references are  used to evaluate controller performance. Tests in a car have also  been made to make sure the simulation results are consistent in a  real environment. / Turbosystem drivs av överskottsenergin i motorns avgaser. Dettainnebär att temperaturvariationer i avgaserna orsakar variationer igenererad turbineffekt och därmed ökat laddtryck från turbosystemet.Används informationen om den tillgängliga energin i avgaserna när manstyr turbinen så kan man motverka oväntade laddtrycksförändringar. Idenna rapport har en modellbaserad turboregulator med en framkopplingsom beräknar en önskad turbineffekt från givet referenstryckutvecklats. Sedan tas en styrsignal fram till turbinen som, genom attanvända informationen om den observerade energin i avgaserna, matcharden önskade turbineffekten. En model av en medelvärdesmotor haranvänds för att validera prestandan i regulatorn via stegsvar mellanolika referenstryck. Det har även utförts tester i bil för att avgöraom resultatet blir detsamma under verkliga förhållanden.

The SAAB variable compression engine is a new engine concept that enables the fuel consumption to be radically cut by varying the compression ratio. A challenge with this new engine concept is that the compression ratio has a direct influence on the output torque, which means that a change in compression ratio also leads to a change in the torque. A torque change may be felt as a jerk in the movement of the car, and this is an undesirable effect since the driver has no control over the compression ratio. The aim of this master's thesis work is to develop a torque control strategy for the SAAB variable compression engine. Where the main control objective is to make the output torque behave in a desirable way despite the influence of compression ratio changes. The controller is developed using a design method called Internal Model Control, which is a straightforward way of both configuring a controller and determining its parameters. The controller has been implemented and evaluated in a real engine, and has proved to be able to reduce the effect of compression ratio disturbance.

Knock is a phenomenon that limits how effciently an engine can operate. Severe knock is harmful to the engine and must therefore be avoided. Controlling the knock intensity is complicated by a phenomenon called cycle to cycle variations. Because of these variations, the knock intensity must be considered a stochastic variable and the control is made on a mean value from a large number of cycles. The SVC (Saab Variable Compression) concept adds the compression ratio as an extra degree of freedom. At Vehicular systems, research is done on how to put this additional variable to its best use. A controller is developed that control the engine to a desired knock intensity and torque, using the ignition angle and the pedal position. The controller is implemented as two separate controllers in Matlab and Simulink. These are merged together with a Stateflow chart. A confidence interval calculation is implemented for the mean value of the knock intensity. A program is also developed to process a large number of operating points and make measurements in all of them. The conclusion is that the basic construction of the controller and the script are fi;lling their functions but that there are some improvements left to be done. The controller is rather slow and the calculations of the confi;dence interval needs further refi;nement.

This thesis contains the numerically investigations of the performance of a run-around membrane energy exchanger (RAMEE) at different outdoor air conditions and the effects of non-uniform exchanger channels. The RAMEE is a new type of building ventilation air energy recovery system that allows heat and moisture to be transferred between isolated supply and exhaust air streams. Two liquid-to-air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEEs) are placed in the supply and exhaust air ducts and transfer heat and moisture between air and a circulating liquid desiccant that couples the two LAMEEs together. The ability of the system to transfer heat and moisture between isolated supply and exhaust ducts makes it appropriate for numerous HVAC applications (e.g., hospitals and building energy retrofits). <p> The performance of the RAMEE at different outdoor air conditions is shown to be highly variable due to the coupling of the heat and moisture transfer by the desiccant. This coupling allows the humidity ratio between the indoor and outdoor air to influence the heat transfer and the moisture transfer is influenced by the difference between the indoor and outdoor air temperatures. The coupling produces some complex RAMEE performance characteristics at some outdoor air conditions where the effectiveness values (i.e., sensible, latent, and total) were shown to be less than 0% or greater than 100%. Effectiveness and operating correlations are developed to describe these complex behaviours because existing correlations do not account for the coupling effects. The correlations can serve as design and operation tools for the RAMEE which do not require the use of an iterative computational numerical model.<p> Non-uniform exchanger channels are present in the RAMEE because of pressure differences between the air and solution channels which deform the membrane into the air channel. The non-uniform channels are analytically shown to create maldistributed fluid flows and variable heat and mass transfer coefficients. The combined effects of these two changes lead to a reduction in the RAMEE effectiveness, which increases as the size of the membrane deformation increases. The reduction in total effectiveness for an exchanger where the membrane has a peak deflection of 10% of the nominal air channel thickness operating at a NTU of 12 was shown to be 12.5%. These results of non-uniform exchanger channels agree with previously conducted experimental results.

Great portion of today's industry are <em>Adjustable Speed Drives</em> (<em>ASD's</em>) operated in order to fulfill certain processes. When these processes are critical ones or sensitive to voltage disturbances, that might take place due to inserting high load in an area near to the Point of Common Coupling (<em>PCC</em>) of the process or due to a short term outage, few tens of thousands up to millions of dollars will be lost once such interruptions (voltage sags) take place as a result of the process failure. On the other hand, a distorted voltage waveform at the PCC for some sensitive process might malfunction as a result of the high harmonic content of the voltage waveform. Utilities are required to deliver as pure as possible sinusoidal voltage waveform according to certain limits; thus, they might apply fines against the consumers who are responsible for producing high amounts of current harmonics that affect the voltage wave shape at the <em>PCC</em> in order to force them to improve the consumer's load profile by adding filters at <em>PCC</em> for instance. Utilities are charging the consumers who are drawing power at poor power factor as well. <br /><br /> This thesis presents an <em>ASD</em> retrofitted with a dual-functional piece of hardware connected in series to its <em>DC-link</em> that is capable of handling the previously two mentioned problems. In other words, hardware that is capable of providing <em>voltage sag ride-through</em> during the voltage sag conditions on one side, on the other side, during the normal operating conditions, it is capable to mitigate the harmonic contents of the drawn current by the ASD's rectifier and to improve the power factor. <br /><br /> Survey on voltage sag ride-through for ASD's approaches are presented in the literature has been made. Approaches are classified as the topology utilized; first, topologies that utilizes energy storage elements that store energy to compensate the DC-link voltage with during the voltage sags, second, topologies retrofitting the DC-link itself with additional hardware to compensate the DC-link voltage. The first group is capable to provide voltage compensating during the full outages while the second can't. The presented voltage sag ride-through work of this thesis belongs to the second group. <br /><br /> Boost converter has been used as the hardware to compensate the DC-link voltage because of its simplicity and cheap price. An adaptive linear network (ADALINE) is investigated as the detection system to detect the envelope of the input voltage waveform. Once the envelope of the voltage goes below a certain level, the boost converter is activated to compensate the difference between voltage set point and the actual DC-link voltage. Simulation results supporting the proposed configuration are presented. <br /><br /> A third-harmonic current injection approach is utilized in this work in order to achieve <em>total harmonic distortion</em> (<em>THD</em>) mitigation from 32% to 5. 125% (theoretically). Two third-harmonic current injection networks have been investigated; one utilizes a real resistor, the other utilizes a resistor emulator to reduce the energy dissipated. The proposed controller for the resistor emulator does not require a proportional-integral (PI) controller. <br /><br /> As a result of the common devices between the voltage sag ride-through circuitry and the harmonic mitigation one, they can be integrated together in one circuitry connected in series with the DC-link of the ASD. And hence, the dual functionality of the hardware will be achieved. Simulation results supporting the theoretical results have been presented.

The Variable Displacement Engine (VDE) is a new generation of engines that are designed to decrease the fuel consumption at the cruise speed of a vehicle. The isolation of the VDE's new vibration pattern is beyond the capabilities of conventional mounts and bushings. Consequently, in this thesis, novel active and semi-active solutions are proposed to develop various semi-active and active hydraulic bushing proof-of-concept systems that may solve the isolation problem in a VDE system. <br /><br /> The dynamic stiffness response, which is the transfer function that relates the engine displacement to the transmitted force, is normally used as the key design criterion for engine mounts and bushings. In this thesis, a linear mathematical model of a conventional hydraulic bushing is purposed. The validity of the mathematical model is confirmed by an experimental analysis, and the various parameters in the dynamic stiffness equation are evaluated. The experimental results indicate that the dynamic stiffness frequency response of the conventional hydraulic bushing has both soft and stiff regions. The soft region is limited to low frequencies. For the VDE isolation, the goal is to provide a soft bushing for a wider range of frequencies than a conventional bushing can accommodate. Addition of a short inertia track, similar to a decoupler used in conventional hydraulic engine mounts, may be used to extend the soft region of a conventional hydraulic bushing, and the experimental results validate it. <br /><br /> Since the short inertia track provides no additional damping, a supplementary Magnetorheological (MR) valve is also devised. The MR valve has the advantage to minimize the amount of MR fluid used, which significantly reduces the cost of the overall system. The novel valve allows the damping coefficient of the bushing assembly to be controlled by varying the electrical current input to a solenoid coil. A mathematical model is derived for the MR bushing, and is validated experimentally. <br /><br /> In addition, an active bushing to solve the VDE isolation problem is purposed in this thesis. In this bushing, a magnetic actuator, composed of a permanent magnet and a solenoid coil, is included in the active bushing. This active chamber affects the dynamic stiffness response of the bushing by altering the bushing's internal pressure. The nonlinear equation of motion of the permanent magnet is linearized and is incorporated into the new mathematical model of the system. The new purposed model for the active bushing is in good agreement with the experimental results. This active chamber is also proved capable of producing complex dynamic stiffness frequency response. <br /><br /> The conclusion is that the proposals in this thesis can contribute to the isolation of the vibration pattern, imposed by the application of a VDE system.

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) varactors have the potential to replace conventional varactor diodes, due to their high loss and non-linearity, in many applications such as phase shifters, oscillators, and tunable filters. The objective of this thesis is to develop novel MEMS varactors to improve the capacitance tuning ratio, linearity, and quality factor. Several novel varactor configurations are developed, analyzed, fabricated and tested. They are built by using standard MEMS fabrication processes, as well as monolithic integration techniques in CMOS technology. The first capacitor consists of two movable plates, loaded with a nitride layer that exhibits an analog continuous capacitance tuning ratio. To decrease the the parasitic capacitance, a trench in the silicon substrate under the capacitor is adopted. The use of an insulation dielectric layer on the bottom plate of the MEMS capacitor increases the capacitors’ tuning ratio. Experimental and theoretical results are presented for two versions of the proposed capacitor with different capacitance values. The measured capacitance tuning ratio is 280% at 1 GHz. The proposed MEMS vararctor is built using the MetalMUMPs process. The second, third, and fourth capacitors have additional beams that are called carrier beams. The use of the carrier beams makes it possible to obtain an equivalent nonlinear spring constant, which increases the capacitors’ analog continuous tuning ratio. A lumped element model and a continuous model of the proposed variable capacitors are developed. The continuous model is simulated by commercial software. A detailed analysis for the steady state of the capacitors is presented. The measured capacitance tuning ratios of these three capacitors are 410%, 400% and 470%, respectively at 1 GHz. Also, the selfresonance frequency is measured and found to exceed 11 GHz. The proposed MEMS variable capacitors are built by the PolyMUMPs process. The fifth novel parallel-plate MEMS varactor has thin-film vertical comb actuators as its driver. Such an actuator can vertically displace both plates of the parallel-plate capacitor. By making use of the fringing field, this actuator exhibits linear displacement behavior, caused by the induced electrostatic force of the actuator’s electrodes. The proposed capacitor has a low parasitic capacitance and linear deflection due to the mechanically connected and electrically isolated actuators to the capacitor’s parallel-plates. The measured tuning capacitance ratio is 7:1 (600%) at 1 GHz. The fabricated MEMS varactor exhibits a self resonance frequency of 9 GHz and built by MetalMUMPs process. The sixth parallel-plate MEMS varactor exhibits a linear response and high tuning capacitance ratio. The capacitor employs the residual stress of the chosen bi-layer, and the non-linear spring constants from the suspended cantilevers to obtain a non-linear restoring force that compensates for the nonlinear electrostatic force induced between the top and bottom plates. Two existing techniques are used to widen the tuning range of the proposed capacitor. The first technique is to decrease the parasitic capacitance by etching the lossy substrate under the capacitor’s plates. The second technique is employed to increase the capacitance density, where the areas between the top and bottom plates overlap, by applying a thin film of dielectric material, deposited by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The measured linear continuous tuning ratio for the proposed capacitor, built in the PolyMUMPs process, is 5:1 (400%). The seventh and eighth MEMS variable capacitors have plates that curl up. These capacitors are built in 0.35 μm CMOS technology from the interconnect metallization layers. The plates of the presented capacitors are intentionally curled upward to control the tuning performance. A newly developed maskless post-processing technique that is appropriate for MEMS/CMOS circuits is proposed. it consists of dry and wet etching steps, developed to integrate the proposed MEMS varactors in CMOS technology. Mechanically, the capacitors are simulated by the finite element method in ANSYS, and the results are compared with the measured results. The seventh capacitor is a tri-state structure that exhibits a measured tuning range of 460% at 1 GHz with a flat capacitance response that is superior to that of conventional digital capacitors. The proposed capacitor is simulated in HFSS and the extracted capacitance is compared with the measured capacitance over a frequency range of 1 GHz to 5 GHz. The eighth capacitor is an analog continuous structure that demonstrates a measured continuous tuning range of 115% at 1 GHz with no pull-in. The measured quality factor for both CMOSbased capacitors is more than 300 at 1.5 GHz. The proposed curled-plate capacitors have a small area and can be realized to build a System-on-Chip (SoC). Finally, a tunable band pass filter that utilizes the MEMS variable capacitors in 0.18 μm CMOS technology from TSMC is designed, modeled and fabricated.