SAMMANFATTNING Jag har i mina tidigare yrkesår i förskoleklass upptäckt hur viktigt det är att barnen förstår de matematiska begreppen och har ord på dem. De måste ges en möjlighet att tidigt få utveckla en grundläggande taluppfattning. Syftet med min studie blev då att undersöka hur elever med svag taluppfattning förstår subtraktion, som jag upplevt är den första svårigheten de stöter på i matematiken. Jag ville också undersöka om mitt sätt att kunna variera matematiken i subtraktion, skulle hjälpa eleverna att hitta en gynnsam tankeform. Jag gjorde min studie med en grupp på 6 elever i åk. 3. Den metod jag använde mig av var observationer och loggbok. Jag gjorde en taluppfattningstest för att se vilken nivå eleverna låg på i början av studien och en sluttest för att se om mina aktiviteter med eleverna gav något resultat. Taluppfattningstesten visade att eleverna har svag taluppfattning, men samtidigt var testen väldigt bred med många vardagsnära uppgifter och uppgifter där eleverna skulle uppskatta och omvandla enheter. Det var inte tillräckligt många subtraktionsuppgifter för att kunna använda till att analysera vad eleverna förstått av aktiviteterna. Därför gjorde jag en annan sluttest med uppgifter enbart från våra aktiviteter. Sluttesten jag gjorde med eleverna visade ett bättre resultat. Jag har också under mina aktiviteter sett att eleverna utvecklar sitt tänkande när de får "prata" subtraktion och samtidigt får laborera med konkret material.

Clock Distribution Network (CDN) is an important component of any synchronous logic circuit. The function of CDN is to deliver the clock signal to the clock sinks. Clock skew is defined as the difference in the arrival time of the clock signal at the clock sinks. Higher uncertainty in skew (due to PVT variations) degrades circuit performance by decreasing the maximum possible delay between any two sequential elements. Aggressive frequency scaling has also led to high power consumption especially in CDN. This dissertation addresses variation and power issues in the design of current and potential future CDN. The research detailed in this work presents algorithmic techniques for the following problems: (1) Variation tolerance in useful skew design, (2) Link insertion for buffered clock nets, (3) Methodology and algorithms for rotary clocking and (4) Clock mesh optimization for skew-power trade off. For clock trees this dissertation presents techniques to integrate the different aspects of clock tree synthesis (skew scheduling, abstract topology and layout embedding) into one framework- tolerance to variations. This research addresses the issues involved in inserting cross-links in a buffered clock tree and proposes design criteria to avoid the risk of short-circuit current. Rotary clocking is a promising new clocking scheme that consists of unterminated rings formed by differential transmission lines. Rotary clocking achieves reduction in power dissipation clock skew. This dissertation addresses the issues in adopting current CAD methodology to rotary clocks. Alternative methodology and corresponding algorithmic techniques are detailed. Clock mesh is a popular form of CDN used in high performance systems. The problem of simultaneous sizing and placement of mesh buffers in a clock mesh is addressed. The algorithms presented remove the edges from the clock mesh to trade off skew tolerance for low power. For clock trees as well as link insertion, our experiments indicate significant reduction in clock skew due to variations. For clock mesh, experimental results indicate 18.5% reduction in power with 1.3% delay penalty on a average. In summary, this dissertation details methodologies/algorithms that address two critical issues- variation and power dissipation in current and potential future CDN.

The European arts in the nineteenth century went through significant changes with the advent of romanticism. In respect to music, more and more composers at that time set out to express their emotions through the beauty of sounds and rhythms, imbuing their works with multiple elements and alterations. However, the overemphasis on the subjective experience of the composers led to the gradual loss of simplicity and purity in their music. At that time, Brahms abondoned the artistic trend of the epoch and refused its pompous and exaggerated style. Devotedly following Bach, Beethoven and Schuman in their aesthetic perspectives and musical creations, Brahms composed absolute, introspective, sincere and in-depth works in the classical form. Variations on a Theme by Haydn, op. 56 composed by Brahms in 1873, was the representative piece marking his shift from large piano works to orchestra works, exhibiting the master¡¦s habitual use of composition skills and mature variation techniques. The two pianos version (op. 56b), as Brahms¡¦ most important work of its kind, illustrated how he took advantage of the strength of two pianos to arrange multiple voices with expertise. This piano piece pushed the artistic value of Brahms¡¦ two pianos works to its peak in the musical history and launched their golden age. Chapter One of this thesis gives the definition of variations, introduces its types and discusses the historical specificity of the variations of the nineteenth century. Chapter Two introduces the life of Brahms and his variations. Chapter Three probes into the composing skills, variation techniques and features illustrated in Brahms¡¦ Variations on a Theme by Haydn, op56b. Chapter Four examines the history of two pianos and gives suggestions on the performing of two pianos works.

Population genetic variation of cultured oyster Crassostrea spp. in Taiwan and neighborhood Cheng-Pin Yu ¡]Advisor¡GDr. Jin-Hua Cheng¡^ Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsuang 804 Taiwan R.O.C. Thesis Abstract The genetic variations among oyster populations of Taiwan, Ginmen and Fu-kein coast are analyzed using molecular method. Firstly, DNA sequences of mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes are analyzed according to nucleotide differences and restriction enzyme recognition site. Then, population variations were analyzed by the lane pattern of restriction enzyme fragment¡]RFLP¡^. The sequences of 530 bp DNA fragment of 16S rRNA gene showed little difference¡]0-1 bp¡^between Portuguese oyster and oyster cultured in Taiwan, both have larger differences¡]3-4 bp¡^compared with C. gigas. The sequences of 700 bp DNA fragment of COI gene showed similar results. C. angulata is found in Ginmen and Fu-kein coast for the first time which is identified by the PCR-RFLP of COI gene fragment. PCR-RFLP analysis of COI gene fragment showed C. angulata from Portugal are genetically closest to the oysters collected from Ginmen and Fu-kein.

Diss.--Tübingen, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. [339]-357.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-104). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Reprinted from the Botanical gazette, v. 38, p. 333-384, November 1904. Also issued as Contributions from the Hull botanical laboratory. LXIV. "Literature cited"; p. 374-375.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University, 1915. / Vita. "Reprinted from the Journal of experimental zoölogy, vol. 19, no. 4, November, 1915." "Literature cited": p. 502-503.

Thesis--Ph. D., University of Hong Kong. / Typewritten.

It is universally accepted that the majority of Ṣa‘īdī (Upper Egyptian) and Cairene consonants correspond with each other very closely. However, the Ṣa‘īdī cognates of Cairene /tˤ/, /g/, and /ʔ/ show significant variation that has not yet been studied phonologically or mapped. The research that has been conducted on these Upper Egyptian cognate sounds is either based on a very small sample size, or lacking phonological distributions for these sounds. This paper revisits the phonological variation and distribution of the Upper Egyptian cognates for the Cairene /tˤ/, /g/, and /ʔ/. This study concludes that its Ṣa‘īdī cognate of the Cairene /tˤ/ is [ɗ] in most regions, and that the Ṣa‘īdī cognates of the /g/, and /ʔ/ differ from previous documentation. / text