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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Caracterização microestrutural e elétrica do TiO2 dopado com óxido de estrôncio visando sua aplicação como varistores

Delbrücke, Tiago January 2016 (has links)
Neste trabalho estudou-se a influência da adição do SrO no comportamento varistor do TiO2. As concentrações utilizadas de SrO foram: 0,50, 1,00, 1,50 e 2,00 mol %. O processamento empregado foi o método convencional de mistura de óxidos, onde os reagentes foram submetidos ao moinho de bolas para homogeneização, utilizando PVA como agente plastificante. A sinterização, em forno convencional ocorreu nas temperaturas de 1200, 1300 e 1400oC durante 1 h com taxa de aquecimento e resfriamento de 5oC=min. Pelas imagens de MEV foi possível observar a evolução microestrutural das amostras com o aumento da temperatura de sinterização. Relacionando análises de MEV, densidade e dilatometria, foi possível se chegar a uma temperatura de sinterização considerada ideal para aplicação em sistemas varistores de 1400oC. Nas micrografias das amostras sinterizadas a 1400oC foi possível observar uma microestrutura com características morfológicas adequadas para varistores. Juntamente com a análise de EDS, acoplada ao MEV e mapeamento de raios X, identificou-se a presença de Sr na região do contorno de grão das amostras contendo 0,50 e 1,00 mol %, sendo que com a concentração de 1,00 mol % o Sr mostrou-se distribuído de maneira mais uniforme na região do contorno de grão. Para concentrações superiores a 1,00 mol %, ocorre a precipitação do Sr além do contorno de grão, a análise de EDS e mapeamento de raios X aponta além do Sr o O, indicando a formação de SrTiO3. As medidas elétricas em corrente contínua realizadas em temperatura ambiente apontam um melhor coeficiente não linear de 5,50 para composição contendo 1,00 mol % de SrO. Para o modelamento da barreira de potencial tipo Schottky foram realizadas medidas em CC (25 - 200oC), onde encontrou-se uma melhor relação altura/largura de barreira para a composição contendo 1,00 mol % de SrO, sendo proposto um modelo de barreira de potencial. Com as medidas em corrente alternada, foi possível identificar e mensurar a contribuição do grão e do contorno de grão. Também foi realizado tratamento em atmosfera oxidante, onde foi possível obter uma considerável melhora nas propriedades varistoras, a = 8,54, com a adsorção de O2 no contorno de grão. / In this work the influence of SrO in Varistor behavior of TiO2 is assessed. The used concentrations were SrO: 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 mol %. The applied process used conventional method of mixing oxides, where the reactants were subjected to a ball mill for homogenization using PVA as a plasticizer. The sintering was performed in conventional oven temperatures at the temperatures of 1200, 1300 and 1400oC for 1 h with heating and cooling rate of 5oC=min. From the SEM images, it is possible to identify the microstructural evolution of samples while the sintering temperature increases. Using SEM analysis, density and dilatometry, it is possible to obtain the optimal sintering temperature applied for varistors of 1400oC. In micrographs of the sintered samples at 1400oC it is identified a microstructure with suitable morphological characteristics for varistors. By the EDS analysis coupled to SEM X-ray mapping, is identified the presence of Sr in the grain boundary region samples containing 0.50 and 1.00 mol %, and the concentration of 1.00 mol % Sr appears to be more evenly distributed in the grain boundary region For concentrations higher than 1.00 mol %, the precipitation of Sr occurs beyond the grain boundaries, and the analysis of EDS X-ray mapping show points beyond Sr and O, indicating the formation of SrTiO3. The electrical measurements in DC held at room temperature showed an optical non linear coefficient of 5.50 for the composition containing 1.00 mol % of SrO. For the potential barrier modeling type Schottky, measures were carried out in DC (25 - 200oC) where a better height/width barrier was found with the composition containing 1.00 mol % of SrO, being proposed a potential barrier model. In alternating current measurements, it was possible to identify and evaluate the grain and grain boundary contribution. It was also performed treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere, where it was possible to obtain a considerable improvement in the varistor properties, a = 8.54, with adsorption of O2 in the grain boundary.
12

Élaboration et caractérisation de céramiques à base d’oxyde de zinc à très haute tenue énergétique / Manufacturing and characterization of zinc oxide ceramics with very high energy capability

Morel, Jonathan 02 November 2009 (has links)
Devant l’augmentation constante de la demande énergétique mondiale, la protection des installations électriques contre les effets de la foudre ou des instabilités du réseau nécessite des équipements toujours plus performants et adaptés. La technologie céramique apporte une solution à ce problème grâce à des dipôles à base d’oxyde de zinc possédant des propriétés électriques non linéaires se traduisant par une décroissance de leur résistance à mesure que la tension augmente. La tendance actuelle dictée par des défis technico-économiques et les nouvelles normes européennes conduit à réduire le poids et les dimensions de ces dipôles ou varistances : L’objectif et les principaux résultats de cette thèse sont : 1- Transfert à l’échelle pilote (100kg) de varistances miniaturisées à très haute tenue énergétique pouvant supporter plus de 300J.cm-3 en onde rectangulaire de courant de 800A en conformité avec la norme CEI 600 99-4 de 2006 [Classe III 10kA-5kV] 2- Pour atteindre les objectifs, il a été nécessaire d’abaisser les tensions d’écrêtage de 3%±0.2%. Ce fléchissement est apparemment modeste mais il est associé à une augmentation de la densité de courant traversant la céramique de plus de 30% / With the constant increase of world energy demand, the protection of electrical installations against the effects of lightning or network's instabilities, requires equipment more powerful and adapted. Ceramic technology brings a solution to this problem thanks to zinc oxide dipoles having nonlinear electric properties resulting in a decrease of their resistance as the tension increases. The current trend driven by technico-economic challenges and new European standards results in reducing the weight and dimensions of these dipoles or varistors: The objective and the principal results of this thesis are: 1- Transfer on the semi-industrial scale (100kg) of miniaturized varistors with very high energy capability being able to support more 300J.cm-3 in rectangular wave of current of 800A in conformity with standard CEI 600 99-4 of 2006 [Class III 10kA-5kV] 2- To achieve these goals, it was necessary to lower the clamping voltage of 3%±0.2%. This bending is apparently modest but it is associated with an increase of current density crossing the ceramics of more than 30%
13

Degradation analysis of metal oxide varistors under harmonic distortion conditions

Bokoro, Pitshou Ntambu 11 October 2016 (has links)
A thesis submitted in ful lment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering May 2016 / Modern electrical networks provide an opportunity for inevitable interaction between metal oxide arresters and power system harmonics. Therefore, these arrester devices are continuously exposed to the combined e ect of distorted system voltage and envi- ronmental thermal stresses. Recent studies supported by eld experiments have shown signi cant rise in the leakage current through these surge arrester devices when exposed to ac voltage with harmonics. However, the major shortcoming in the current knowledge and applications of varistor arresters resides on the reliability and the electrical stabil- ity of these overvoltage protection units, when subjected to long-term and continuous distorted ac voltage and thermal stresses from the environment. Commercially-sourced ZnO arresters of similar size and electrical properties are tested using standard ac accelerated degradation procedure or electro-thermal ageing test. The times to degradation, the coe cient of non-linearity, the reference voltages, as well as the clamping voltage measured are used to analyse the reliability and the electrical stability of the metal oxide-based arrester samples. The resistive component of the leakage current is extracted from the measured total leakage current. The three-parameter Weibull probability model is invoked in order to analyze the degradation phenomenon. / MT2016
14

ESTUDO DA SUBSTITUIÇÃO DE Nb2O5 POR Sb2O3 E EFEITO DA CALCINAÇÃO SOBRE A MICROESTRUTURA E PROPRIEDADES ELÉTRICAS DE VARISTORES DE SnO2 / Study of substitution of Nb2O5 by Sb2O3 and the effect of calcination on the microstructure and electrical properties of SnO2 - based Varistors.

Ciórcero, Juliane Rutckeviski 19 December 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianeCiorcero.pdf: 6092625 bytes, checksum: d6ae5b000ef3bf54c409ce74be787173 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work studied systematically the substitution of Nb2O5 by Sb2O3 in composition of a ternary varistor system and study of calcination of binary and multi-component systems and their relationship microstructure-electric property. In part I of the work, study of substitution of Nb2O5 by Sb2O3, the compositions were prepared by conventional ceramic processing and dried by "spray-dryer" Pellets were produced at 25 MPa and sintering was produced at 1350ºC/ 2h.Increasing the concentration of Sb2O3, the nonlinear behavior of ceramics was reduced, accompanied by the reduction of the breakdown electric field and increased leakage current. With increasing concentration of 0.05% Sb2O3 to 0.5% (mol%), the samples were more porous, suggesting that higher concentrations of Sb2O3 decreases the rate of sintering. This decrease was linked to the increased concentration of tin vacancies that leads to nondensifying processes. In part II, was studied the influence of calcination (700oC, 1000oC and 1200oC) of binary and multi-component systems. The compositions were prepared by the conventional method, with the addition of the calcination process. The samples were comformed at 75 MPa and sintered at 1300oC for systems calcined at 1200oC and 1300oC, and at 1350oC for systems calcined at 700oC and 1000oC. Some studied systems have showed cassiterite phase associated to the SnO phase. With the addition of dopants, there was an increase in density of the systems, and the increase in temperature of sintering also led to a slight increase in density. The addition of chromium to systems calcined at 700oC and 1000oC led to a decrease in the breakdown electric field, with the exception of the systems 99.5% +0.5% Sb2O3 + 0.5% Co3O4 e 99.5% +0.5% Sb2O3 + 0.5% Co3O4 (excess) + 0.05% Cr2O3 (excess), where there was a decrease of breakdown electric field with the addition of chromium, and this can be explained because of their densities. All samples calcined at 1200oC regardless of the composition, showed very similar microstructure, high porosity and small grain size. The sample that presented the best varistor behavior with the lower leakage current was the FCC25% (75% of varistor formulation, 99,4%SnO2. 0,5%Co3O4. 0,05%Nb2O5. 0,05%Cr2O3 and 25% of conductive formulation, 99,0%SnO2. 0,5%Co3O4. 0,5%Sb2O3). / Neste trabalho estudou-se sistematicamente a substituição do Nb2O5 por Sb2O3 na composição de um sistema varistor ternário e estudo da calcinação de sistemas binários e multicomponentes e sua relação microestruturapropriedade elétricas. Na Parte I do trabalho, estudo da substituição do Nb2O5 por Sb2O3, as composições foram preparadas via processamento cerâmico convencional e secadas via “spray-dryer”. A conformação foi realizada a 25 MPa e a sinterização foi realizada a 1350C por 2 horas. Com o aumento da concentração de Sb2O3 o comportamento não linear da cerâmica foi reduzido, acompanhado da redução do campo elétrico de ruptura e aumento da corrente de fuga. Com o aumenta da concentração de Sb2O3 de 0,05% para 0,5% em mol, as amostras apresentaram-se mais porosas, sugerindo que concentrações mais elevadas de Sb2O3 diminuem a taxa de sinterização. Esta diminuição foi associada ao aumento da concentração de vacâncias de estanho que conduz a processos não densificantes. Na parte II, estudou-se a influência da calcinação (700oC, 1000oC e 1200oC) de sistemas binários e multicomponentes. As composições foram preparadas pelo método convencional, com a adição do processo de calcinação. As amostras foram conformadas a 75 MPa e sinterizados a 1300oC para os sistemas calcinados a 1200OC e 1300OC e 1350OC por 2 horas para os sistemas calcinados a 700OC e 1000OC. Alguns sistemas estudados apresentaram a fase cassiterita associada a fase SnO. Com a adição de dopantes ocorreu um aumento na densidade dos sistemas e o aumento da temperatura de sinterização também levou a um leve aumento na densidade. A adição de cromo aos sistemas calcinados a 700OC e 1000OC levou a uma diminuição do campo elétrico de ruptura, com exceção dos sistemas, 9,5%+0,5%Sb2O3 + 0,5% Co3O4 e 99,5%+0,5%Sb2O3 + 0,5% Co3O4 (excesso) + 0,05% Cr2O3 (excesso), onde ocorreu a diminuição do campo elétrico de ruptura com a adição de cromo, podendo isto ser explicado através de suas densidades. Todas as amostras calcinadas a 1200oC, independentemente da composição, apresentaram microestrutura muito semelhantes, apresentaram alta porosidade e pequeno tamanho de grão. A amostra que apresentou o melhor comportamento varistor, com menor corrente de fuga foi a FCC25% (75% da formulação varistora, 99,4%SnO2.0,5%Co3O4. 0,05%Nb2O5.0,05%Cr2O3 e 25% da formulação condutora, 99,0%SnO2. 0,5%Co3O4. 0,5%Sb2O3).

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