Background: Malaria causes over 400,000 estimated deaths annually worldwide, with about 90% in sub-Saharan Africa. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are two vector-control interventions proven to reduce malaria transmission, but their use together compared to separate has shown mixed results. Methodology: We used a mathematical model to examine the impact of LLINs and IRS on malaria transmission. Time-series analyses and basic reproductive numbers (R0) were developed using MATLAB. We also assessed IRS timing and performed a sensitivity analysis on R0. Results: Modelling scenarios combining LLINs with IRS were similar to those with LLINs alone. Shorter IRS impulses had greater reductions in mosquito populations. The LLIN feeding-inhibition rate was a key parameter with a negative correlation to R0. Discussion/Conclusion: We developed an understanding of the effect of vector-control strategies on malaria transmission. IRS, when paired with LLINs, showed only small improvements in reducing malaria transmission compared to LLINs alone. These results can assist vector-control programmes.

Orientador: Angelo Pires do Prado / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T09:21:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_AngelaMingozziMartinsdos_D.pdf: 9346054 bytes, checksum: 5d2006a5146a9fa50bb8e844c32150d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O controle de moscas de importância para a saúde pública, em vários municípios do interior do Estado de São Paulo, com longa história (décadas) de elevada densidade de Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) e Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), apresenta-se como um importante desafio aos gestores de saúde. Nesses municípios as intervenções para o controle costumam ser executadas de forma pontual no tempo e no espaço e, em geral, apenas como resposta à pressão da população. Esse procedimento dificulta a obtenção de resultados permanentes. No capítulo 1 do presente estudo é apresentada uma proposta metodológica para o Gerenciamento Ambiental para o controle das duas espécies de moscas, nos assentamentos urbanos paulistas com menos de 50.000 habitantes. Ressalta-se para esses municípios a necessidade de um Programa de Controle de moscas, que integre a questão entomológica às questões constituintes da saúde-ambiental e que promova o dialogo entre os representantes dos diferentes setores da gestão pública e da sociedade local. Nesse sentido, foi elaborada uma proposta metodológica para o Gerenciamento Ambiental para o Controle de M. domestica e C. megacephala., sendo as principais atividades e tarefas inerentes ao Processo de Iniciação para um Programa de controle de moscas estabelecidas com base: a) no conceito de Promoção da Saúde inserido na Constituição Federal e explicitado na Lei Orgânica da Saúde (LOS) N. 8.080/90 e 8.142/90; b) nos conceitos de Gerenciamento de Projetos; c) na Lei Nº 10.083, de 23 de setembro de 1998 que dispõe sobre o Código Sanitário do Estado e o Decreto Nº 12.342, de 27 de setembro de 1978, Livro VII, Titulo I, Capitulo I, Art. 345 a 355 sobre o controle de artrópodes e de vetores mecânicos; d) em alguns procedimentos utilizados em pesquisas agroecológicas nos estudos de identificação de uso e ocupação do solo. Sugere-se inserir a questão do gerenciamento do controle de moscas e do manejo de resíduos orgânicos no contexto das políticas públicas, que têm como objetivos formular, produzir e desenvolver, de modo articulado, ações de promoção de saúde, em nível local . O capítulo 2 resulta da aplicação da metodologia proposta à realidade do assentamento urbano de Promissão para o período de 2000 a 2003. Delimitou-se uma Área de Execução de Controle, para a qual se realizou o diagnóstico e o prognóstico dos principais fatores determinantes do aumento da densidade de moscas nos domicílios urbanos. Foram identificados e caracterizados os principais Grandes Criadouros (G.C) ou Centros de dispersão de M. domestica e suas respectivas áreas de influência (impacto): 3 granjas industriais de produção de ovos com galpões tipo californiano e 1 fazenda com suinocultura industrial. Enquanto para C. megacephala foi identificado 1 G.C: a área de depósito final do resíduo sólido doméstico municipal. Através do critério proposto para delimitação das Áreas de Influência de cada G.C., constatou-se que as Áreas de influência Direta 1 (500 m ao redor) e influência Direta 2 (1500 m) ao redor das instalações de 3 granjas de poedeiras, englobavam loteamentos urbanos. Foram propostas as principais diretrizes para mitigar o impacto das granjas no assentamento urbano. Ainda nesse capítulo, foi elaborado o mapa de uso e ocupação do solo (qualitativo) dos fatores determinantes do aumento da densidade de M. domestica e C. megacephala na Área de Execução de Controle, constatando-se a continua aproximação das áreas de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar em direção ao assentamento urbano. No Capitulo 3 foi estudado o impacto das granjas industriais para produção de ovos situadas dentro ou próximo ao perímetro urbano. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de dois indicadores, um referente à atratividade dos domicílios e quadras vizinhas ( Fator de Atratividade Total - FAT), e outro para avaliar o potencial de impacto das granjas com galpões tipo californiano (Fator de Impacto da Granja ¿ FIG). Os resultados obtidos a partir dos estudos da densidade de M. domestica no intra-domicílio e da aplicação dos indicadores (FAT e FIG) para as diferentes áreas do assentamento urbano de Promissão, no período de estudo, indicaram que juntamente com o período do ano mais favorável ao aumento da densidade de moscas (primavera-verão) outros fatores contribuíam para agravar a situação: a) a proximidade de pelo menos uma granja (atividade impactante) á área urbana e b) a qualidade do programa de controle de moscas, em especial, o gerenciamento do manejo dos resíduos orgânicos nessas atividades. Verificou-se uma relação positiva entre menor distância dos domicílios às granjas de poedeiras e o aumento de densidade de moscas nos mesmos. Verificou-se uma área de maior impacto, independente da qualidade do controle da granja, a qual correspondeu à área circular com raio de 500 m ao redor das instalações. Como conclusão geral, sugere-se que os gestores municipais estejam atentos às questões de implantação e/ou ampliação das atividades caracterizadas como principais Grandes Criadouros de moscas (ex: granjas, etc.). Alerta-se que especial atenção deva ser dada ao potencial de agravo à qualidade de vida da população decorrentes do procedimento de ferti-irrigação com vinhaça (vinhoto) em áreas de plantação de cana-de-açúcar. Isto ocorre não apenas por seu potencial poluidor e/ou contaminador do solo e/ou dos lençóis freáticos e mesmo das águas superficiais, mas também, por seu potencial de atratividade às moscas como criadouro. Essas questões deveriam ser consideradas na elaboração do Plano Diretor e da Agenda 21 local / Abstract: Fly control of relevance to public health, in various cities of the interior of the State of São Paulo, with a long history (decades) of elevated density of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), presents itself as one of the main challenges to health managers. These control-interventions usually happen punctually in time and space and, generally, as a response to public pressure. This procedure makes it difficult to obtain permanent results. Chapter 1 of the present study proposes a methodology for an Environmental Management for the control of two fly species, in the interior of the State of São Paulo urban nestings with less than 50.000 habitants. It is suggested for these cities the creation of a project manager of fly control, who should be apt to integrate the issues: entomology and other components of health-environment and, yet, dialogue with the authorities responsible for the solution to the problem in different sectors of society, either at a local and/or regional level. The main activities and tasks suggested to compose the Initial Process with the Environmental Management for the Control of the M. domestica and C. Megacephala were proposed with basis on: a) the concept of health promoting inserted in the Federal Constitution and made explicit in the Organic Law of Health (LOS) N. 8.080/90 e 8.142/90; b) concepts of Project Management; c) A Law Nº 10.083, of 23 of September of 1998 which disposes of the State¿s Sanitary Code and the Decrete Nº 12.342, of 27 of September of 1978, Book VII, Title I, Chapter I, Art. 345 a 355 about the control of arthropods and mechanical vectors; d) adaptations of procedures used in studies of identifying use and occupation of soil, in agroecological research. It is emphasized that the necessity of inserting the fly control issue in context of public politics which has as objectives the formulation, production and development, in an articulated way, of health promoting actions. Chapter 2 results from the application of the proposed methodology to the reality of the urban nesting of Promissão in the period from 2000 to 2003. The Execution Area of Control, to which the diagnosis was made and the detailed prognosis of the main determining factors, present in the urban perimeter, which propitiate the increase density of flies in urban domiciles, from which are identified two types of activities characterized as Major Breeding Sites (M.B.C.) or Dispersion Centers of M. domestica and their respective areas of influence (impact due to a greater density of flies): 3 industrial ranches of egg production with Californian-type sheds and 1 farm with an industrial swine farm. For C. megacephala there was 1 M.B.C. identified: an area of final deposit of the city¿s domestic solid residue. Through the proposed criteria for delimitation of the Areas of Influence of each M.B.C. it was proved that the Areas of influence Direct 1 (500 m around) and influence Direct 2 (1500 m) around the installations of 3 poultry ranches, included urban land divisions. The main lines of action were proposed to mitigate the impact of the ranches in the urban nesting. Still in this chapter, a map on the use and occupation of the ground (qualitative) of the determining factors of the increase of the density of M. domesticates and C. megacephala in the Area of Execution of Control was elaborated, proving the continuous approach of the areas of sugar-cane culture in the direction of urban nesting. In Chapter 3, the impact of the industrial ranches for egg production, situated inside or close to the urban perimeter, was studied. The results were obtained through two indicators, one of them referring to the attractiveness in intra and peridomicile and neighboring squares, denominated as Total Factor of Attractiveness (Fator de Atratividade Total- TFA) and the other evaluating the potential impact of ranches (Californian-type sheds), denominated as Farm¿s Factor of Impact (Fator de Impacto das Granja- FIG). These together with the analysis of the distance from domiciles to ranches confirmed a positive relation between the biggest proximity of at least one farm and the highest density of adults of M. domesticates in the urban intradomicile. The results of the comparative density of M. domestica of the different areas of the urban nesting and the obtained indicators (FAT and FIG) allowed the conclusion that combined with the most favorable period of the year of fly density increase (spring-summer), others two factors contribute to aggravate the situation: the quality of the fly control program in these activities and the greater proximity of these to urban area. A positive relation between the distance of the domiciles to the poultry ranches and the increase of density of flies in them was verified. An area of greater impact, independent of the quality of the control used in the ranch, was established, (500 m around the sheds of bird breeding or of the manure in natura deposit area). As general conclusion, one suggests that the cities¿ managers should be attentive to the questions of implementation and/or enlargement of the activities characterized as the main habitat for the development Major Breeding Sites of flies (ex.: ranches, etc.). Special attention must be given to the potential aggravations to the population¿s quality of life caused by problems in the ferti-irrigation systems with ¿vinhaça¿ in the areas of sugar-cane plantation. This occurs not only because of its polluting potential and/or contaminating of the soil and/or subterranean or superficial waters, but also, for its potential of attractiveness to flies as a habitat. These issues should be considered in the elaboration of the Managing Plan and the local Agenda 21 / Doutorado / Parasitologia / Doutor em Parasitologia

Background Malaria remains a serious epidemic threat in the Lowveld region of Mpumalanga Province. In order to appropriately target interventions to achieve substantial reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality, there is a need to assess the impact of current control interventions such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) for vector control. This study aimed to assess long-term changes in the burden of malaria in Mpumalanga Province during the past eight years (2001-2009) and whether IRS and climate variability had an effect on these changes. Methods All malaria cases and deaths notified to the Malaria Control Programme, Department of Health was reviewed for the period 2001 to 2009. Data were retrieved from the provincial Integrated Malaria Information System (IMIS) database. Climate and population data were obtained from the South Africa Weather Service and Statistics South Africa, respectively. Descriptive statistics were computed to determine any temporal changes in malaria morbidity and mortality. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were developed to assess the effect of climatic factors on malaria. Results Within the eight-year period of the study, a total of 35,191 cases and 164 deaths-attributed to malaria were notified in Mpumalanga Province. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of malaria in Mpumalanga Province from 385 in 2001/02 to 50 cases per 100,000 population in 2008/09 (P < 0.005). The overall incidence and case fatality rates were 134 cases per 100,000 and 0.54%, respectively. Malaria incidence and case fatality rate by gender showed significant differences, higher in males than in L.M. Ngomane University of Pretoria, 2012 iv females (166.9 versus 106.4; P < 0.001; CFR 0.41% versus 0.55%). The incidence of malaria increased from age 5-14 years (70), reaching a peak at age 25-34 years (190), declining thereafter (50 in those >65 years). Mortality due to malaria was higher in those >65 years, the mean CFR reaching a 2.1% peak. Almost half (47.8%) of the notified cases originated from Mozambique and Mpumalanga Province itself constituted 50.1%. The distribution of malaria varied across the districts, highest in Ehlanzeni district (96.5%), lowest in Nkangala (<1%) and Gert Sibande (<1%). A notable decline in malaria case notification was observed following the increased IRS coverage from 2006/07 to 2008/09 malaria seasons. A distinct seasonal transmission pattern was found to be significantly related to changes in rainfall patterns (P = 0.007). Conclusion Decades of continuous IRS with insecticides have proved to be successful in reducing the burden of malaria morbidity and mortality in Mpumalanga Province between 2001 and 2009. A decline of above 50% in malaria morbidity and mortality was observed following expanded IRS coverage. These results highlight the need to continue with IRS together with other control strategies until interruption in local malaria transmission is completely achieved and alternative vector control strategies implemented. Efforts need to be directed towards the control of imported cases, interruption of local transmission and focus on research into sustainable and cost-effective combination of control interventions. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / Unrestricted

This diploma thesis is about using vector control (or field-oriented control) of synchronous BLDC and PMSM motors on FPGAs. First part describes basic theory of these motors and how to control them. Then vector control is detailed and its parts as (or Clarke) and Park transformation. Rest of the thesis deals with the design of universal controller with adjustable accuracy in VHDL language. Data is separated from computing part which utilizes custom arithmetic-logic unit. In the last part of the thesis the design is tested in simulator using model of PMSM motor.

The goal of this diploma work is to design a control for permanent magnet synchronous motor in sliding mode. The introduction describes a synchronous motor, sensors which are used in the control process as well as power devices. Further, there is description of mathematical model for the synchronous motor. Another part of the diploma work deals with classic vector control for this kind of motor followed by the sliding mode control for the motor. At the end, there is presented an algorithm which has been implemented in the processor designed for this equipment. All the controllers used in the equipment have been tested on motor simulations. In conclusion, there is a target analysis and facts finding.

The submitted Master’s thesis deals with the general principle of the electric drives’ functioning and with the construction of a synchronous electric motor. A comparison of a linear drive and a rotary drive with rack and pinion system is provided, as well as an overview of common type linear drives. A mathematical model of a rotary synchronous motor, the Clark’s and Park’s transformation and the principle of vector control is explained. A method of the linear parameters’ conversion to the rotary equivalents is demonstrated. A block diagram to motor control is designed. The control quality is tested by various criteria. Lastly, there is a simulation provided on how the changes of motor’s parameters affect the control quality.

The diploma work concerns on an issue of data collection of speed and electrical angle based on informations from Hall sensor with the necessary resolution for control of BLDC motor. Specifically, concenred on a section with low speed. Most of moors use Hall sensor for detecting speed and position of the rotor. At low speed section, becomes the situation when we can not determine the position of the rotor with (the) required (sufficient) resolution, this situation creates a „wince“ in the control (ripple torque). The task is to design and evaluate the possibilities of the algorithm for control and acquisition speed and rotor position with the required accuracy.

This theses concern proposal and implementation asynchronous motor control algorithm in the processor DSP56F807 from the manufacturer Freescale. The complex design of applicable control algorithm and suitable interconnection with processor and outer component is solved in this work. Integral part is also choosing of suitable power elements of inverter and sensors.

No description available.

There are several benets of electrohydraulic power steering systems, as compared to hydraulicpower steering systems where the pump is driven directly by the engine of the vehicle. Someof these benets are increased eciency and improved steering performance. The purpose ofthis project is to create a simulation model of the electrohydraulic power steering system inSimulink, excluding the hydraulic circuit. The model should thus consist of the electric motor,the drive electronics, the control system, the hydraulic pump as well as the communication andinterface to the master simulation system in which the model will be used.As a start a mathematical model of the motor is derived. Then the motor controller includingtwo current controllers and a speed controller is developed. The switching signals for the threephase bridge that drives the motor are calculated using space vector modulation. The motordrives a hydraulic pump, which is modeled using data sheet eciency curves. Finally a thermalmodel of the drive is developed. To fulll real time requirements, a lumped parameter approachis chosen. The nal model is exported as a Functional Mock-up Unit, which is a black-boxencapsulation of the complete simulation model.The simulation model is compared to measurement data to conrm its validity. Thesecomparisons shows that the dynamic response of the motor and its controller are close to themeasured values and that the thermal model adequately corresponds to the thermal tests. Thehydraulic pump model varied from measurements more than the other sub-modules. It was,however, seen as acceptable. Overall the system response was satisfactory, but naturally a lotof future improvements and new features could be made to improve the model. / Det finns flera fördelar med elektrohydraulisk servostyrning, där hydraulpumpen drivs av en el-motor, jämfört med hydraulisk servostyrning, där pumpen drivs direkt av fordonets förbränningsmotor. Några av dessa fördelar är ökad effektivitet och förbättrad styrprestanda. Syftet med detta projekt är att skapa en Simulink-modell av ett elektrohydraulisk system för servostyrning, exklusive hydraulkretsen. Modellen ska alltså bestå av delmodeller för elmotorn, drivelektroniken, styrsystemet, hydraulpumpen samt kommunikation med den övergripande simuleringsplattformen.Inledningsvis beskrivs en matematisk modell av elmotorn och efter det utvecklas motorstyrningen, bestående av två strömregulatorer samt en hastighetsregulator. Spänningen från strömregulatorerna uppnås genom space vector-modulation, som beräknar de pulskvoter som krävs för att uppnå denna spänning. Elmotorn driver en pump. Denna pump modelleras med hjälp av data från pumpens datablad. Slutligen modelleras drivelektronikens termiska egenskaper med ett termiskt nätverk. Den slutliga modellen omsluts av en Functional Mock-up Unit somintegreras i den övergripande simuleringsplattformen.