The current study was designed to investigate the effect of concussion on verbal learning and memory performance in youth hockey players. Concussed participants completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) prior to the start of the hockey season. Following recovery from concussion, six males (10-12 years), with one sustaining two concussions, completed a follow-up assessment. A difference score was calculated for five RAVLT index scores. Each instance of concussion was matched to two controls on age, gender, and testing protocol in order to control for the confounding influences of repeated testing sessions. Independent-samples t-tests revealed a trend towards a significant decrease in change scores for the concussed participants on the Delayed Recall Trial of the RAVLT. These results suggest that long-term verbal memory may be negatively affected by concussion; however, future studies are needed with larger sample sizes and additional follow-up points in order to better understand the impact.

The current study was designed to investigate the effect of concussion on verbal learning and memory performance in youth hockey players. Concussed participants completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) prior to the start of the hockey season. Following recovery from concussion, six males (10-12 years), with one sustaining two concussions, completed a follow-up assessment. A difference score was calculated for five RAVLT index scores. Each instance of concussion was matched to two controls on age, gender, and testing protocol in order to control for the confounding influences of repeated testing sessions. Independent-samples t-tests revealed a trend towards a significant decrease in change scores for the concussed participants on the Delayed Recall Trial of the RAVLT. These results suggest that long-term verbal memory may be negatively affected by concussion; however, future studies are needed with larger sample sizes and additional follow-up points in order to better understand the impact.

No description available.

Sleep disturbances have been widely endorsed by individuals at heightened risk for developing psychosis. Nascent findings in clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals indicate that sleep disturbances are associated with heightened CHR symptoms over time. Sleep is also vital for neural plasticity and other processes relating to human functioning. Verbal episodic memory is highly susceptible to sleep loss and is also notable for its discriminative utility in predicting likelihood of remission and long-term functional outcomes among CHR individuals. The current study aims to extend current literature on psychosis risk by examining the potential for sleep to moderate the relationship between CHR status and performance on a task targeting verbal episodic memory in a multi-site community sample of non-help-seeking young adults. As an exploratory aim, we also examined whether verbal episodic memory or verbal working memory would mediate the relationship between sleep and three outcome measures of clinical high-risk symptom severity in CHR and non-CHR groups: social functioning, positive symptoms, and negative symptoms. Results indicate that in community participants, episodic verbal memory task performance does not differ between CHR and non-CHR individuals. No interaction between group status and sleep quality in predicting episodic verbal memory task performance was detected. Additionally, direct effects of poor sleep on increased severity of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and poorer social functioning were detected in non-CHR individuals, whereas poor sleep only had a direct effect on increased negative symptom expression in CHR individuals. These findings highlight sleep as a modifiable treatment target, relevant to early psychosis and broader mental well-being in young adulthood. / Psychology

The aim of this research was to devise and norm a test of verbal memory suitable for use with children aged 5-10 years. Subjects were 204 Canberra school children. They were divided into six age groups, 5-10 years inclusive. Each age group of 34 children contained equal numbers of males and females. The main memory test involved free recall of a word-list over several learning trials and two delayed recall trials. This format allowed the assessment of a range of memory functions including immediate memory, learning and delayed recall following an interference trial. These aspects of memory are of known diagnostic significance and are necessary for satisfying the basic requirements of a comprehensive assessment of memory functioning. In addition, given that this is a study of verbal memory, precautions were taken to maximize the likelihood that words included in the word-list would be encoded solely within the verbal modality. Results showed that tests of immediate memory and learning differentiated between age groups. There were no developmental differences in retention as measured by recall decrement following interference. Also, there was no convincing evidence of sex differences for any of these three measures, with the possible exception of the ten year old group. For practical and clinical purposes, the distribution of scores for each age group on each of these measures is described. In addition, expected scores of individual children of a given age measured in monthly increments and confidence intervals for these scores were presented for measures of immediate memory and learning. Measures of intelligence for this sample of children were also recorded.

No description available.

This thesis is an expansion of an ongoing examination of gist and verbatim memory in young adults with language-learning disabilities (LLD) using the DRM paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). This study uses lists based on situation semantic features in addition to DRM lists based on backwards associative strength (BAS), which were categorized as strong-, mid-, and low-BAS (Stadler, Roediger, & McDermott, 1999). Items in each list (e.g., bacon, toast, cereal, muffin) related to a non-presented word (e.g., breakfast): the critical lure (CL). BAS is a measure of the likelihood that a list item will elicit the CL. Thirty young adults participated in this study and were divided into three groups: true LLD, compensated LLD, and typically developing (TD). Participants listened to word lists and verbally recalled the words they remembered hearing. Accurate recall was an indicator of verbatim memory; CL recall was an indicator of gist memory. The true LLD group recalled CL at a significantly higher rate than the other groups in the case of the situation lists; additionally, the compensated LLD group recalled CL for the low-BAS lists at a significantly higher rate than the other groups. These findings suggest that the LLD participants may process semantic information differently or may rely on gist memory to a greater extent than the TD controls. Results also indicated list type differences for both verbatim and gist recalls, supporting the effects of both semantic features and BAS together with other factors. / text

Verbal memory (VM) has been shown to be impacted in brain tumor (BT) survivors, but the nature of VM problems and underlying neuropathology are poorly understood and a long-term outlook is lacking. Our study examined hippocampus volume (HV) and VM in adult survivors of pediatric BT (n=32) and controls (n=48). Results indicate that disruption to a maturing brain in childhood is detectable 17 years (mean) after diagnosis, as HV is significantly lower in survivors compared to controls. Analysis of the VM scores shows that survivors have significantly lower overall immediate recall compared to controls, but learning slope, retention, and recognition are not different across the groups. Survivors’ memory profile indicates that auditory attention and retrieval difficulties could be contributing to their lower immediate recall. For survivors, HV is significantly correlated with delayed free recall but not with other VM indices. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Selon la théorie du replay, le sommeil améliore la consolidation mnésique des apprentissages récents à travers leur réactivation. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons utilisé le modèle de la somniloquie : les paroles nocturnes reflétant le contenu mental du dormeur et les informations qu’il est en train de traiter. La somniloquie survient fréquemment dans le cadre de parasomnies de sommeil lent (somnambulisme) ou de sommeil paradoxal (TCSP). Nous avons d’abord montré comment ces deux parasomnies correspondaient à la mise en gestes et en paroles du contenu mental du dormeur, avec une prédominance en sommeil lent de rêves de catastrophes que les somnambules fuyaient et en sommeil paradoxal, de rêves d’agressions d’animaux ou de personnes que les patients contre-attaquaient. Ceci soutient le concept de la fonction évolutionniste des rêves comme un entraînement virtuel à « fuir ou combattre » les menaces. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé les somniloquies pour tester si un apprentissage verbal récent était consolidé pendant le sommeil mais aussi si certains mots étaient répétés en dormant. Nous avons d’abord montré que la consolidation mnésique verbale liée au sommeil était bien conservée chez les somnambules comme chez les patients atteints de TCSP, même déments, comparée aux sujets normaux. Ensuite, nous n’avons pas identifié de réexécution de phrases apprises la veille lors des somniloquies de sommeil lent, mais avons identifié chez un patient avec TCSP, un élément sémantique évoquant une réutilisation du contexte de l’histoire. Enfin, nous avons collecté 883 verbatim nocturnes et décrit les aspects acoustico-phonétiques, prosodiques et sémantiques du langage nocturne. / According to the replay theory, sleep improves memory consolidation of recent learning through their reactivation. To test this hypothesis, we used the model of sleep-talking: the words uttered reflecting the mental content of the sleeper and the information he is proceeding. Sleep-talking occur frequently within the context of slow wave sleep (sleepwalking) or REM sleep parasomnias (RBD). We first showed how these two parasomnias corresponded to the setting gestures and words of the mental content of the sleeper, with predominance during slow wave sleep of dreams featuring disasters that sleepwalkers fleeing, and during REM sleep of dreams of attacks by animals or people that subjects counterattack. This supports the concept of evolutionary function of dreams as a virtual drive to “fight or flight” threats. Then, we used sleep-talking to test if a recent verbal was not only consolidated during sleep but also if some words were repeated while sleeping. We first showed that verbal memory consolidation related to sleep was preserved in sleepwalkers as in patients with RBD, even with dementia, compared with normal subjects. Then, we haven’t identified rehearsed sentences of the material learned the day before during slow wave sleep parasomnias, but we identified in a subject with RBD, a semantic component evoking a rehearse of the context of the learned history. Finally, we collected 883 verbatim during sleep and describes the acoustic-phonetic, prosodic and semantic aspects of sleep-talking.

BACKGROUND: With the proportion of the world’s elderly population continuing to increase dramatically, tremendous amounts of research have focused on detecting the earliest signs of cognitive impairment before the onset of dementia. The pathophysiology of dementia is complex and recent genetic and biomarker studies have identified new biological pathways that might modify the risk of dementia. One potential risk factor, altered serum phosphorus levels, has been studied with respect to its potential impact on human cognition. The association between serum phosphorus and cognition needs further investigation using a population that is free of CKD. OBJECTIVE: I used data from the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) cohort to investigate the cross-sectional association between measured serum phosphorus within the normal range and cognitive performance in women and men. METHODS: Participants from the FOS who attended the ninth examination cycle were included in this analysis (N=1253). The Wechsler Memory Scale: Logical Memory – Immediate and Delayed recall (LM-IR and LM-DR) and Visual reproduction – Immediate and Delayed recall (VR-IR and VR-DR) tests were used to assess verbal and visual memory, respectively. Times for the Trailmaking Test – Parts A and B along with the difference between the two tests (B-A) were used to assess attention, psychomotor speed, and executive functioning. Participants were categorized according to levels of fasting serum phosphorus as follows: Low Phosphorus - 2.0-<3.1 mg/dL for men and 2.6-<3.6 mg/dL for women, Moderate Phosphorus - 3.1-<3.6 mg/dL for men and 3.6-<3.9 mg/dL for women, High Phosphorus - 3.6-<5.2 mg/dL for men and 3.9-<5.3 mg/dL for women. Mean cognitive scores were compared across categories using a least squares general fit linear model. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between higher serum phosphorus levels and odds of cognitive impairment within each cognitive test. RESULTS: We did not find any statistically significant differences in mean scores on the Logical Memory, Visual Reproduction, and Trailmaking – Part A tests among the categories of fasting serum phosphorus. There was no association between higher serum phosphorus levels and odds of cognitive impairment on any of the verbal and visual memory tests. In men, higher serum phosphorus levels were associated with poorer performance on the Trailmaking Test – Part B (High phosphorus: -0.50 ± 0.04, Moderate phosphorus: -0.40 ± 0.03, Low phosphorus : -0.33 ± 0.04; P-trend: <0.002) and the difference in log-transformed times between the Trailmaking Test – Part B and A tests (High phosphorus: -1.16 ± 0.02, Moderate phosphorus: -1.10 ± 0.02, Low phosphorus: -1.07 ± 0.02; P-trend: <0.004). Higher serum phosphorus levels were associated with an 80% greater odds of having a cognitively impaired score on Trailmaking Test – Part B-A in men (OR: 1.81, 1.11-2.94), and this association was strengthened when adjusting for additional confounding variables (OR: 2.02, 1.15-3.54). There was no such association in women. Using a cubic spline regression analysis, we treated serum phosphorus as a continuous variable and observed a positive linear association between phosphorus and total time or Trailmaking – Part B-A in men. In particular, the odds of cognitive impairment increased at levels of phosphorus above 3.5 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that higher serum phosphorus levels were associated with poorer performance on the Trailmaking Test – Part B, and in times represented by the Trailmaking Test – Part B-A time in men. We also observed that higher fasting serum phosphorus levels as a continuous variable were associated with increased odds of cognitive impairment on Trailmaking Test – Part B-A in men. We found no association between higher serum phosphorus levels and lower verbal and visual memory scores or increased odds of cognitive impairment on those scores. Since fewer women had cognitive impairment on these test, statistical power was limited for some of these analyses. Future studies are necessary to examine the mechanistic pathways by which serum phosphorus could impact cognition and whether these effects are independent of cardiovascular disease.