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Avaliação quimiométrica de mapas peptídicos urinários obtidos por CE-MS visando o diagnóstico clínico / Chemometric evaluation of CE-MS urinary peptidic maps aiming at clinical diagnosticsMoraes, Edgar Perin 21 August 2008 (has links)
A presente tese de doutorado propõe investigar mapas peptídicos urinários via eletroforese capilar acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas e avaliar se existe correlação entre estes e a presença de refluxo vésico-ureteral (RVU), visando desenvolver um novo método não invasivo para diagnosticar RVU em crianças, e ainda averiguar a existência de possíveis biomarcadores para a doença. Vinte e quatro amostras de urina de crianças positivas para RVU e quinze saudáveis, anteriormente submetidas à uretrocistografia miccional, foram disponibilizadas ao nosso grupo. Estas foram filtradas para eliminar proteínas de alta massa molar e pré-concentradas em coluna de fase reversa C2. Os mapas peptídicos foram obtidos via CE-MS em um eletrólito composto por 0,8% de ácido metanóico e 20% de metanol; já o líquido auxiliar consistia em 0,8% de ácido metanóico e 60% de metanol. Diversos métodos de classificação de aglomerados foram experimentados com os mapas peptídicos. Todos indicaram que as variáveis mais importantes para este discernimento eram os picos mais intensos ordenados em blocos de tempo. Entre os métodos de classificação não supervisionada, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) foi o mais perceptível na tarefa de distribuir os conjuntos de amostras. Para este, a porcentagem de acertos entre as amostras positivas foi de 75% e, entre as amostras negativas foi de 86,7%. No entanto, a taxa de erro encontrada por este método foi de 20,5%, não cumprindo o objetivo proposto. Entre os métodos de classificação supervisionada, SVM (Support Vector Machines) foi o selecionado, exprimindo melhor habilidade em prever que os modelos lineares e boa capacidade de generalização. O método otimizado apontou para o uso da função de base radial, o que está de acordo com outros trabalhos na área. Outras três variáveis ajustadas foram o parâmetro capacidade, o responsável por controlar a amplitude da função gaussiana e o ε-insensitive loss function. A validação cruzada LOO (leave-one-out) realizada para a rede treinada pelo SVM exibiu 0,00454 para a raiz quadrada da média dos erros e coeficiente de correlação próximo de um, indicando que o ajuste dos dados foi bem realizado. Empregando um mínimo de 80% das amostras para treinamento e 10% para verificação, o modelo foi capaz de classificar corretamente as amostras restantes. Três grupos de amostras para testes foram separados e a rede foi capaz de classificá-los corretamente. Biomarcadores específicos para RVU foram pesquisados durante o trabalho. Peptídeos que apareceram em mais de 70% das amostras de urina positivas para RVU e em menos de 15% das amostras de urina saudáveis foram selecionados. Espectros MS2 foram obtidos para estes peptídeos, e a pesquisa em bancos de espectros indicou um fragmento da imunoglobulina G como um possível candidato. No entanto, a existência de um biomarcador específico para RVU é ainda incerta, carecendo de uma investigação mais aprofundada para se concretizar este objetivo. Nos mapas peptídicos existem disparidades entre os dois grupos de amostras, que foram correlacionadas nesta tese com a presença de refluxo vésico-ureteral, sendo o nosso espaço amostral classificado corretamente / The present doctorate thesis intends to investigate urinary peptides maps by capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) to evaluate whether there is a correlation between these maps and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) pathology, with the purpose of developing a new non invasive method for RVU diagnosis in children, and to investigate possible biomarkers for the illness. Twenty four urine samples of positive children for RVU and fifteen healthy children samples, previously submitted to the miccional cystourethrography, were available. Samples were filtered to eliminate proteins of high molar mass and preconcentrated in reversed-phase C2 columns. Peptide enriched samples were submitted to analysis by CE-MS in an electrolyte consisted of 0.8% formic acid and 20% methanol; sheath liquid was composed of 0.8% formic acid and 60% methanol. Diverse cluster analysis techniques were attempted to classify the peptide maps. The most important variables for screening were the most intense peaks organized by blocks of time. Among the non supervised methods, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) performed best in the task of discriminating the sample sets. For PCA, 75% of positive samples and 86.7% of negative samples were correctly assigned. However, the error found for this method was 20.5%, not fulfilling the purpose. Among the supervised methods, SVM (Support Vector Machines) performed best, exhibiting better prediction ability than the linear models and good generalization. The optimized method used a radial basis function, which is in agreement with literature. Three other variables were adjusted: the capacity parameter, responsible for controlling the Gaussian function amplitude and the e- insensitive loss function. The LOO (leave-one-out) cross-validation for the training set showed 0.005011 for the root-mean-square error (RMS) and a coefficient of correlation close to one, indicating good fitting and consistency. With a minimum of 80% samples for training and 10% for verification, the model was capable to classify correctly the remaining samples. Three sample groups for tests had been separated and the net was capable to classify them correctly. Specific biomarkers for VUR were searched. Peptides that appeared in more than 70% of positive urine samples for VUR and less than 15% of negative samples were selected. MS2 spectra were acquired for these peptides and database search pointed to an IgG fragment as a possible candidate biomarker. However, the existence of a specific biomarker for VUR is not conclusive with the present data and a more thorough investigation must be pursued. Nevertheless, the peptidic maps inspected in this work carried enough information that allowed discrimination of two sample sets, one of them correctly associated with VUR
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Vesikoureteraler Reflux im Kleinkindalter / konservative Therapie und Zeitpunkt der OperationHansen, Mirjam 04 March 2003 (has links)
In dieser retrospektiven Studie wurden die Befunde von 88 Kindern ausgewertet, die wegen eines Vesikoureteralen Refluxes in der Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie der Charité zwischen 1980 und 1995 einem diagnostischen oder operativen Eingriff unterzogen wurden. Es wurden drei Gruppen hinsichtlich des Diagnosezeitpunktes des Refluxes (pränatal-im ersten Lebensjahr-nach dem ersten Lebensjahr) gegenübergestellt und jeweils der primäre und sekundäre Reflux getrennt betrachtet. Das Ziel der Studie war, einerseits statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Indikationen, Komplikationen und Ergebnissen der konservativen und operativen Therapie herauszufinden, andererseits sollte der Stellenwert der pränatalen Diagnostik erläutert werden. Hinsichtlich der Therapiemöglichkeiten zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede, d.h. retrospektiv konnten nur Tendenzen gezeigt werden. Vom Operationszeitpunkt her wurde ein primärer Reflux statistisch signifikant früher opereriert, als ein sekundärer Reflux. Generell sollte ein Reflux zunächst konservativ behandelt werden und bei Komplikationen eine Korrekturoperation erfolgen. Bei einem sekundären Reflux muß zuerst die Grunderkrankung behoben werden. In der pränatalen Diagnostik stellt die Hydronephrose kein spezifisches Korrelat des Reflux dar, der Reflux ist aber immer eine wichtige Differentialdiagnose. Hinsichtlich des postnatalen Vorgehens bei pränatalem Verdacht auf einen Reflux schließen wir uns der Konsensgruppe (Beetz 2002) an. / This retrospective study analysed the results off 88 children, who got a diagnostic procedure or were operated because of a vesicoureteral reflux in the Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie der Charité between 1980 and 1995. Regarding the time of diagnosis three groups were opposed (prenatal-in the first year of life-after the first year of life) and in each group the primary and secondary reflux was separately regarded. The aim of the study was on the one hand to find statistical differences concerning indications, complications and results comparing the conservative and operative therapy, on the other hand the importance of the prenatal diagnostic should be discussed. The results showed no significant differences regarding the possibilities of therapy, only tendencies were retrospective shown. Concerning the time of operation a primary reflux was operated significant earlier than a secondary reflux. In general a reflux should be treated first conservative and if complications appear the reflux should be operated. In the case of a secondary reflux first the underlying disease should be eliminated. The hydronephrosis in the prenatal ultrasound is not specific for the reflux, but the reflux is an important differential diagnosis. Regarding the postnatal procedure in the case of prenatal suspicion of a reflux, we agree with the study of Beetz 2002.
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