Striving towards service excellence, a public entity can embark on various service and product delivery strategies as well as functional management strategies or management tools. The primary objective of this study is to indicate to what extent a public entity such as Gerotek can meet the different approaches to economically viable service delivery to the government and commercial environments respectively, where different rules, regulations, means and ways of contracting apply. In order to realise this objective, the characteristics of public entities and those of private entities competing in the same market were explored and comparisons made between the different entities to indicate the level of success each one is able to achieve. Public-Private Partnerships, Project- Partnering and Management, as well as Black Economic Empowerment involvement, as different forms of partnership agreements or other forms of business models, were investigated to distinguish best practice in service and product delivery strategies. The effectiveness of various management tools was discussed, such as the South African Excellence Model, Total Quality Management, and the Balanced Scorecard, which can be applied to assist management in improving service delivery. Interviews were conducted according to an interviewer-administered questionnaire to obtain information pertaining to the literature study of the above, in order to determine the effectiveness of service delivery within a public entity competing in government and commercial environments. The respondents agreed that a public entity could meet best practice to deliver economically viable services and products to both environments, with the reservation that continuous improvements should be made. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Cybernetics is the science of effective organization, i.e. the science that describes the general principles of growth, learning and adaptation in complex, dynamical systems. Stafford Beer regards his viable system model as a design for effective formal organization. He also declares that since his model is explicitly based upon the principles of cybernetics, it facilitates consideration of what is and is not possible within formal organizations and provides guidance in creating efficient structures. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate and test Stafford Beer's ideas on the viable system model via the simulation of certain business activities. A methodology for getting access to the cybernetic body of knowledge is given as well as examples of cybernetic laws relevant to managerial and business practice. An important part of the work is devoted to the explanation and discussion of Stafford Beer's viable system model, and the importance it represents as a cybernetic method for the design of organizational structures. Simulation models incorporating the major activities of a business firm are represented and used as case studies to investigate how basic industrial organizations based on Beer's viable system model work under operational conditions.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the total viable count and detects each microorganism by the use of mass spectroscopy. In the period of June to December 2017 35 samples of pasteurized milk from two vending machines (Hodkovice, Suchdol) were tested. For comparison samples were divided to warmer season (June-Septemeber) and colder season (October-December) sampling. The total amount of microorganism was determined in each sample of milk and total viable count was estimated by the use of mass spectroscopy MALDI-TOF. The total viable count in the tested pasteurized milk were from 3,27 log KTJ/ml up to 7,35 log KTJ/ml. The mass spectroscopy detected 210 microorganisms belonging to 20 families of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and one species of eukaryot organism. The most often identified species belong the Enterobacteriaceae family.

L’état Viable Non Cultivable (VNC) a été observé et décrit chez de nombreuses espèces bactériennes. Mais cet état métabolique a également été suggéré chez certaines cellules eucaryotes, et notamment chez les levures du vin comme Brettanomyces. L’état VNC chez cette levure a donc été étudié afin d’en déterminer les conditions d’entrée et de sortie, ainsi que les modifications morphologiques et métaboliques associées à cet état VNC. Une addition de sulfite (0,8 mg/L de SO2 moléculaire) induit un état VNC chez Brettanomyces, et une inactivation de ce sulfite par modification du pH du milieu permet une sortie de l’état VNC de la levure par un regain de cultivabilité. Dans les conditions VNC, la taille moyenne des cellules de Brettanomyces a été déterminée comme diminuée de 22% comparée à leur taille en condition contrôle. Ensuite, la capacité des cellules à produire des phénols volatils, éléments de contamination des vins, est conservée même lorsque les cellules sont en état Viable Non Cultivable. De plus, l’étude comparative des protéomes entre cellules de Brettanomyces témoin et cellules en état VNC montre une modification du métabolisme avec une diminution de la synthèse d’ATP compensée par une augmentation des protéines impliquées dans d’autres voies métaboliques de production d’énergie. Cette étude met donc en évidence pour la première fois l’existence de l’état VNC chez une espèce eucaryote et montre des points communs avec l’état VNC chez les cellules procaryotes. L’existence de cet état VNC chez Brettanomyces peut également engendrer des erreurs de détection. Un nouvel outil de détection par hybridation in situ et lecture par cytométrie en flux a donc été mis en place. Cette méthode permet ainsi la mise en évidence des cellules de Brettanomyces présentes en vin de façon efficace et rapide. / The viable but not culturable (VBNC) state has been studied in detail in bacteria. It has been suggested that the VBNC state also exists in eukaryote cells, such as wine yeasts, including Brettanomyces in particular. We investigated the VBNC state in this yeast, focusing on the conditions for entry and exit, and the morphological and metabolic modifications associated with this state. We added sulfite (0.8 mg.L-1 molecular SO2) to induce the VBNC state. Increasing the pH of the medium inactivated the sulfite, allowing the cells to exit from the VBNC state and to become culturable again. In these conditions, we found that Brettanomyces VBNC cells were smaller than culturable cells, and that spoilage by volatile phenols could persist during VBNC state. Furthermore, according to our proteome comparison, it seems that the blockade of ATP synthesis was compensated by an increase in energy-producing metabolism pathway. This study provides the first insight into the VBNC state in eukaryote cells, showing common trend to the VBNC state of prokaryotic cells. The existence of VBNC state in Brettanomyces cells can also provoke errors of detection. A new tool of detection by fluorescence in situ hybridization and reading by flow cyometry was thus set up. This method allows the revealing of Brettanomyces cells presence in wine in an efficient and fast way.

Bacterial pathogens transmitted by the fecal-oral route endure several stresses during survival/growth in host and non-host environments. For foodborne pathogens, understanding the range of phenotypic responses to stressors and the environmental factors that impact survival can provide insights for the development of control measures. For example, the gastrointestinal system presents acidic, osmotic, and cell-envelope stresses and low oxygen levels, but Listeria monocytogenes can withstand these stresses, causing illnesses in humans. Survival/growth characteristics may differ among L. monocytogenes strains under these stressors due to their genetic diversities. Our knowledge of such phenotypic characteristics under bile and salt stresses are inadequate. In this dissertation, variation in growth characteristics was observed among L. monocytogenes strains under bile and osmotic stresses with no evidence of cross-protection, but rather an antagonistic effect was observed with the formation of filaments when pre-exposed to 1% bile and treated with 6% NaCl. This shows that variation in stress adaptability exists among L. monocytogenes strains with the ability to form filaments under these conditions. Similarly, Salmonella survival in soil is dependent on several factors, such as soil, amendment types, moisture, irrigation, and desiccation stress. In this study, the use of HTPP (heat-treated poultry pellets) was investigated as a soil amendment in the survival/growth of Salmonella in soil extracts mimicking runoff events, and in soil cultivated with spinach plants to assess its safety for use for an organic fertilizer. The presence of HTPP in soil increased S. Newport survival with a greater likelihood of its transfer to and survival on spinach plants. Increased microbial loads and rpoS mutant showed decreased growth/survival in soil extracts, however, rpoS was not important for survival in soil under the tested conditions showing possible lack of desiccation stress. These results show that HTPP provided nutrients to the Salmonella for increased growth and survival in soil extracts and soil, respectively, which show that the use of treated BSAAO to soils may still require appropriate mitigation to minimize Salmonella Newport contamination of leafy greens in the pre-harvest environment. Overall, the results in this study increased our understanding of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella phenotypic adaptation to stressful environments.

P. aeruginosa fait partie des bactéries classées comme multirésistantes. Ce bacille est un agent pathogène opportuniste susceptible d’être présent dans les réseaux d’eau. Les contaminations sont souvent localisées au niveau des points d’usage et sont à l’origine de risques sanitaires et économiques pour les établissements de santé et les industries. Bien que différents procédés de traitements soient couramment appliqués certaines contaminations persistent sous la forme de biofilm et altèrent la qualité de l’EDCH, tout en devenant un potentiel réservoir de dissémination. L’absence de traitements efficaces et l’impact négatif des biocides sur l’environnement sont en faveur du développement de nouvelles alternatives. Les bactériophages sont exclusivement des virus de bactéries. Ces prédateurs naturels sont omniprésents dans l'environnement, ce qui nous permet de disposer d'une grande diversité et ont l’avantage des’auto-répliquer en présence de leur hôte. Dans ce contexte, cette étude évalue le potentiel de ces virus en tant qu'agents de biocontrôle pour éliminer les biofilms de P. aeruginosa. Neuf souches de P. aeruginosa, incluant la souche référence PAO1 et des souches environnementales, ont été utilisées pour étudier l'activité de neuf phages appartenant à la famille des Caudovirales. Un screening a été réalisé permettant par la méthode des spots test de sélectionner les phages les plus efficaces et les souches sensibles. Les bactéries ont ensuite été cultivées dans un milieu mineral minimum et l'efficacité des phages a été étudiée sur une culture exponentielle. Le suivi de la densité optique a permis de mettre évidence trois profils d’activités différents. Sur la base de ces résultats, deux phages et deux souches ont été conservés pour réaliser des tests sur des biofilms de 24 h implantés à la surface de coupons en INOX, représentatif des surfaces industrielles ou thermales. L’efficacité du traitement par les phages durant 14 h a été évaluée par qPCR viable. Une réduction maximale de 1,7 équivalent Log UFC.cm2 /coupon a été obtenu selon le couple étudié. Les résultats mettent également en avant une répartition des phages en faveur des cellules planctoniques, contrôlant ainsi efficacement la dissémination du biofilm dans l’environnement. Cette étude met en évidence une action des phages qui est dépendante de la souche de P. aeruginosa ainsi que de l'état physiologiques des cellules (planctoniques ou sessiles) ce qui rend difficile l’élimination d’un biofilm, même jeune. Dans le but d’améliorer l’infection de ces structures il pourrait être envisagé d'associer l'activité de plusieurs phages dans un cocktail ou de les combiner à d'autres molécules d’intérêts. / P. aeruginosa is one of the bacteria classified as multiresistant. This bacillus is an opportunistic pathogen that may be present in water networks. Contaminations are often located at the point of use and are at the origin of health and economic issues for health facilities and industries. Although different treatment processes are commonly applied, certain contaminations persist in the form of biofilm, alter the quality of EDCH and represent a reservoir of dissemination. The lack of effective treatments and the negative impact of biocides on the environment favor the development of new alternatives. Bacteriophages are exclusively bacterial viruses. These natural predators are ubiquitous in the environment, which allows us to have a great diversity, and have the advantage of self replicationin the presence of their host. In this context, this work explores the potential of these viruses as biocontrol agents to eliminate P. aeruginosa biofilms in addition to existing solutions. Nine strains of P. aeruginosa, including PAO1 reference strain and environmental strains were used to study the activity of nine phages belonging to the family Caudovirales. A screening was carried out allowing by the spottest method to select the most effective phages and sensitives trains. A screening was carried out allowing by the spot test method to select the most effective phages and sensitive strains. Bacteria were then cultivated in a mineral minimum medium and the efficiency of the phages was studied on an exponential culture phase. Monitoring of optical density has enabled to highlight three different activity profiles. On the basis of these results, two phages and two strains were kept for testing on 24-hour biofilms implanted on the surface of stainless steel coupons, representative of industrial or thermal surfaces. The efficacy of phage treatment for 14 h was evaluated by viable qPCR. A maximum reduction of 1.7 log equivalent UFC.cm2 / coupon was obtained according to the couple studied. The results also highlight a phage distribution in favor of planktonic cells, effectively controlling the release of biofilm into the environment. This study demonstrates a phage action that is dependent on the P. aeruginosa strain as well as the physiological state of the cells (planktonic or sessile). The complexity of the biofilms’ structure makes it difficult to eliminate them, even when young. In order to improve the infection of these structures it could be considered to associate the activity of several phages in a cocktail or to combine them with other molecules of interest.

No description available.

Octavia Butler’s Kindred is often looked at as a historical science fiction novel. While there are critics who have discussed the slave narrative aspects of the novel, the way Butler tackles authorship and what it means to re-write history has been overlooked. By examining the way Butler uses authorship to question authorial authority, one can see the way Butler uses her protagonist to revise history and reclaim historical figures. This process of reclamation and revision enables Butler to examine the historical gaps that have been created and the way enslaved blacks have been caricatured and further dehumanized. Through her protagonist, Butler is able to endow these historical figures with complex identities and emotions and challenges what it means to be a viable authorial voice.

No description available.

Ensuring constraint satisfaction in large-scale systems with hard constraints is vital in many safety critical systems. The challenge is to design controllers that are efficiently synthesized offline, easily implementable online, and provide formal correctness guarantees. We take a divide and conquer approach to design controllers for reachability and infinite-time/finite-time constraint satisfaction control problems given large-scale interconnected linear systems with polyhedral constraints on states, controls, and disturbances. Such systems are made of small subsystems with coupled dynamics. Our goals are to design controllers that are i) fully compositional and ii) decentralized, such that online implementation requires only local state information. We treat the couplings among the subsystems as additional disturbances and use assume-guarantee (AG) contracts to characterize these disturbance sets. For each subsystem, we design and implement a robust controller locally, subject to its own constraints and contracts. Our main contribution is a method to derive the contracts via a novel parameterization, and a corresponding potential function that characterizes the distance to the correct composition of controllers and contracts, where all contracts are held. We show that the potential function is convex in the contract parameters. This enables the subsystems to negotiate the contracts with the gradient information from the dual of their local synthesis optimization problems in a distributed way, facilitating compositional control synthesis that scales to large systems. We then incorporate Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications into our formulation. We develop a decentralized control method for a network of perturbed linear systems with dynamical couplings subject to STL specifications. We first transform the STL requirements into set containment problems, then we develop controllers to solve these problems. The set containment requirements and parameterized contracts are added to the subsystems’ constraints. We introduce a centralized optimization problem to derive the contracts, reachability tubes, and decentralized closed-loop control laws. We show that, when the STL formula is separable with respect to the subsystems, the centralized optimization problem can be solved in a distributed way, which scales to large systems. We present formal theoretical guarantees on robustness of STL satisfaction. We present numerical examples, including scalability studies on systems with tens of thousands of dimensions, and case studies on applying our method to a distributed Model Predictive Control (MPC) problem in a power system. / 2024-01-16T00:00:00Z