Graduate

Orientador: Samuel Euzedice de Lucena / Banca: Inacio Bianchi / Banca: Osamu Saotome / Resumo: Em um ambiente industrial é responsabilidade da manutenção cumprir com as necessidades específicas de cada processo produtivo. Basicamente é necessário aumentar a disponibilidade e a confiabilidade dos equipamentos. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um equipamento portátil para identificar precocemente problemas em rolamentos, utilizando o método conhecido como técnica de envelope ou HFRT (High Frequency Resonance Technique). A técnica de envelope é justificada como sendo a mais indicada para detectar defeitos de único ponto em rolamentos. Os principais componentes dos circuitos são apresentados, justificando a utilização. A programação do microcontrolador dsPIC33 foi feita em C, utilizando o MPLAB IDE da Microchip. Após a aquisição do sinal de aceleração, são aplicados alguns filtros e transformadas, sobretudo a transformada de Fourier com 1024 pontos amostrados em 5ksps, para cálculo do espectro da vibração. Como interface homemmáquina (IHM), foram utilizados um teclado e um mostrador gráfico que apresenta as amplitudes referentes às frequências de falha. Com base nos espectros e nas amplitudes, é possível comparar com os valores das normas vigentes (ISO 2372, ISO 3945 ou ISO 10816), gerando por fim um laudo sobre o estado dos rolamentos do motor elétrico. O protótipo foi testado utilizando os sinais gerados pelo Matlab/Simulink e apresentou um ótimo desempenho / Abstract: In an industrial environment is the responsibility of maintenance keeping the specific needs of each production process. Basically it is necessary to increase the availability and reliability of equipment. This work presents the development of a portable device to identify problems early on bearings, using the method known as technical envelope or HFRT (High Frequency Resonance Technique). The envelope technique is justified as being more suitable for detecting single point defects in bearing. The main components of the circuits are presented, justifying the use. The dsPIC33 microcontroller programming was done in C using Microchip's MPLAB IDE. After the acquisition of the acceleration signal, some filters are processed and applied , especially the Fourier transformed of 1024 points sampled in 5ksps to calculate the spectrum of vibration. As human interface (HMI), a keyboard and a graphical display were used which shows the amplitudes related to the failure frequency. Based on the spectra and the amplitudes, it is possible to compare the values of standards (ISO 2372, ISO 3945 or ISO 10816), finally originating a report about the state of electric motor bearings. The prototype was tested using the signals originated by Matlab / Simulink and it has presented a great performance / Mestre

Vibration stimulation has been used as a tool to relieve muscle pain and spasm in physical therapy for many years. However recently, vibration, mainly Whole Body Vibration (WBV), has been increasingly studied and used as an exercise intervention in sports and rehabilitation. Although the physiological mechanisms which guide the body's response to this exercise modality are relatively poorly understood, evidence indicates that vibration can enhance muscle strength, power, and flexibility as well as increase bone mineral density in the general population. Evidence also suggests that the neuromuscular response to vibration stimulation depends on muscle length, stretch level (contraction) along with the vibration characteristics. One way to alter muscle length and contraction levels while receiving vibration is to superimpose the stimulation on graded isometric contraction. However, current WBV device designs cannot facilitate the delivery of vibration stimulation superimposed on graded isometric voluntary contraction. The aim of this PhD project was twofold, firstly to develop and evaluate a prototype WBV device which enables the delivery of vibration stimulation that can be superimposed on graded isometric contraction and secondly, to assess the neuromuscular responses to vibration superimposed on graded isometric contractions in lower limbs using this device. Due to the novelty of the device design and the method of the delivery, this study initially investigated the effects of different vibration frequencies and amplitudes combined with various effort levels on neuromuscular responses in lower limbs. The results of this study confirm that isometric contraction superimposed on vibration stimulation induce enhanced neuromuscular activity in the lower limbs. The results also confirm that although the neuromuscular responses to vibration depend on multiple factors the main determinants seem to be the vibration frequency, amplitude and muscle contraction /forc The results also confirm that although the neuromuscular responses to vibration depend on multiple factors the main determinants seem to be the vibration frequency, amplitude and muscle contraction /force level. Another limitation of most existing vibration devices is that they are not capable of delivering frequency of the vibration independent of amplitude and vice versa. Further, the evidence suggests that vibration amplitude can play an important role in neuromuscular response to vibration, especially when superimposed with graded contraction/force levels. To address the above limitation, the second aim of this PhD project was to develop and evaluate a prototype miniature upper limb vibration device capable of delivering precise and independent vibration frequency and amplitude stimulation. The miniature upper limb vibration (ULV) device with piezo actuators developed for this thesis, enables precise vibration stimulation to be delivered in a seated position with graded voluntary contraction superimposed. The neuromuscular responses to vibration superimposed on graded isometric contractions in upper limbs were also assessed by investigating the fatiguing effects of superimposed vibration stimulation using this newly developed device. This study is the first to investigate and compare the fatiguing effects of superimposed vibration stimulation pre and postvibration exercise in upper limbs. The results of this study confirm that isometric contraction superimposed on vibration stimulation lead to increased fatigue levels and neuromuscular activity in upper limbs. The results also indicate that post-vibration treatment the muscles display enhanced force generation capability associated with lower fatigue levels. In summary, two (WBV and ULV) novel vibration exercise devices were successfully developed and evaluated for this thesis. The results of the studies on these devices confirm that vibration stimulation superimposed on graded isometric contraction can induce higher neuromuscular activity compared to isometric contraction alone in both upper and lower limbs. However the effects of vibration frequency, amplitude and contraction/force levels seem to differ between the upper and lower limbs.

The principle aim of this work was to investigate optical techniques for the excitation and detection of vibrations, at resonance, in Silicon resonator sensors. Two all-fibre detection techniques have been developed: one is based on phase modulation and the other on intensity modulation of the optical wave train. Both detection techniques may be implemented in either single mode or multimode fibre. The choice of measurement technique is determined by the desired system performance and cost. The development of these detection systems naturally led to a study of the properties of the sensors, and the characteristics of a pressure transducer and an accelerometer were investigated; the latter is reported in more detail here. The main characteristics studied were modes of resonance, quality factors, resonant frequency shift with temperature, resonant frequency shift with the measurand and the non-linearity of the resonator. Optical excitation of vibrations at resonance was achieved by using a pulsed laser source directly incident on the resonator. The addition of a thin Chrome layer to the resonator improved the largest optically excited amplitude of vibration by a factor of 9 compared with the uncoated resonator.

The galloping vibrations of a single transmission cable that may vibrate transversely and torsionally has been investigated via a two-degree-of-freedom oscillator. The analytical solutions of periodic motions for this two-degree-of-freedom system are represented by the finite Fourier series. The analytical bifurcation trees of periodic motions to chaos of a transmission line under both steady and unsteady flows are discussed from the generalized harmonic balance method. The analytical solutions for stable and unstable periodic motions in such a two degree-of-freedom system are achieved, and the corresponding stability and bifurcation was discussed. The limit cycle for the linear cable structure are obtained by gradually decreasing the sinusoidal excitation amplitude. In addition, the numerical simulations of stable and unstable periodic motions are illustrated. The rich dynamical behavior in such a nonlinear cable structure are discovered, and this investigation may help one better understand the galloping phenomena for any elastic structures.

The dissipation and spread of stresses in a granular material due to an applied disturbance is investigated. A single impulse was applied to a granular material to help understand its behaviour when disturbed by an oscillating vertical force. Measurements were made of the effect of the impulse at the surface of the beds of sand of various heights. The spread of the disturbance in a direction normal to that of application was measured by a radial traverse of the surface of each bed, The behaviour of a granular material when acted upon by a force is comprehensively discussed in the literature survey. The effect on the structure throughout the material of a disturbance applied at a distant point is then assessed.

Les vibrations issues du fonctionnement d'un véhicule automobile (moteur, route) sont transmises aux connecteurs électriques. Ces vibrations peuvent induire des déplacements relatifs entre certains des composants du connecteur à l’interface de contact. Les éléments en contact sont de diverses formes et diverses natures dont une partie femelle (dite clip) dans laquelle s’introduit une partie mâle (dite languette). Or, un déplacement relatif de quelques micromètres entre le clip et la languette est suffisant pour dégrader et ce de manière irréversible, l'interface de la zone de contact électrique (phénomène de fretting-corrosion). Il est donc nécessaire de connaître le comportement vibratoire interne d'un connecteur i.e. des connectiques pour préconiser sa meilleure son utilisation au sein d'un véhicule. Un banc d'essai sur pot vibrant a été réalisé dans le but de caractériser le comportement vibratoire d'un connecteur soumis à un profil vibratoire. Les mesures ont été réalisées par tribométrie en réalisant des orifices d'accès au clip et à la languette. De là, l'analyse des vibrations induites a mis en évidence des directions de déplacement multi-axiales des composants du connecteur et notamment celles d’un support du clip dit porte-clip, et ce malgré une vibration dont la direction est mono-axiale. L'analyse a également mis en évidence une correspondance vibratoire entre le clip et le porte-clip ainsi que des phénomènes de résonances. De là, une première approche sur une modélisation numérique, basée sur un système masse-ressort-amortisseur, a été proposée. Cette analyse permet de caractériser le comportement vibratoire général d'un connecteur sans dépendre du type de vibration appliquée. C'est une nouvelle approche dans la caractérisation de connecteurs électriques utilisés dans l’industrie automobile. Les éléments en contact d’un connecteur sont revêtus de matériaux qui les protègent des dégradations mécaniques et chimiques. Ces revêtements (de quelques micromètres d’épaisseur) peuvent être des matériaux nobles (or, argent,…) ou non nobles (étain, …). Le déplacement relatif entre un clip étamé et une languette étamée engendre la formation d'un troisième corps à l'interface de contact. Ce troisième corps est composé de débris oxydés qui perturbent la conduction des charges électriques. L'utilisation d'une atmosphère de di-azote (N2) et l’analyse de la tension de contact en fonction de l'emplacement du clip par rapport à la languette ont mis en évidence la dynamique des débris oxydés avec notamment leur évacuation hors de la zone de contact. De plus, l'analyse d'une zone de contact dégradée à la microsonde nucléaire a permis de doser l'oxygène et de mettre en valeur deux types d'oxydes de cuivre. Ces caractérisations permettent de mieux comprendre le phénomène de fretting-corrosion et ses conséquences. / Vibrations are generating from an operating vehicule (motor, road). Then, they are transmitted to electrical connectors. Therefor, these vibrations can induce relative displacements between some of the connector components. The components for the electrical contact are the female part (called a clip) and the male part (called the tongue).These components are coated with materials that protect them from mechanical and chemical degradation. These coatings (a few micrometers thick) can be noble materials (gold, silver,...) or not noble (tin). A relative displacement of a few micrometers between the clip and the tongue is sufficient to irreversibly degrade the interface of the electrical contact zone by fretting-corrosion phenomenon. It is therefore necessary to know the internal vibratory behavior of connectors in order to recommend its best use for a vehicle.A test bench is carried out in order to characterize the vibratory behavior of a connector subjected to a vibratory profile. The measurements are carried out by vibrometry by making holes access for the clip and the tongue. From there, the analysis of the induced vibrations has revealed multi-axial directions displacements of the components of the connector and in particulary the clip holder (external support of the clip), despite a vibration whose direction is mono-axial.The analysis also showed a vibratory correspondence between the clip and the clip holder and resonance phenomena. From there, a first approach on a numerical modeling, based on a system mass-spring-damper, has been proposed. This analysis makes it possible to characterize the general vibratory behavior of a connector without depending on the type of vibration applied. This is a new approach in the characterization of electrical connectors used in the automotive industry.The relative movement between the clip and the tongue induce formation of a third body at the contact interface. This third body is composed of tin oxidized remains which disturb the conduction of electrical charges due to their electrcail insulating characteristic. The use of a nitrogen atmosphere and the analysis of the contact voltage as a function of the location of the clip relative to the tongue have demonstrated the dynamics of the oxidized debris with, in particular, their evacuation out of the contact area. Moreover, the analysis by a nuclear microprobe of a zone degraded contact area enable the measurement of oxygen concentration. The results hilight two types of copper oxides. These characterizations make it possible to better understand the phenomenon of fretting-corrosion and its consequences.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 caldas_tr_me_guara.pdf: 1089046 bytes, checksum: 403b82fa7a776499a5ab2e51e75444dd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em um ambiente industrial é responsabilidade da manutenção cumprir com as necessidades específicas de cada processo produtivo. Basicamente é necessário aumentar a disponibilidade e a confiabilidade dos equipamentos. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um equipamento portátil para identificar precocemente problemas em rolamentos, utilizando o método conhecido como técnica de envelope ou HFRT (High Frequency Resonance Technique). A técnica de envelope é justificada como sendo a mais indicada para detectar defeitos de único ponto em rolamentos. Os principais componentes dos circuitos são apresentados, justificando a utilização. A programação do microcontrolador dsPIC33 foi feita em C, utilizando o MPLAB IDE da Microchip. Após a aquisição do sinal de aceleração, são aplicados alguns filtros e transformadas, sobretudo a transformada de Fourier com 1024 pontos amostrados em 5ksps, para cálculo do espectro da vibração. Como interface homemmáquina (IHM), foram utilizados um teclado e um mostrador gráfico que apresenta as amplitudes referentes às frequências de falha. Com base nos espectros e nas amplitudes, é possível comparar com os valores das normas vigentes (ISO 2372, ISO 3945 ou ISO 10816), gerando por fim um laudo sobre o estado dos rolamentos do motor elétrico. O protótipo foi testado utilizando os sinais gerados pelo Matlab/Simulink e apresentou um ótimo desempenho / In an industrial environment is the responsibility of maintenance keeping the specific needs of each production process. Basically it is necessary to increase the availability and reliability of equipment. This work presents the development of a portable device to identify problems early on bearings, using the method known as technical envelope or HFRT (High Frequency Resonance Technique). The envelope technique is justified as being more suitable for detecting single point defects in bearing. The main components of the circuits are presented, justifying the use. The dsPIC33 microcontroller programming was done in C using Microchip's MPLAB IDE. After the acquisition of the acceleration signal, some filters are processed and applied , especially the Fourier transformed of 1024 points sampled in 5ksps to calculate the spectrum of vibration. As human interface (HMI), a keyboard and a graphical display were used which shows the amplitudes related to the failure frequency. Based on the spectra and the amplitudes, it is possible to compare the values of standards (ISO 2372, ISO 3945 or ISO 10816), finally originating a report about the state of electric motor bearings. The prototype was tested using the signals originated by Matlab / Simulink and it has presented a great performance

Orientador: Inacio Maria Dal Fabbro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T06:46:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_MarcioAlexandrePinto_M.pdf: 3890763 bytes, checksum: ec176daee99c277e022ce62c1efe297e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O fenômeno de vibração é de ocorrência comum na mecânica, geralmente associado à membros estruturais assim como elementos de maquinas. Particularmente, no campo da engenharia agrícola, vibração vem associada à ferimentos em vegetais nas operações de campo, que claramente inclui colheita, transporte e processamento. A escolha de membros estruturais simples, como as viga engastada, para validar o método, quando uma estrutura mais complexa for ser considerada. O nome moiré tem sua origem na língua francesa, referindo-se ao padrão de onda formado. O fenômeno é gerado quando telas são sobrepostas, produzindo padrões de ondas ou franjas, que se movem quando suas posições relativas são alteradas. O método selecionado é chamado método geométrico de moiré, que consiste em projetar uma grade sobre a superfície do objeto em estudo e superpor a foto original e a grade deformada. Software's especificos são empregados na análise de imagens. O objetivo do presente trabalho é determinar o deslocamento transversal da linha elástica na Teoria da viga engastada de Euler-Bernoulli, excitada por um excitador eletromagnético, utilizado em analise modal, utilizando a técnica de moiré descrita acima / Abstract: Vibration phenomena are of common occurrence in mechanics, generally associated to structural members as well as to machine elements. Particularly, in the field of agricultural engineering, vibration comes also associated to vegetable bruising during field operations, which clearly includes harvesting, transportation and processing. The selection of a simple structural member as a cantilever beam to support the utility of a moiré technique in studying vibration analysis is to validate the method when more complex structures are being considered. Vibration modes of a cantilever beam are easily determined by analytical methods. The name moiré has its origin in the French language, referring to wave like pattern. The phenomenon is generated when screens superposed, producing wave like patterns or fringes, which move when its relative positions are displaced. The selected method is named geometric moiré, which consists in projecting a grid onto the object in study and superposing both, the original and the deformed grid. Specific software's were employed in the image analysis. The objective of the present work is to determine the transversal displacement of the elastic line of Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beam being excited by an electromagnetic varying field using the moiré technique described above. Keywords: vibration, geometric moiré / Mestrado / Projetos, Desenvolvimento e Otimização de Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Vibration and stability studies have been undertaken on glass fibre reinforced polymer composite unstiffened and stiffened plates to optimise their dynamic properties. Boundary conditions, stiffeners and orthotropy of the material add to the complexity of a mathematical solution and to overcome this problem experimental and analytical studies were undertaken. The former method was carried out by impact hammer and an FFT digital signal analyser and the latter method was undertaken using finite element computer software. The current research concentrated upon the procedures and possible techniques available to optimise the dynamic properties of the plate without introducing weight penalty with the object of achieving an efficient structural performance coupled with an economic design. It has been shown that most of the increase in frequency and critical buckling load was directly related to the increase in stiffness of the stiffener and its position on the plate structure. The mode shapes have provided information regarding the most advantageous position for the setting of the stiffeners; they must be positioned away from nodal lines. The effect of the stiffener was significant for the fully clamped and clamped/free plates where only bending modes of vibration are present. However, for the completely free plates, where both bending and torsional modes of vibration could occur, the effect that the stiffeners have on the torsional modes was minimal. To locate precisely the position of the stiffener may be difficult when the plates are subjected to in-plane compressive loads, because higher order mode shapes may interchange. The mass-saving advantage which has been obtained in this research has shown that the stiffened plates with top-hat stiffeners were seen to have higher natural frequencies, within a specific vibration mode, compared to stiffened plates with rectangular stiffeners (blade).