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The World Health Organization states that violence against women in intimate relationships is a serious threat to women's health. There is a substantial amount of research regarding the consequences of domestic violence. However, less is known about the emotional challenges that women face as a result of the violence and the strategies used to cope with distressing feelings. This scoping review aimed to explore and unfold common emotional challenges women may encounter after the end of a violent relationship as well as the strategies that they might use to cope with their feelings. Painful emotions such as anger, desire for revenge, shame and guilt were found to challenge women emotionally. Many women were also prone to create a wall of protection in relation to others. The challenge to trust men and the need for constant control made it difficult to nurture existing relationships. In addition, women used strategies such as positive thinking, support from peers and professionals, deeper understanding and refocusing to manage these distressing feelings. A problematization of the concept of recovery appeared because of its implication that there is an end date to when the women should have "recovered" from the violence. This false image created an additional feeling of guilt and shame for the women because of the sense of failure if they needed help again later in life. A greater understanding of what can promote as well as hinder the journey towards well-being among battered women is seen as substantial for professionals in order to meet their needs in recovery.

In 2005, the Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported 21.9% of males and 26.1% of females were bullied in schools. Little research has been conducted into showing an association between childhood bully victimization and risky behaviors. In addition, knowledge is limited about the connection between victimization and risky behaviors among different ethnic groups. We propose to assess the association between victimization and risky behaviors, using the Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey among 3,116 students in grades 9 through 12 in 2007. Data was obtained by self-administered questionnaire, and victimization was considered as a single dichotomous variable. Victimization was assessed as a dichotomous variable. Risky behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, marijuana use, unprotected sex and weapon violence) were measured using several questions regarding frequency and initial age of use. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between bullying and risky behavior, and then the results were stratified with ethnic background (White, Hispanic and other) to assess possible effect modification. Results show that victims are more likely to have engaged in risky behaviors before the age of 13 and are also more likely to engage in risky behaviors while at school. Significant ethnic differences in the relation between bully victimization and risk behaviors were not generally observed; however, non-White bully victims were generally at greater risk for all risky behaviors than Whites. These findings will help provide information on factors that may be used to identify at-risk children, and to target adjust existing interventions with bullying and victims to improve efficacy.

Secondary Victimization of Victims by Criminal Proceedings Abstract The submitted diploma thesis deals with the issue of secondary victimization in the context of criminal proceedings. The main goal of this work is to evaluate whether effective legislation provides victims with protection against secondary harm. Based on the theoretical basis of the issue of secondary victimization, the thesis also focuses on finding out whether the legislation adequately reflects the current victimological and psychological knowledge in the field of secondary victimization and secondary harm. The work is divided into three chapters. The first part deals with the basic conceptual issues of secondary victimization in a broader context. Emphasis is placed on the transformation of the victim's position in criminal proceedings within the historical development of victimology as an independent field. The terminological and interpretive shortcomings of the concept of victimization are also emphasized. The second chapter discusses secondary victimization as a victimological phenomenon. In addition to defining the concept of secondary victimization, attention is paid to the causes of secondary victimization, its sources and types of actions leading to secondary harm. The main part of the work is the third chapter, which deals with...