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Little is known about the crime of adult male-on-male rape. The present study aims to explore the nature and impact of male rape on men's lives using statistics from SurvivorsUK (1344 cases) and a victimisation survey of 16 men to generate qualitative data for this purpose. The reluctance of men to report rape is explored using this data, as are men's needs in terms of service provision. Semi structured interviews with seven male rape counsellors are used to further examine these points. A newspaper content analysis over a 13-year period documents the emergence of male rape as a social and legal issue and also illustrates that male rape myths are perpetuated by coverage of this phenomenon. A questionnaire of 93 police officers across seven divisions of the Metropolitan Police Service considers police responses to, and attitudes towards, male rape, and demonstrates that such myths are manifest within the police service. The findings demonstrate that the impact of rape on men's lives is severe and that men experience rape trauma syndrome as identified in female rape victims. This trauma is intensified by rape myths rooted within society, perpetuated by newspapers, and manifest within the police service. An acute information gap in police training on male rape is identified and the research illustrates a strong need for multi-agency support systems for male survivors. The Male Victims of Sexual Abuse Steering Group is a multi-agency group chaired by the Metropolitan Police and established to draw information from different agencies to develop research and awareness of male rape and sexual abuse. Current initiatives from this group are presented. The research explores the theoretical positions of positivism, feminism and masculinities and examines the importance of these in understanding the male survivor of rape. In focusing on the experiences of male survivors the study identifies the need for social and cultural change to validate these experiences. It is suggested that these be supported with changes in legislation to include oral and object penetration under existing rape law so as to give legal recognition to these experiences. It is evident that policy changes are therefore needed to reflect the needs and demands for survivors of a very real social and legal issue. The research demonstrates a clear contribution to the theoretical debates in criminology which provide an understanding of rape, and which underpin the empirical work. The empirical work is a contribution to research in terms of understanding the phenomenon of male rape and the findings demonstrate the wider policy implications of that work. As such, the thesis is an advancement of knowledge and research and provides for future policy directions to support

Studies on female sex offending have been limited for a number of reasons, such as societal perceptions that females are incapable of engaging in such behaviors because of their role as caretakers and nurturers in society. However, over the past few decades, studies examining female sex offenders have increased, revealing that females do commit sexual offenses and differ from their male counterparts. We examined offender, victim, and offense characteristics of female sex offenders who were convicted from 1995 to 2013 (N = 223) in Arkansas and were sentenced to serve time in prison or placed on probation. We focused on the similarities and differences of solo and co-female sex offenders because we know from previous studies that the pathway of offending can differ between solo and co-female offenders, yet few studies have exclusively compared the similarities and differences among female sex offenders. Our data were collected from offender files that included basic personal offender information, offender survey and social history, criminal history, incident reports while incarcerated, court records, police investigation reports, initial offender and victim statements (prior to offender incarceration), and probation/parole reports. We believe the results of this study will provide further insight into the types of female sex offenders as well as the possible differences between co- and solo-offenders in relation to their victim preferences, risk levels, rehabilitation amenability, and recidivism propensities.

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Resumé This master's thesis deals with the field of forensic study of crime victims, also known as forensic victimology. The aim of this text is to draw attention to issues of this field and to discuss crucial topics based on their practicality, incidence or tendency to be incorrectly interpreted. That includes, among others, the relationship of forensic victimology to related disciplines, especially general victimology as its foundation, their development, utility of victimological knowledge and methods in criminalist practice, status of victims in the process of crime reporting, as carriers of forensic trails, the phenomenon of victim pretending from the perspective of practice and its contrast with the media image etc. It also aims to emphasize the need for sensitive, but unemotional approach to the victims, which makes it possible to perceive them with sufficient respect; this means to see them not only as a piece of evidence, but as persons in a very complicated and difficult situation when inappropriate and/or insensitive approach may lead to a number of negative consequences, in particular, but not limited to, supporting the victim mentality and increasing the victim's risk of repeated victimization in the future. It is however also necessary to maintain proper efficiency of the relevant authority...

70 Criminalistic theory of a crime victim (criminalistic victimology) Abstract Presented dissertation deals with the crime victim as an object of forensic interest. It briefly introduces the science known as forensic victimology. This science is relatively new and is still looking for its place amongst related disciplines, especially general victimology and criminology. Victim has a very important part in the process of investigation. Victim can participate on the genesis of the crime. It can leave traces on the crime scene or on a offender's body. It also has an important role as a carrier of the traces - material traces on victim's body, cloths or personal belongings and mental traces in the shape of memories in the victim's mind. Getting this informations from victim can be essential for a process of investigation. Although the victim is mostly motivated to cooperate with the investigators, the investigators must keep in mind that the position of the victim is very sensitive and approach it with tact and discretion. In the first part of the dissertation the term victim is explained and further analyzed. The history of victimology is briefly presented from its early beginnings in 1940s to this days. The second part deals with a victim's role in an investigation. It is divided into four parts - victim's...

The aim of this thesis is to briefly introduce criminalistic victimology and characterise victim of a crime. Text is composed of six chapters, concerning different aspects of the topic. First two deal with the science of criminalistic victimology. Following two examine role of victim during criminal investigation according to criminalistic victimology. Last two chapters reflect position of victim in contemporary czech criminal law. The first chapter defines basic terminology used in criminalistic victimology, different to terms of criminal law. The second chapter documents origins and evolution of criminalistic victimology and its place among related disciplines. The third chapter is focused on the object of criminalistic victimology, i.e. victim's role in criminal investigation. It is further divided in nine parts examining relation of victim and offender, victim's role in genesis of criminal situation, victim as originator and carrier of forensic evidence, significance of victim for criminal investigation, victim as crime reporter and witness with focus on question of credibility, participation of victim during other investigative measures and finally expert examination of victim. The fourth chapter concentrates on the issue of secondary harm caused by inappropriate behaviour towards victim during...

Issue of victim of crime in the criminology This diploma thesis deals with the issue of victim of crime in the criminology. One part of criminology is victimology which is focused on victims of crime. Before the formation of victimology, a victim had only very restricted position in criminal proceedings. This scientific discipline stood behind the expansion of attention focused on victims during last few decades. One of the consequencies of these tendecies that are characteristic for strengthening position of victim not only in criminal proceedings is the acceptance of new Statute about victims of crime in the Czech Republic. One of the aims of this thesis is to create an integrated document about victimology knowledge of victims of crime. Another aim is to describe current law relating to protection of victims and evaluate its contributions and limits with regard to victimology knowledge. The first chapter presents the historic development of the role of victim, the process of formation of victimology and its object of study. The second chapter is dedicated to various typologies used in victimology and also explains the main biological, psychological and sociological characteristics of victims. Third chapter desribes victimization as a suffer caused by the criminal offence and its impacts on...

Criminalistic study of a victim of the crime (criminalistic victimology) Abstract This presented thesis puts at the forefront a victim of the crime and its importance within criminalistic victimology, the study about a victim of the crime. The role of the victim is important both at the beginning of the criminal offence as well as during its duration. The victim is also important factor at the notification of the criminal offence, its investigation and at the court hearing of the criminal offence. In this thesis, I put at the forefront the relationship between a victim and an offender, which may exist in such a superficial range or on the contrary they may be really close to each other. There is also outlined in which extent the victim is participating on the creation of tracks, or if is their bearer. The thesis deals with a victim as a notifier of criminal activity - which reasons that lead to its (non-) notification. The major part of this thesis shall be described as part of a victim on the investigation of a criminal offence, mainly its role during the interrogation of itself, but also during the confrontation and the recognition. Another non-less important aspect of this thesis is help for victims of the criminal offence, as well as financial, social and psychological. At the end, the legal regulation...

This study explores the issues of subordination of women in Tajikistan through studying the phenomenon of violence against women. This study presents a socio-legal analysis of the responses of state and non-state institutions and how the justice system works for women, this study engaged in the feminist discourse on women's individual experiences of violence, the ‘woman question' in public and private, the construction of law and its effect on women and their subordinate position and how the laws and the legal and executive mechanisms construct the culture of inferiority of women in society. It employed qualitative methods of data collections, such as interviewing and participant observation along with a questionnaire. It draws on theoretical studies and the empirical work conducted in Tajikistan to present its findings. Theoretical input allows drawing on explanations and experiences provided in studies of VAW in other societies and empirical input allows placing them within the context of Tajikistan. This gives an opportunity to explore the interplay between hierarchical and structural basis of gender relations and women's individual experiences of violence. This study explores the power of societal norms and values pertaining women's subordination and male domination on individuals' perceptions of VAW and their responses to it. It analyses the socio-economic and legal context in Tajikistan and its influence on women's daily lives. This context also determines the choices women victims of violence are given and impacts women's decisions whether or not to seek solutions. The study establishes that the focus on increasing awareness of legal rights, or introducing new laws and making changes in the law, cannot in themselves provide women with long-awaited responses to the violence they experience. Changing the law, introducing well-developed law would be significant step forward but has to be accompanied by measures to bring a fundamental shift in attitudes. This study emphasises that the responses should encompass a number of initiatives and presents some examples of these.