<p>The purpose of this essay is to define the meaning of the concept of crime victim and how the crime victim as a concept is constructed. The question is answered through an investigation of the discourse that constructs and reproduces the crime victim. Furthermore the purpose is to open a theoretical discussion which aims to clarify whether or not the crime victim is a subject or an object through an examination of how the individual is constructed as a crime victim by the crime victim discourse.</p><p>The essay takes a theoretical point of view based on a mixture of Michel Foucault’s and Ernesto Laclau & Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theories. The method used to organize the research – regarding the meaning of the concept of crime victim – is Laclau & Mouffe’s discourse analysis which is an extension and a part of the theory mentioned above.</p><p>The discourse analysis creates a model of the crime victim discourse which answers the question of how the concept of crime victim is constructed, and how this concept should be understood. By observing the construction closely – of the individual as a crime victim – a discussion concerning the crime victim as a subject or an object is elaborated upon. Throughout the discussion the view of the subject as a construction is questioned and another theoretical complementary addition is being made – to the discourse theory – to solve the questions that otherwise would have been left unsolved. The theory which is brought in to complement the discourse theory at this point is Emma Engdahl’s theory about the elementary forms of social life.</p><p>The essay ends in five conclusions which together answer the essays questions in order to fulfil its purpose. The conclusions are: (1) The concept of crime victim is defined by two statements: (a) A crime victim is a person who has been subjected to a crime and has suffered pain. (b) All crime victims are in need of redress. (2) A crime victim who has been constructed exactly like the pattern of the concept of crime victim is an object. (3) The crime victim is a construction of an individual with innate capability to create a subject. (4) The discourse of the crime victim is trying to construct an object of a subject. (5) Whether the crime victim is a subject or an object depends on how the individual chooses to conduct himself in relation to the concept of crime victim used in the discourse.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad brottsofferbegreppet innebär, och hur brottsofferbegreppet är konstruerat. Frågan besvaras genom en kartläggning av den diskurs som har konstruerat och reproducerar brottsoffret. Vidare syftar studien till att öppna en teoretisk diskussion som har för avsikt att klargöra om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt genom att titta på hur brottsofferdiskursen konstruerar individen till ett brottsoffer.</p><p>Studien har tagit utgångspunkt i både Michel Foucaults och Ernesto Laclau & Chantal Mouffes diskursteorier. Den arbetsmetod som används i studien är Laclau & Mouffes diskursanalys vilken bör ses som en förlängning och en del av den teoretiska utgångspunkten som nämnts ovan.</p><p>Den diskursanalys som genomförs i studien målar upp en modell av brottsofferdiskursen vilken svarar på frågan om hur brottsofferbegreppet konstrueras och hur begreppet ska förstås. Genom att titta på hur individen konstrueras som ett brottsoffer utvecklas en diskussion kring brottsoffret som ett subjekt eller ett objekt. I diskussionen uppkommer en kritisk hållning till att se subjektet som en konstruktion och ytterligare en teoretisk komplettering till diskursteorin görs för att lösa de frågor som annars skulle ha lämnats obesvarade. Den teori som här förs in i diskussionen och förenas med diskursteorin är Emma Engdahls teori om det sociala livets elementära former.</p><p>Uppsatsen mynnar ut i fem slutsatser som tillsammans svarar på studiens frågeställningar och uppfyller dess syfte. Dessa slutsatser är: (1) Definitionen av brottsofferbegreppet är tvådelad: (a) Den individ är ett brottsoffer som utsatts för ett brott och därav oskyldigt lidit skada. (b) Alla brottsoffer är i behov av upprättelse. (2) Ett brottsoffer som är helt konstruerat efter brottsofferbegreppets mönster är ett objekt. (3) Brottsoffret är en konstruktion av en individ med medfödda förmågor att skapa ett subjekt. (4) Brottsofferdiskursen försöker att göra ett objekt av ett subjekt. (5) Om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt beror på hur individen väljer att – i brottsofferdiskursen – positionera sig till begreppet brottsoffer.</p>

The purpose of this essay is to define the meaning of the concept of crime victim and how the crime victim as a concept is constructed. The question is answered through an investigation of the discourse that constructs and reproduces the crime victim. Furthermore the purpose is to open a theoretical discussion which aims to clarify whether or not the crime victim is a subject or an object through an examination of how the individual is constructed as a crime victim by the crime victim discourse. The essay takes a theoretical point of view based on a mixture of Michel Foucault’s and Ernesto Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theories. The method used to organize the research – regarding the meaning of the concept of crime victim – is Laclau &amp; Mouffe’s discourse analysis which is an extension and a part of the theory mentioned above. The discourse analysis creates a model of the crime victim discourse which answers the question of how the concept of crime victim is constructed, and how this concept should be understood. By observing the construction closely – of the individual as a crime victim – a discussion concerning the crime victim as a subject or an object is elaborated upon. Throughout the discussion the view of the subject as a construction is questioned and another theoretical complementary addition is being made – to the discourse theory – to solve the questions that otherwise would have been left unsolved. The theory which is brought in to complement the discourse theory at this point is Emma Engdahl’s theory about the elementary forms of social life. The essay ends in five conclusions which together answer the essays questions in order to fulfil its purpose. The conclusions are: (1) The concept of crime victim is defined by two statements: (a) A crime victim is a person who has been subjected to a crime and has suffered pain. (b) All crime victims are in need of redress. (2) A crime victim who has been constructed exactly like the pattern of the concept of crime victim is an object. (3) The crime victim is a construction of an individual with innate capability to create a subject. (4) The discourse of the crime victim is trying to construct an object of a subject. (5) Whether the crime victim is a subject or an object depends on how the individual chooses to conduct himself in relation to the concept of crime victim used in the discourse. / Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad brottsofferbegreppet innebär, och hur brottsofferbegreppet är konstruerat. Frågan besvaras genom en kartläggning av den diskurs som har konstruerat och reproducerar brottsoffret. Vidare syftar studien till att öppna en teoretisk diskussion som har för avsikt att klargöra om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt genom att titta på hur brottsofferdiskursen konstruerar individen till ett brottsoffer. Studien har tagit utgångspunkt i både Michel Foucaults och Ernesto Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffes diskursteorier. Den arbetsmetod som används i studien är Laclau &amp; Mouffes diskursanalys vilken bör ses som en förlängning och en del av den teoretiska utgångspunkten som nämnts ovan. Den diskursanalys som genomförs i studien målar upp en modell av brottsofferdiskursen vilken svarar på frågan om hur brottsofferbegreppet konstrueras och hur begreppet ska förstås. Genom att titta på hur individen konstrueras som ett brottsoffer utvecklas en diskussion kring brottsoffret som ett subjekt eller ett objekt. I diskussionen uppkommer en kritisk hållning till att se subjektet som en konstruktion och ytterligare en teoretisk komplettering till diskursteorin görs för att lösa de frågor som annars skulle ha lämnats obesvarade. Den teori som här förs in i diskussionen och förenas med diskursteorin är Emma Engdahls teori om det sociala livets elementära former. Uppsatsen mynnar ut i fem slutsatser som tillsammans svarar på studiens frågeställningar och uppfyller dess syfte. Dessa slutsatser är: (1) Definitionen av brottsofferbegreppet är tvådelad: (a) Den individ är ett brottsoffer som utsatts för ett brott och därav oskyldigt lidit skada. (b) Alla brottsoffer är i behov av upprättelse. (2) Ett brottsoffer som är helt konstruerat efter brottsofferbegreppets mönster är ett objekt. (3) Brottsoffret är en konstruktion av en individ med medfödda förmågor att skapa ett subjekt. (4) Brottsofferdiskursen försöker att göra ett objekt av ett subjekt. (5) Om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt beror på hur individen väljer att – i brottsofferdiskursen – positionera sig till begreppet brottsoffer.

Research object: violence against children. Research objective: to discuss the notion of crime victim, to assess crime emergence and its outcomes of children psychosocial development, as well as to investigate children attitude towards crime Tasks: 1. To find out the crime circumstances and issues that children deal with both at school and outside it. 2. To analyse the children attitude towards their safety at school and outside it. 3. To establish the reasons of crime that leads to children’s hospitalization. 4. To find out what emotional suffering children face after they have experienced crime. 5. To investigate where children affected by crime go for help. Research methods: • Questionnaire • Interview methodology • Case analysis Inferences: The study shows that girls are more often affected by emotional violence when boys – by physical crime. Research results demonstrate that children are more often affected by violence in families addicted to alcohol drinking. The study had showed that children prefer to seek for help at the social pedagogue and less often – at the psychologist or the class educator, what draws inference that the social padagogue at school is more and more confidenced and trusted by children.

Femicide, homicide involving female victims, accounts for approximately one third of all homicides in Australia. Despite its prevalence, femicide has received considerably less theoretical attention than the more common male-on-male homicide. The current study uses qualitative data from the Coroner’s brief of evidence to examine the social context of homicides which occurred between 1994 and 1998 in Victoria, Australia. All homicides for which data were available that included a female victim were included in the study, resulting in a total of 67 victims. Six social contexts of femicide were identified through the cases. Intimate femicide (22 cases, 33% of the sample) involved female victims who were killed by their intimate partner in a relationship characterised by jealousy, possessiveness and violence. These intimate femicides were usually not spontaneous acts of rage, but planned and purposive attacks, and often occurred around separation. Intimate homicide-suicides (9 cases, 13%) shared many of the characteristics of intimate femicide, but in addition to being possessive and violent, the offender was notably depressed, often due to financial problems.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines the phenomenon of repeat burglary and its significance for crime prevention, criminology and victimology. The research program for this thesis was inspired some time ago by the Kirkholt burglary prevention project in the United Kingdom. The reduction of repeat victimisation quickly came to be seen as the key to Kirkholt?s success and by the late twentieth century victim-based crime prevention projects had been implemented in many parts of the world. However, even though these projects have achieved notable success there is still intense debate about why one-time victims are more likely than others to become future victims. This thesis aims to increase understanding of repeat burglary and other forms of repeat victimisation by contributing to its key concepts and its methods of analysis, and by applying these insights in Australian settings. In pursuing this endeavour the thesis links the problems of repeat victimisation with problems in other areas of criminology and social science. In particular the issue of whether prior victimisation is a cause of future victimisation or merely a marker of pre-existing risk has analogs in the areas of offending, of employment, in international disputes, and in many others. Despite this, there has been limited transfer of methods and concepts between repeat victim researchers and researchers in other areas. The thesis examines repeat burglary as a substantive area of research, but its approaches to method, concepts and data are relevant to all repeat victimisation research. ... It draws together criminological theory, conceptual analysis, and a pioneering application of survival analysis to pursue the mechanisms underlying repeat burglary in a Perth suburb. In doing so it illuminates issues about the relative power of state dependence and heterogeneity explanations of repeat burglary and arrives at substantive results that in some aspects differ from findings in the United Kingdom. This section also argues that the concept of state dependence commonly adopted is iv unnecessarily constraining and that a broader concept can explain some potentially conflicting findings of repeat victimisation research. Section 3 is an evaluation of a victim-focused burglary prevention initiative in Adelaide one of two nationally supported pilot projects. Section 4 examines carefully the claimed advantages of victim-focused crime prevention for distributing burglary prevention resources in an efficient and equitable way. It examines evidence concerning the differential capacity and willingness of victims to take effective preventive action and the need for both individual and collective support for effective preventive initiatives. Section 5 concludes the thesis by arguing first that the merging of victim support and crime prevention is not as simple as is sometimes claimed. It also argues that crime prevention needs to take into account more than criminological theory if it is to be effective. An important argument of the conclusion is that criminological imagination has been overly limited in comprehending repeat victimisation, and it explores the ways in which criminological research still struggles to appreciate the importance of the victim for theory and crime prevention. It also argues that the implications of repeat victimisation have yet to be fully developed and accepted. Fuller details of the thesis structure are given at the end of the introduction.

The victims of crime are helped in the Czech Republic not only by public authorities such as police, prosecutors or curts, but also by nonprofit organizations and clinics. They assist the victims not only to cope with the mental trauma but also to claim thein rights (for example the right to compensation). There are currently many such organizations offering psychological or legal adice in our country. Neither all victims not all potential victims from the public are Avare of these type sof assistance. Not everyone in the immediate vicinity of the victims konws, how to treat them, how to communicate with them or how to help them. People´s awareness of helping organizations is reported in the quantitative research carried out on potential victims, who are all of us.

Fraud targeting the elderly has in recent years received more and more attention, although fraudulent behavior against the elderly only constitute a small part of all reported fraud offences the fact that perpetrators intentionally and systematically utilizing their vulnerability should be taken seriously. It is therefore considered important to expand the knowledge regarding elderly exposure to fraud, but not because of the volume of crime rather because of the particular vulnerability the elderly possesses. The present study intends to examine how perpetrators of fraud find the elderly victims and whether or not the principle of public access to information affects elderly exposure to this type of crime. The study has been conducted through semi-structured interviews with individuals from the Swedish police authorities, all with connections to fraud and crime against elderly in different ways. Trough the thematic analysis, it emerged that perpetrators find their intended victims with the help of websites that mass-publish personal information and that this mainly takes place within the framework of organized crime. The principle of public access to information therefore tends to be an important phenomenon to consider in the work of making elderly less suitable targets of fraud.

The aim of this thesis is to provide an information about victimology, especially in terms of a science regarding the victims of crime and means to help them, as well as to show how the knowledge provided by this science can be practically used to prevent crime. The thesis consists of introduction, conclusion and 6 chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces the concept of criminality, as well as the basic characteristics of the extent, structure, intensity and dynamics of criminality. It also deals with the role of criminology in relation to the research of crime and it mentions the differences between real and latent crime. The second chapter provides a comprehensive interpretation of crime prevention. First, it is anchored in the system of crime control, and then the concepts of object and subject of crime prevention are introduced. The chapter also presents the models of crime prevention, where two important ways of division are elaborated upon - the division into primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, and the division into social, situational and victimological prevention. Finally, the chapter outlines the limits of crime prevention and it also includes consideration of the role of crime prevention in the contemporary world. The third chapter presents victimology as a science, introduces its...

The purpose of this study was to investigate how crime victims are portrayed in the true crime genre, specifically podcasts, in order to find out what opportunities the receivers have for meaning making regarding victims. The study analyzes a total of four podcast episodes produced by P3 Dokumentär and Jakten på mördaren which are two very large podcasts in Sweden based on listeners. The theoretical framework consists of the framing theory and victimology. It is a qualitative study based on a rhetorical model which consists of various tools and concepts, such as context, forms of appellations and figure of speech. The results showed that the victims are portrayed based on their personality and appearance. Two of the episodes had a more detailed description overall about the victim, while the other two episodes focused more on the murderer and how the crime unfolded. The essay concludes that all the episodes consist of appellations, such as ethos and pathos to convince the audience, gain their trust and reach their emotions. There were different kinds of framing in all the episodes, and it told us a lot about how the producer of the episode wanted to portray the victim. We established some linguistic patterns that connected to previous studies made for similar purposes. Some linguistic patterns were that the victims often were portrayed innocent and as an underdog regardless how the story of the crime went. The details about the murder, the crime scene and the victim were ingoing and very figuratively described.

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