A Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) é parte elementar da revolução tecnológica sem precedentes que caracteriza a sociedade em rede (Castells) e que vem acompanhada de transformações sociais, culturais e econômicas em diversos níveis. Ao mesmo tempo em que apresenta inegáveis benefícios, como a comunicação sem fronteiras, a revolução tecnológica nos coloca desafios também globais. Dentre esses, se encontra a violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes, multifacetada, global e interconectada. Com o uso da TIC cada vez mais disseminado dentre as crianças e adolescentes brasileiras, os riscos de aliciamento e abuso sexual on-line, agrupados na pesquisa na categoria de violência sexual mediada pela TIC, atingem a todas; porém, crianças e adolescentes pertencentes às classes sociais mais baixas são as mais vulneráveis. Aos riscos reais somam-se a sensação de insegurança e o clamor por punição evocado por grande parte da sociedade e estimulado pela mídia. Sob a denominação de luta contra a pedofilia na internet prevalecem no Brasil, medidas de ordem punitiva, como criação de novos tipos penais e aumento de penas. A dinâmica da violência sexual mediada pela TIC, porém, indica o papel essencial que as vítimas desempenham para o sucesso do aliciamento ou do abuso on-line; no entanto, as políticas nacionais de inclusão digital não têm sido acompanhadas pelos necessários investimentos em estratégias de prevenção vitimal. A presente pesquisa, portanto, sistematiza, de forma interdisciplinar, elementos que possam subsidiar estratégias de prevenção vitimal de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes mediada pela TIC. Parte de uma perspectiva dos direitos humanos de crianças e adolescentes (com foco nos direitos à participação e ao desenvolvimento) conectada a uma vitimologia que, integrada à criminologia, política criminal e dogmática jurídico-penal (Baratta, Anyiar de Castro), situa-se no paradigma das inter(relações) sociais (Pires) e considera crianças e adolescentes como sujeitos de direitos, mas também se preocupa com as percepções sociais a respeito do crime e do criminoso, razão pela qual é também realizado um estudo das modalidades de violência sexual e de sua atual conformação na lei penal brasileira, com foco na violência sexual mediada pela TIC. A proposta integradora dos elementos estudados parte de um modelo de prevenção multissetorial baseado na ecologia social, com foco no empoderamento de crianças e adolescentes para, em nível de prevenção primária, estimular a adoção de atitudes de prevenção e de auto-cuidado, e, em nível comunitário e social, informar estratégias de prevenção integradas e medidas de prevenção secundária e terciária. / The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an elementary part of the unprecedented technological revolution that characterizes the \"network society\" (Castells) and that is accompanied by social, cultural and economic changes at various levels. At the same time it has undeniable benefits, such as communication without borders, the technological revolution also poses global challenges. Among these lies the multifaceted, global and interconnected sexual violence against children and adolescents. With the increasingly widespread use of ICT among Brazilian children and adolescents, the risks of the sexual abuse and grooming online (grouped here within the category of sexual violence mediated by ICT), affect all, but children and adolescents belonging to lower social classes are the most vulnerable. The real risks are increased by feelings of insecurity and the urge for punishment evoked by much of society and encouraged by the media. In the name of fighting against \"pedophilia on the Internet\", punitive measures are prevalent in Brazil, such as the creation of new crimes and increase of criminal penalties. Whyle the dynamics of the sexual violence mediated by ICT points to the essential role that victims play in the success of deception or abuse online, national policies of digital inclusion have not been accompanied by adequate investments in strategies of victimal prevention. This research, therefore, systematizes interdisciplinary elements that may support strategies of victimal prevention of sexual violence against children and adolescents mediated by ICT. The perspective adopted is the one of childrens rights as human rights (focusing on the rights to participation and development) connected to a victimology (Baratta, Anyiar de Castro) that is integrated with criminology, criminal policy and criminal law, within the paradigm of social inter(relations) (Pires). The proposal, therefore, considers children and adolescents as subjects of rights, but also concerns the social perceptions about the \"crime\" and \"criminal\", reason why a study of the forms of sexual violence and its current conformation in the Brazilian criminal law is also carried out, focused in sexual violence mediated by ICT. A review of national and international victimological qualitative and quantitative surveys is included. These elements are integrated based on a multisectoral prevention model (social ecology), focusing on the empowerment of children and adolescents, at the level of primary prevention, to encourage the adoption of prevention attitudes and self-care, and, at community and social levels, to inform prevention strategies and integrated measures of secondary and tertiary prevention.

Les victimes d’actes criminels, dans notre système de justice pénale, vivent un sentiment d’injustice face à la façon dont elles sont traitées dans le cadre du procès. Nous sommes passés d’un système de droit pénal, où la victime était à la fois l’instigatrice et le point central, à un système où la victime s’est vue reléguer au seul plan de témoin. Notre système l’a évincé en devenant un système bi-partie ou le litige se situe entre l’État et l’accusé. Plusieurs raisons ont mené à ce changement, entre autre la présomption d’innocence et il n’est pas question de revenir en arrière à un système barbare. Toutefois, il est impossible de ne pas voir les conséquences néfastes que la situation actuelle engendre. Ce sentiment d’injustice mène assurément à une perte de confiance des victimes et par conséquent de la population en notre système. Il faut donc rééquilibrer la situation et redonner un certain sentiment de justice aux victimes. Certaines tentatives ont été faites par le gouvernement, mais ce n’est pas suffisant. Un simple énoncé de principes ne peut pas remédier à tout, il doit s’agir d’actions plus concrètes. Nous proposons que ces actions doivent être d’inclure la victime dans les protections constitutionnelles à l’instar de l’accusé et de lui octroyer un statut de participant lors du procès. / Victims in today’s criminal justice system are living with feelings of injustice because of the way they are treated during their trials. We have gone from a system where the victim was the instigator of the proceedings, to one where he is relegated to simply being the victim. Our system has ousted them by involving only two parties: the State and the accused. This change happened for many reasons, the main one being the presumption of innocence and, therefore, returning to a barbaric system is out of the question. However, it is impossible not to see the negative consequences of the current system. The injustice felt by the victims leads to a loss of confidence in our criminal justice system, not only by the victims themselves, but by the general population as well. Consequently, there is an important need to rebalance the system and help victims recover the sense of justice that they have lost. There have been attempts by the Government, however they have revealed themselves to be insufficient. A government policy statement cannot be the only solution, concrete action is required. We propose that these actions should be to constitutionally protect victims’ rights, similarly to those of the accused and make the victim an active participant during criminal trials.

Foreign object insertion into the vagina of a murder victim is a rare occurrence. When it is encountered it is often seen as an indicator of a sexual murder, or regarded for signature analysis purposes. Due to its rare occurrence it is often only documented in literature in case-study form. In this research seventeen cases of vaginal foreign object insertion were analysed, by far the largest study of this occurrence to date. Cases were only included in the research if the object was still in the vagina when the body was discovered. The research set out to determine the typical victim profile, crime-scene actions, and offender profile, with the intention of assisting in the profiling of these crimes in the future. There were distinct differences amongst the victims in terms of race, occupation, time of death, cause of death, circumstances and area of the crimes. Only six of the seventeen crimes had been solved, yet amongst the eight known offenders certain common characteristics were observed. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

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Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Young people who are homeless experience adversity, but many are able to overcome the challenges of street life and transition back into housing. This exploratory, qualitative research draws on the narratives from interviews and focus groups with 35 young people who have experienced homelessness, as well as interviews and focus groups with 30 service providers working in youth shelters and a youth drop-in centre. Exploring themes of victimization, criminal offending, police involvement, and interactions with community services, this research highlights the capacities of young people to navigate around obstacles and negotiate to meet their needs. Integrating symbolic interactionism and social constructivist perspectives, this research explores the importance of micro-level interactions and perceptions, as well as the contexts that frame the decision-making processes of young people passing through homelessness. The implications of these perspectives are discussed within the framework of resilience discourse.

Trots att barns relation till sina föräldrar har tillmätts stor betydelse i flera teorier om brottsutsatthet har ingen svensk- eller engelskspråkig studie undersökt sambanden mellan barns tid med sina föräldrar och barnens utsatthet för brott. Genom logistisk regression av enkätsvaren från 1 248 svenska barn mellan 10 och 18 år och  deras föräldrar undersöks två hypoteser: 1) att tiden som barn och unga har med sina föräldrar är negativt korrelerad till utsatthet för brott och 2) att detta samband kvarstår men försvagas efter kontroller för klass och ekonomisk status. Av studien framgår ett signifikant och tydligt samband mellan upplevd föräldratid och brottsutsatthet. Oddsen att utsättas för brott är lite mer än två gånger högre för barn som upplever minst tid med sina föräldrar jämfört med barn som inte upplever tidsbrist med någon av sina föräldrar. Sambandet är tydligt även efter kontroll för ålder, kön, konflikter inom familjen, familjetyp samt relativ fattigdom. Sambandet påverkas inte i någon större grad av klass, vilket kan ha att göra med att den uppmätta brottsutsattheten inkluderar stöldbrott. Resultaten tolkas utifrån livsstilsteori och routine activity theory, i linje med det som kallas L-RAT-framework samt Hirschis teori om social kontroll.

Young people who are homeless experience adversity, but many are able to overcome the challenges of street life and transition back into housing. This exploratory, qualitative research draws on the narratives from interviews and focus groups with 35 young people who have experienced homelessness, as well as interviews and focus groups with 30 service providers working in youth shelters and a youth drop-in centre. Exploring themes of victimization, criminal offending, police involvement, and interactions with community services, this research highlights the capacities of young people to navigate around obstacles and negotiate to meet their needs. Integrating symbolic interactionism and social constructivist perspectives, this research explores the importance of micro-level interactions and perceptions, as well as the contexts that frame the decision-making processes of young people passing through homelessness. The implications of these perspectives are discussed within the framework of resilience discourse.

This study is exploring how social workers working for the Social Services in the Stockholm area, experience the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), which has become part of the Swedish law. The Social workers that participated in the study, are working with children that are being abused or witnessing abuse in their home environment. The students of the study focus on how the social workers think the new law can affect them in their work with the children. Furthermore, this study wants to investigate, if the new law can give the social workers a different approach when working. There were six social workers that participated in the study from different Social Service offices within the Stockholm area. The result of the study showed that the social workers were positive towards UNCRC becoming part of the Swedish law, but they illustrated having a low trust in how it will affect them in the practical work. However, collaboration with the welfare system, could make a difference on the children's future. The social workers also explained, that with the right knowledge, they could intercept the abused kids in their home earlier and faster.