There is an increasing interest in the life outcomes of youth that are exposed to community violence. Previous research has found that community violence has a direct effect on youth development. It has also shown that there are economic costs for communities that have high levels of community violence. Thus far, the literature on youth in these areas has focused on protective factors such as school connectedness, family connectedness, religion and positive life outcomes. There is little research on the affects of mentoring on life outcomes for individuals that were exposed to community violence during adolescence. This study explores mentoring as a mediating variable that promotes positive life outcomes by analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health studies. A nested multiple regression model was used to evaluate the data. The results show that individuals with mentors are more likely to be civically engaged during young adulthood.

The importance of control in information system development (ISD) project has been widely emphasized. However, most studies focused on formal control and relative few efforts haven been entered to understand the effect of information control. In addition for those studies focus on informal control only viewed this issue from team level perspective. Drawing on the limitations of past studies, this study attempted to query possible antecedents of clan control effectiveness from aspect of the social control theory. In particular, we focus on the effects of personal beliefs, project commitment, team attachment and involvement on the compliance of individuals on group norm. We hypothesized that social bonds lead to compliance as well as extra-role behaviors for individuals within project team. Based on survey data collected from 205 members of ISD project teams. The results confirmed the hypothesized relationship between social bonds and compliance. The analysis also reveals that three factors, including personal beliefs, project commitment, and involvement are associated with external-role behavior. The results of this study can not only serve as a reference for future researches but also generate implications for practitioners.

A drug abuse and all problems associated with it, affects not only the abuser him-/herself but the people surrounding that person as well. This study aimed to qualitatively investigate in detail the role and experiences of six relatives to a drug abuser in the city of Sundsvall. The study looked through the use of the theoretical framework of Travis Hirschi´s Social bond theory how the social bonds were affected. The use of open-ended interviews got stories of the development and reciprocal impact of a drug problem. Four main themes of the role and experiences of relatives to a drug abuser were identified using thematic analysis. The four key themes identified, including several sub-themes, were (a) Characteristics of relative's early experiences, (b) Negative consequences, (c) Role and reactions of relatives and (d) Frustration. The experiences and impact of having a child/sibling abusing narcotics was varied and highly personal but the four themes were emphasised as being significant and shared in the narrative of the majority of participants. The result of the analysis showed a profound negative impact on the relatives of the drug abuser on several levels, as well as roles of great sacrifices that were hypothesized to impact the abuser. These negative consequences did in turn affect the social bonds within the family, leading to stress, friction and in some cases disrupted bonds. The four main themes were connected to each other, presenting a multi-faceted impact on- and role of relatives. The answers attained were in line with earlier studies on the topic, illustrating profound negative effects and therefore the use of the term: secondary victims were considered appropriate in this context. / <p>2017-06-01</p>

Juvenile delinquency is considered a serious problem and there are a number of risk factors that in various combinations are associated with a risk of involvement in criminal behavior among young people. The problem calls for measures, measures that influence attitudes and behaviors that reduce the propensity to commit crimes. Sports have many advantages, but can it prevent crimes? The purpose of this study was to study youth leaders' perceptions of sports as crime prevention for young people, based on the theory of social bonds. We conducted eight individual, semi-structured, digital interviews with youth leaders of several years experience from leading youths in sports, using a deductive approach. We analyzed the data with theoretical thematic analysis and identified the four elements of the social bond theory as themes. The result was presented accordingly. In the youth leaders’ perceptions, sport is a commitment in which youths invest time and energy (involvement) and which contributes to an attachment to people, which in length strengthens youths’ belief that society's rules are legitimate. According to the youth leaders, sport can strengthen the social bonds and thus prevent crime among young people. However, it is necessary that the adults, particularly the youth leaders, ensure that the sport is an environment that promotes prosocial attitudes and values. / <p>2022-01-31</p>

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In recent years, harsher sentences have been pursued in criminal offenses leading to an increase in the use of incarceration. Prisons, largely unable to keep up with this demand, have become overcrowded in most areas. In response to prison overcrowding, some jurisdictions have begun to experiment with electronically monitored house arrest. This thesis is composed of a literature review and proposed study of recidivism in electronic monitoring (EM) programs. The literature review is composed of a general review of the history of corrections, a review of literature on electronic monitoring programs and social bond theory. The history of corrections serves to partially explain the emergence of electronic monitoring programs as an outcome of the adoption and failure of other forms of intermediate sanctions. The present state of electronic monitoring, including a description of the technology incorporated in these programs, the extent to which EM programs are implemented, and their cost effectiveness are discussed. In addition, some legal implications of its use are discussed. A review of previous research indicates numerous gaps in the existing evaluation of electronic monitoring programs. Because of these gaps many research questions are not sufficiently answered by the literature review. The rate of recidivism for EM programs compared to that of other correctional programs remains unclear. The underlying factors that affect the recidivism rate for EM programs also remains unclear. In addition, the effects on the offender, the offender’s family, peer group, and employment are not identified. The two reasons responsible for the inability of previous studies to adequately assess the rate of recidivism for EM programs compared to standard probation of parole and the underlying factors predicting recidivism are the exclusion of variables pertaining to the effects of electronic monitoring on the offender as well as the lack of theory needed to understand the relationships of recidivism, and type or correctional program. Literature on social bond theory is reviewed in order to provide theory to the examination of recidivism in electronic monitoring programs. Beginning with an explanation of Hirschi’s original work (1969), the review extends to empirical literature on the social bond. Finding this literature to be strongly supportive of social bond theory, it is adopted as a structure to examine recidivism. Primarily used in the study of delinquency, social bond theory is adapted to apply to the study of adult populations and recidivism, and the possible effects of EM on the social bond is discussed. A proposed research study is then presented examining the effects of EM on social bond factors and subsequently recidivism. The relevance of control variables, including length of sentence, type of offense, and prior convictions are discussed as well as the measurement of variables related to social bond theory. A structural equation model is developed that incorporates the control variables, bond variables, program variables, and recidivism, allowing for a simultaneous estimation of their relationships, using LISREL 8. It is hypothesized that EM programs, more than standard probation and parole positively affect the social bond of an offender to his or her family, peer group, and employment. In addition, it is believed that a stronger social bond to the institutions of family, peer group, and employment results in a lower incidence of recidivism. / Master of Science

Trots att barns relation till sina föräldrar har tillmätts stor betydelse i flera teorier om brottsutsatthet har ingen svensk- eller engelskspråkig studie undersökt sambanden mellan barns tid med sina föräldrar och barnens utsatthet för brott. Genom logistisk regression av enkätsvaren från 1 248 svenska barn mellan 10 och 18 år och  deras föräldrar undersöks två hypoteser: 1) att tiden som barn och unga har med sina föräldrar är negativt korrelerad till utsatthet för brott och 2) att detta samband kvarstår men försvagas efter kontroller för klass och ekonomisk status. Av studien framgår ett signifikant och tydligt samband mellan upplevd föräldratid och brottsutsatthet. Oddsen att utsättas för brott är lite mer än två gånger högre för barn som upplever minst tid med sina föräldrar jämfört med barn som inte upplever tidsbrist med någon av sina föräldrar. Sambandet är tydligt även efter kontroll för ålder, kön, konflikter inom familjen, familjetyp samt relativ fattigdom. Sambandet påverkas inte i någon större grad av klass, vilket kan ha att göra med att den uppmätta brottsutsattheten inkluderar stöldbrott. Resultaten tolkas utifrån livsstilsteori och routine activity theory, i linje med det som kallas L-RAT-framework samt Hirschis teori om social kontroll.