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In the case of LaGrand (Germany v United States), the International Court of Justice held that the United States (US) had violated its international obligation to Germany under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations when it executed two German nationals without first informing them of their consular rights. The case came before the court after the United States had disregarded a preliminary ruling passed by the IC], which directed the US not to execute the German nationals pending the outcome of the ICJ case. The decision raised the issue of the effect of ICJ decisions in domestic proceedings and the effectiveness of ICJ enforcement mechanisms. This thesis considers the possibility of a role for national courts as active enforcers of ICJ decisions. It is argued that whilst evidence shows that there is no legal obligation on courts to enforce ICJ decisions, there is certainly room in international law to facilitate this development. In support of this argument, the thesis demonstrates how basic presuppositions about international law have shifted over the last few decades. This shift has been both the impetus and the result of globalisation. The case of LaGrand alongside similar cases is used to show how national courts may play an increased role in the enforcement of ICJ decisions.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the inviolability of the diplomatic bag and its abuse. The first chapter introduces the current work of the International Law Commission relating to subsequent conduct of treaties. Second chapter defines diplomatic privileges and immunities, three theories of diplomatic immunity and its historical background. Third chapter elaborately analyses treatment of diplomatic bag in Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Fourth chapter presents an overview of cases of abuse of the diplomatic bag or violation of its inviolability. Finally it introduces options, how states can fight against such abuses.

This Master's thesis focuses on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), better known as the Vienna Convention. The main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate conditions for application of this international treaty and to assess the contracting process under the CISG including the similarities and differences with the Czech national legislation. Finally, it seeks an answer to the question, which of these rules (international or national) are more advantageous for a Czech contractual party with respect to concluding a contract. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first one represents an introduction to the CISG, its origin and the Czech Republic's attitude to it. The second part identifies the conditions for application of the CISG and therefore defines a subject and an object of an international contract of sale under the CISG. Both third and fourth parts gradually introduce two phases of the contracting process (offer and acceptance) including the relevant case-law. The last chapter strives to complete the contracting process with an analysis of the exact moment, when a contract is concluded, as well as with an analysis of a potential battle of the forms and its impact on a contract conclusion.

107 Summary The Ozone layer of the Earth located in the stratosphere in an altitude of 20 to 50 kilometres is the important part of the gases surrounding the planet Earth. Its purpose is to absorb UV radiation that otherwise very negatively affects life on the Earth. During the twentieth century, this ability was weakened by the emission of substances proven much later to be very dangerous in this way. Until 1987, by various chemical reactions, in particular of chlorine atoms, the ozone hole has been formed over the South Pole of the Earth, not fully healed yet. In 1985, risk to human life led using the precautionary principle to the adoption of the Vienna Convention and subsequently of its implementing protocol including specific obligations especially the control measures of the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and of the trade with them in 1987. The protocol was later modified by amendments and adjustments. This diploma thesis describes these acts with respect to their evolution and actual state of knowledge. At European level, it shows the evolution of the European environmental law in focus on the protection of the ozone layer and on the process of incorporation of international instruments in this area of environmental law. It describes these European acts and compares the...

The Diploma Thesis deals with the President of the Republic and his/her relation to the International Treaties, to the Negotiation, the Approval and the Ratification. The work contains both international and national perspective of the problem. The thesis is a reflection of the ongoing expert debate, to which extent has the President of the Republic the constitutional right of decision-making autonomy in the field of International Treaties of the Czech Republic. The thesis analyses the current legal situation and presents up-to-date juridical opinions together with arguments from the political science.

Trata-se do estudo da casuística internacional sobre as violações cometidas pelos Estados Unidos da América contra o artigo 36 da Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares de 1963. A Corte Internacional de Justiça e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos interpretam, regulamentam e aprimoram o direito de informação sobre assistência consular para preso estrangeiro, que deixa de ser visto como um direito puramente inter-Estatal por ambos os tribunais. Abordamse questões de Direito Internacional Público, como a força vinculante das decisões da Corte Internacional de Justiça, e sua íntima relação com o direito interno do Estado parte do tratado, inclusive com relação aos Estados terceiros ao litígio internacional, como o Brasil. Em sendo um componente do pacote das garantias do devido processo legal, o prejuízo causado ao réu estrangeiro pela falta de informação sobre o direito de assistência consular pode ensejar o reconhecimento de nulidade processual penal absoluta. / This is the study of international cases relating the violations committed by the United States of America against the article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963. The International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have the opportunity to interpret, regulate and enhance the right to information on consular assistance to foreign detainee, who is no longer seen as a purely inter-State law by both Courts. The study addresses issues of Public International Law, as the binding force of decisions of the International Court of Justice, and its close relationship with the Domestic Law of the State party to the treaty, including with respect to third states to the international dispute. Considered a human right, part of the package of guarantees of due process, the demonstrated prejudice caused to the foreign defendant for lack of information about his right to consular assistance may cause the recognition of absolute nullity of criminal procedure.

Trata-se do estudo da casuística internacional sobre as violações cometidas pelos Estados Unidos da América contra o artigo 36 da Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares de 1963. A Corte Internacional de Justiça e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos interpretam, regulamentam e aprimoram o direito de informação sobre assistência consular para preso estrangeiro, que deixa de ser visto como um direito puramente inter-Estatal por ambos os tribunais. Abordamse questões de Direito Internacional Público, como a força vinculante das decisões da Corte Internacional de Justiça, e sua íntima relação com o direito interno do Estado parte do tratado, inclusive com relação aos Estados terceiros ao litígio internacional, como o Brasil. Em sendo um componente do pacote das garantias do devido processo legal, o prejuízo causado ao réu estrangeiro pela falta de informação sobre o direito de assistência consular pode ensejar o reconhecimento de nulidade processual penal absoluta. / This is the study of international cases relating the violations committed by the United States of America against the article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963. The International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have the opportunity to interpret, regulate and enhance the right to information on consular assistance to foreign detainee, who is no longer seen as a purely inter-State law by both Courts. The study addresses issues of Public International Law, as the binding force of decisions of the International Court of Justice, and its close relationship with the Domestic Law of the State party to the treaty, including with respect to third states to the international dispute. Considered a human right, part of the package of guarantees of due process, the demonstrated prejudice caused to the foreign defendant for lack of information about his right to consular assistance may cause the recognition of absolute nullity of criminal procedure.

La common law et le droit civil sont les principaux systèmes de droit dans le monde et la vente de marchandises est le contrat le plus important. La vente de marchandises a été soumise à la loi anglaise et au droit civil, indistinctement, ce qui a parfois posé des problèmes, suite à des approximations différentes en fonction de certains principes et institutions. La Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises a essayé d'harmoniser ces différences avec une technique codificatrice, typique du droit civil, en privilégiant des règles de droit civil le plus souvent, mais a aussi introduit des institutions de la common law, qui ne sont pas incompatibles avec le droit civil, comme nous le verrons. Les principes généraux du système de droit civil et les principes d'Unidroit aident à ce but d'harmonisation en intégrant les dispositions de la Convention de Vienne de 1980, et même, lors de la phase interprétative. La force de la codification s'impose par rapport à la common law, en donnant ainsi certitude et sophistication législative à ce sujet, dont l'importance est capitale pour le commerce mondial. / Common Law and Civil Law are the main legal systems in the world and the sale of goods is the most important contract. Sales of goods have been ruled either by English Law or Civil Law, which has posed problems sometimes due to different approaches regarding certain principles and institutions. The 11th April 1980 Vienna Convention on international sale of goods tried to harmonise these differences with a codification technique, typical of Civil Law, giving privilege to rules of Civil Law most of the time but also introducing institutions from Common Law, that are not incompatible with Civil Law, as we will see. The general principles of Civil Law and Unidroit principles help with this harmonisation goal, integrating the rules of the CISG and also with the interpretation phase. The power of codification prevails over Common Law, giving certitude and sophistication to this matter, which is vital for global commerce.