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<p>This study ultimately aimed to explore children&rsquo / s and adolescents&rsquo / perceptions of exposure to community violence. More specifically, the study investigated the meanings that adolescents assign to personal safety and security and the extent to which these assignations explain child and adolescent well-being. At a methodological level, the study followed a qualitative methodological framework and collected data from 14 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 15. Two focus groups were used to collect the data which consisted of seven participants each. Participants were purposively selected from a high school located in a low income community in Cape Town. Thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the findings and the study was framed using Bronfenbrenner&rsquo / s ecological framework and the theoretical perspectives of Bulhan&rsquo / s theory of violence, social identity theory, psychological theories, social learning theory, and social disorganization theory. Key findings indicated that the participants were exposed to violence, both through witnessing and being subjected to it within their school, home, and community. Some children perceived a lack of safety within the environments with which they interacted. Data further indicated that exposure to violence created feelings of insecurity, such as fear and anxiety. Similarly, exposure to violence was perceived to have various detrimental effects on the well-being of a child and adolescent. These effects included injury, poor academic performance, post traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, fear, hopelessness, and many others. In addition to this, and based on these results, this study is significant because it taps into the realities faced by many children so that an awareness can be created and a safe space provided for these children to be children.</p>

The purpose of this research is to find out: What led Japanese activists who support “comfort women” to hold their opinions, and what do they think contributes to the polarized public opinion about “comfort women” in Japan? What are their activities and strategies to address the issue? How do those activists evaluate their activism and the resolution process? In-depth qualitative interviews were utilized to collect data. The research findings showed that different interpretations of the Second World War and different understandings about male and female rights and roles influenced people’s opinions about “comfort women.” Japanese activists used international pressure to address the issue. Also, it was found that the rightward political trend in Japan fueled by economic recession was impeding the progress of addressing the problem. Based on the findings, suggestions were made to improve the activism, including consideration of reconciliation as a way of dealing with the problem.

This is a case study about young children's discourses about violence. The young children in this study attend a school that is situated in the suburb of Newlands East, previously restricted to so-called 'Coloured' persons. The area is known for its propensity for violence, and in schools teachers have to deal with many acts of violence on a daily basis. The study is premised on two ideas: one, that from young children's discourse on violence it might be possible to access their experiences, feelings, and fears about violence in schools; and two, young children are important sources of information in trying to understand our social order. The methodology entailed one focus group discussion with a group of Grade Five students. Three boys and seven girls were selected. Selection was based on their ability to express themselves clearly and their willingness to participate voluntarily. All participants were 'Coloured'. The facilitator of the focus group discussion was a Grade Seven student; this was to ensure that the children's responses would not be influenced by the presence of an adult. The findings are organized under two subheadings: what young children say about violence and what they say causes violence. The participants indicated that the following constitute violence: teasing, swearing, name-calling, bullying, betrayals, competitiveness, fighting, jealousy, stealing, hitting, racism, homosexuality, physical abuse and sexual abuse. They have identified the following as causes of violence: teachers, friends, physical characteristics, the home, prefects, rivalry and sexuality. Emergent findings suggest that young children's discourses are markedly different to adult discourses and provide key insights when trying to understand violence in schools from a child's vantage point. / Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

On August 15, 1992, William Dove, an elderly retiree, left his cottage at the Round Lake resort in southeast Saskatchewan to assist three individuals fix flat tires on their truck. Dove never returned home. The following morning, his burning vehicle was discovered in a field near the city of Regina, Saskatchewan while his badly beaten body was found in a separate area on the east side of the city. Three individuals were charged with his murder; David Myles Acoose, Hubert Cory Acoose and a young offender. Dove was a white senior citizen from Whitewood, Saskatchewan: his assailants were Natives from the Sakimay First Nation, just west of Round Lake. In the aftermath of Dove’s death and the trial, which ultimately found all three guilty of manslaughter, the public attempted to make sense of a crime that appeared senseless. In my research, I reject the idea that the crime was committed out of a lack of judgement and a deficit of morality alone, but I argue instead that it has to be understood within the context of colonialism. In contextualizing this violent encounter, a layered understanding of the murder surfaces and it becomes clear how colonial history within the region played a significant role in the enactment of violence. The findings of this research are based upon a discursive examination of actual court transcripts, postcolonial critical theory, and historical examination.

Abstract The city is a complex space, comprised of a multitude of cultures, languages, and influences that interact, clash, and communicate, resulting in a space of dynamic violence. It is through this violent interaction of different forces that the city attains its potential as a space offering hope and opportunity. Such fragmentary and rapidly changing influences do, however, present problems for the investigation and interpretation of the city, in that conclusions seem only fleeting and provisional. For this reason, it is important to write towards a universal hope for the city; a hope that can never truly apply in practice, but nonetheless extends an inextinguishable hermeneutical possibility to all cities. In the Western, Judeo-Christian framework, the intersection of universalism, hermeneutics, and the city begins with the collapse of the Tower of Babel. Through violent rupture, humanity’s differences are revealed and thus a Fall into a schema of translation occurs, where humanity must exist side-by-side with each other in the absence of divine presence. Subsequently, cities are necessarily diverse and violent, for it is alterity that allows for cities to contain hope for something other than what is. To prevent the city from becoming totalitarian and without hope, alterity must be consciously maintained in both the physical environments of the suburb and the city-centre, and in the idea of the city: what the city could be. Achieving alterity in the suburb and city-centre requires hospitality toward the other, an openness to the other that coincides with a schema of justice. The maintenance of alterity in the idea of the city requires a messianic conception of hope that cannot be called forth, and remains perpetually as a possibility that is no possibility, violently rupturing all claims of completion in the present. With the extension of hospitality and justice, combined with the conscious maintenance of alterity, the violence inherent in the interaction of different forces in the city is put to its most positive and regenerative applications.

The purpose of this research is to find out: What led Japanese activists who support “comfort women” to hold their opinions, and what do they think contributes to the polarized public opinion about “comfort women” in Japan? What are their activities and strategies to address the issue? How do those activists evaluate their activism and the resolution process? In-depth qualitative interviews were utilized to collect data. The research findings showed that different interpretations of the Second World War and different understandings about male and female rights and roles influenced people’s opinions about “comfort women.” Japanese activists used international pressure to address the issue. Also, it was found that the rightward political trend in Japan fueled by economic recession was impeding the progress of addressing the problem. Based on the findings, suggestions were made to improve the activism, including consideration of reconciliation as a way of dealing with the problem.

On August 15, 1992, William Dove, an elderly retiree, left his cottage at the Round Lake resort in southeast Saskatchewan to assist three individuals fix flat tires on their truck. Dove never returned home. The following morning, his burning vehicle was discovered in a field near the city of Regina, Saskatchewan while his badly beaten body was found in a separate area on the east side of the city. Three individuals were charged with his murder; David Myles Acoose, Hubert Cory Acoose and a young offender. Dove was a white senior citizen from Whitewood, Saskatchewan: his assailants were Natives from the Sakimay First Nation, just west of Round Lake. In the aftermath of Dove’s death and the trial, which ultimately found all three guilty of manslaughter, the public attempted to make sense of a crime that appeared senseless. In my research, I reject the idea that the crime was committed out of a lack of judgement and a deficit of morality alone, but I argue instead that it has to be understood within the context of colonialism. In contextualizing this violent encounter, a layered understanding of the murder surfaces and it becomes clear how colonial history within the region played a significant role in the enactment of violence. The findings of this research are based upon a discursive examination of actual court transcripts, postcolonial critical theory, and historical examination.

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