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Contexto: Os mecanismos inflamatórios que determinam a gravidade da bronquiolite viral aguda em criançasainda não estão bem estabelecidos e parecem relacionados à disfunção da resposta imune. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação da interleucina-33 e do receptor ST2 com a gravidade da bronquiolite viral aguda. Métodos: Concentrações de IL-33, ST2, IL- 1ß, TNF?, IL-4, IL-6 e IL-8 foram avaliadas em secreção nasofaríngea e plasma de pacientes com bronquiolite viral aguda em dois momentos da internação hospitalar. A necessidade de ventilação mecânica constituiu o critério de gravidade da doença. Resultados: De janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2016, 261 crianças foram internadas com diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral aguda. Setenta e nove crianças foram incluídas no estudo; 33 (41,7%) foram submetidas à ventilação mecânica. Cento e oitenta e dois pacientes (69,7%) foram excluídos pelos seguintes motivos: uso de corticoide > 24h (n=156), múltiplas comorbidades (n=7), falha de recrutamento (n=11) e recusa dos responsáveis (n=8). Não houve associações entre etiologias virais ou presença de coinfecções e gravidade da doença. Verificaram-se detecções mais frequentes da IL-33 em secreção nasofaríngea à admissão hospitalar de pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica comparados com aqueles que não necessitaram de ventilação mecânica (50% vs. 13,3%, respectivamente; p<0,001). Observou-se o mesmo para o ST2 (87,5% no grupo submetido à ventilação vs. 40,9% no grupo não submetido à ventilação; p< 0,001). Na análise do quinto dia de internação entre os dois grupos, verificaram-se valores mais elevados em secreção nasofaríngea da IL-6 (mediana 152,6 pcg/ml no grupo submetido à ventilação vs. mediana 14,4 pcg/ml no grupo não submetido à ventilação; p=0,001) e IL-8 (mediana 1113 pcg/ml no grupo submetido à ventilação e mediana 792,2 pcg/ml no grupo não submetido à ventilação; p=0,03). Na comparação em secreção nasofaríngea entre os dois períodos de coleta, pacientes que necessitaram ventilação mecânica apresentaram redução das concentrações de ST2 (mediana 5,63 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 2,44 pcg/ml no quinto dia de internação hospitalar; p=0,03) e aumento das concentrações de IL-4 (mediana 0,2 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 6,9 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p<0,01) e IL-8 (mediana 342,9 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 1.113 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p<0,01). Na análise entre os dois momentos de coleta no grupo não submetido à ventilação, demonstraram-se incrementos das concentrações em secreção nasofaríngea da IL-4 (mediana 0,2 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 5,3 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p<0,01) e IL-8 (mediana 300,2 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 792,2 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p<0,01), acompanhados de redução da IL-6 (mediana 86,0 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 14,4 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p=0,04) e de incremento nas concentrações séricas da IL-33 (mediana 0,186,0 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 36,2 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p=0,04). Conclusão: Detecções mais frequentes da IL-33 e do receptor ST2 durante a admissão hospitalar e concentrações elevadas de IL-6 e IL-8 em secreção nasofaríngea durante o quinto dia da internação foram associadas à gravidade da bronquiolite viral aguda. Não houve associação entre as etiologias virais ou a presença de coinfecções e a gravidade da doença. / Background: The inflammatory mechanisms influencing the severity of acute viral bronchiolitis in children are still not well established and seem to be caused by an immune dysfunction. Objectives: To assess if interleukin-33 and its receptor, ST2, can be used as clinical severity biomarkers in acute viral bronchiolitis. Methods: Levels of IL-33, ST2, IL-1ß, TNF?, IL-4, IL-6 e IL-8 were analyzed in nasopharyngeal aspirates and blood plasma of patients in two different moments after hospital admission. Severity of disease was defined by the presence of mechanical ventilation. Results: From January 2015 to December 2016, 261 were admitted due to acute viral bronchiolitis. Of the 79 children included in the study, 33 (41,7%) were submitted to mechanical ventilation. One hundred and eighty-two patients (69,7%) were excluded, due to use of corticosteroids (n=156), pre-existing comorbidities (n=7), recruitment failure (n=11) and parents refusal (n=8). No associations between viral etiology or the presence of coinfecctions and severity of disease were observed. IL-33 was more frequently detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients submitted to mechanical ventilation during hospital admission (50% of samples of the mechanically ventilated group vs. 13,3% of the samples of children with no need of ventilator support; p<0,001). The same correlation was observed in ST2 levels (87,5% in the mechanically ventilated group vs. 40,9% of samples of children with no need of ventilator support; p< 0,001). On day five postadmission, an increase in concentrarions of nasopharyngeal aspirates in the mechanically ventilated patients was detected for IL-6 (median 152,6 pcg/ml in the mechanically ventilated group and median 14,4 pcg/ml for the group with no need of ventilator support; p=0,001) and IL-8 (median 1.113 pcg/ml in the mechanically ventilated group and median 792,2 pcg/ml for the group with no need of ventilator support; p=0,03). Between admission and day 5, increases of IL-4 (median 0,2 pcg/ml on admission and median 6,9 pcg/ml on day 5; p<0,01) and IL-8 (median 342,9 pcg/ml on admission and median 1.113 pcg/ml on day 5; p<0,01) levels were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates, whereas ST2 levels showed a decrease (median 5,63 pcg/ml on admission and median 2,44 pcg/ml on day 5; p=0,03). In the same analysis performed in nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients with no need of ventilation support, an increase in IL-4 (median 0,2 pcg/ml on admission and median 5,3 pcg/ml on day 5; p<0,01) and IL-8 (median 300,2 pcg/ml on admission and median 792,2 pcg/ml on day 5; p<0,01) levels was observed and a decrease in IL-6 levels (median 86,0 pcg/ml on admission and median 14,4 pcg/ml on day 5; p=0,04), along with an increase in IL-33 blood plasma levels (median 0,186 pcg/ml on admission and median 36,2 pcg/ml on day 5; p=0,04) were also shown. Conclusion: More frequent detections of IL-33 and ST2 on the day of admission and higher IL-6 and IL-8 levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates were associated with more severe forms of acute viral bronchiolitis. No correlations between viral etiologies or the presence of coinfecctions and severity of disease were observed.

Contexto: Os mecanismos inflamatórios que determinam a gravidade da bronquiolite viral aguda em criançasainda não estão bem estabelecidos e parecem relacionados à disfunção da resposta imune. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação da interleucina-33 e do receptor ST2 com a gravidade da bronquiolite viral aguda. Métodos: Concentrações de IL-33, ST2, IL- 1ß, TNF?, IL-4, IL-6 e IL-8 foram avaliadas em secreção nasofaríngea e plasma de pacientes com bronquiolite viral aguda em dois momentos da internação hospitalar. A necessidade de ventilação mecânica constituiu o critério de gravidade da doença. Resultados: De janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2016, 261 crianças foram internadas com diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral aguda. Setenta e nove crianças foram incluídas no estudo; 33 (41,7%) foram submetidas à ventilação mecânica. Cento e oitenta e dois pacientes (69,7%) foram excluídos pelos seguintes motivos: uso de corticoide > 24h (n=156), múltiplas comorbidades (n=7), falha de recrutamento (n=11) e recusa dos responsáveis (n=8). Não houve associações entre etiologias virais ou presença de coinfecções e gravidade da doença. Verificaram-se detecções mais frequentes da IL-33 em secreção nasofaríngea à admissão hospitalar de pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica comparados com aqueles que não necessitaram de ventilação mecânica (50% vs. 13,3%, respectivamente; p<0,001). Observou-se o mesmo para o ST2 (87,5% no grupo submetido à ventilação vs. 40,9% no grupo não submetido à ventilação; p< 0,001). Na análise do quinto dia de internação entre os dois grupos, verificaram-se valores mais elevados em secreção nasofaríngea da IL-6 (mediana 152,6 pcg/ml no grupo submetido à ventilação vs. mediana 14,4 pcg/ml no grupo não submetido à ventilação; p=0,001) e IL-8 (mediana 1113 pcg/ml no grupo submetido à ventilação e mediana 792,2 pcg/ml no grupo não submetido à ventilação; p=0,03). Na comparação em secreção nasofaríngea entre os dois períodos de coleta, pacientes que necessitaram ventilação mecânica apresentaram redução das concentrações de ST2 (mediana 5,63 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 2,44 pcg/ml no quinto dia de internação hospitalar; p=0,03) e aumento das concentrações de IL-4 (mediana 0,2 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 6,9 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p<0,01) e IL-8 (mediana 342,9 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 1.113 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p<0,01). Na análise entre os dois momentos de coleta no grupo não submetido à ventilação, demonstraram-se incrementos das concentrações em secreção nasofaríngea da IL-4 (mediana 0,2 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 5,3 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p<0,01) e IL-8 (mediana 300,2 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 792,2 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p<0,01), acompanhados de redução da IL-6 (mediana 86,0 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 14,4 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p=0,04) e de incremento nas concentrações séricas da IL-33 (mediana 0,186,0 pcg/ml à admissão e mediana 36,2 pcg/ml no quinto dia; p=0,04). Conclusão: Detecções mais frequentes da IL-33 e do receptor ST2 durante a admissão hospitalar e concentrações elevadas de IL-6 e IL-8 em secreção nasofaríngea durante o quinto dia da internação foram associadas à gravidade da bronquiolite viral aguda. Não houve associação entre as etiologias virais ou a presença de coinfecções e a gravidade da doença. / Background: The inflammatory mechanisms influencing the severity of acute viral bronchiolitis in children are still not well established and seem to be caused by an immune dysfunction. Objectives: To assess if interleukin-33 and its receptor, ST2, can be used as clinical severity biomarkers in acute viral bronchiolitis. Methods: Levels of IL-33, ST2, IL-1ß, TNF?, IL-4, IL-6 e IL-8 were analyzed in nasopharyngeal aspirates and blood plasma of patients in two different moments after hospital admission. Severity of disease was defined by the presence of mechanical ventilation. Results: From January 2015 to December 2016, 261 were admitted due to acute viral bronchiolitis. Of the 79 children included in the study, 33 (41,7%) were submitted to mechanical ventilation. One hundred and eighty-two patients (69,7%) were excluded, due to use of corticosteroids (n=156), pre-existing comorbidities (n=7), recruitment failure (n=11) and parents refusal (n=8). No associations between viral etiology or the presence of coinfecctions and severity of disease were observed. IL-33 was more frequently detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients submitted to mechanical ventilation during hospital admission (50% of samples of the mechanically ventilated group vs. 13,3% of the samples of children with no need of ventilator support; p<0,001). The same correlation was observed in ST2 levels (87,5% in the mechanically ventilated group vs. 40,9% of samples of children with no need of ventilator support; p< 0,001). On day five postadmission, an increase in concentrarions of nasopharyngeal aspirates in the mechanically ventilated patients was detected for IL-6 (median 152,6 pcg/ml in the mechanically ventilated group and median 14,4 pcg/ml for the group with no need of ventilator support; p=0,001) and IL-8 (median 1.113 pcg/ml in the mechanically ventilated group and median 792,2 pcg/ml for the group with no need of ventilator support; p=0,03). Between admission and day 5, increases of IL-4 (median 0,2 pcg/ml on admission and median 6,9 pcg/ml on day 5; p<0,01) and IL-8 (median 342,9 pcg/ml on admission and median 1.113 pcg/ml on day 5; p<0,01) levels were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates, whereas ST2 levels showed a decrease (median 5,63 pcg/ml on admission and median 2,44 pcg/ml on day 5; p=0,03). In the same analysis performed in nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients with no need of ventilation support, an increase in IL-4 (median 0,2 pcg/ml on admission and median 5,3 pcg/ml on day 5; p<0,01) and IL-8 (median 300,2 pcg/ml on admission and median 792,2 pcg/ml on day 5; p<0,01) levels was observed and a decrease in IL-6 levels (median 86,0 pcg/ml on admission and median 14,4 pcg/ml on day 5; p=0,04), along with an increase in IL-33 blood plasma levels (median 0,186 pcg/ml on admission and median 36,2 pcg/ml on day 5; p=0,04) were also shown. Conclusion: More frequent detections of IL-33 and ST2 on the day of admission and higher IL-6 and IL-8 levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates were associated with more severe forms of acute viral bronchiolitis. No correlations between viral etiologies or the presence of coinfecctions and severity of disease were observed.

Title Best current evidence on chest physiotherapy in non-ventilated paediatric patients (0 to 24 months) with bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Purpose To determine the current scientific evidence for using three chest physiotherapy modalities namely percussion, postural drainage and suctioning in paediatric patients (0 to 24 months). Relevance The field of cardiopulmonary physiotherapy seems to be a neglected area in physiotherapy, with a subsequently limited evidence base. The author observed that in various clinical settings physiotherapists tend to administer routine chest physiotherapy to paediatric patients with bronchiolitis. Findings from this study may assist physiotherapists in their choice of effective treatment options. Sources The following databases were searched for evidence: African Health Line, CINAHL, Cochrane, Ebsco Host, Emerald Host, UP E-theses/dissertations, PEDro, Medline Ovid, Sabinet, Science Direct, Up To Date. Methodology This was a systematic review. The databases were reviewed by making use of a specified search strategy customised for each database. Keywords were: physiotherapy/physical therapy, bronchiolitis and paediatric/pediatric in combination with percussion, postural drainage and suction. The search yielded 10,016 study titles. Studies were chosen from the population of studies using pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. These criteria were applied to the titles, abstracts and full-text articles as appropriate. Five full text-articles were appraised and based on the scores from the appraisal three were included in the final sample. Data analysis Appraisal instruments from the National Health System Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (NHS CASP) and the PEDro scale (for randomised controlled trials) were used to evaluate and score the sample. Scoring was done independently by two researchers, and agreement reached through negotiation. The evidence was synthesised and graded according to the Sackett hierarchy of evidence. Results Owing to the heterogeneity of the sample, and the nature of results reported, a meta-analysis was not possible. Results from this study reveal that there is no evidence to support routine chest physiotherapy in uncomplicated viral bronchiolitis amongst the paediatric population. Chest physiotherapy does not decrease length of hospital stay, oxygen requirements or clinical scores indicating distress/morbidity. However, with secondary bacterial respiratory infections, chest physiotherapy may be indicated, depending on the assessment of each individual patient. Conclusion Percussion, postural drainage and suctioning are not effective in the management of bronchiolitis in children, newborn to 24 months old, except in individually assessed cases with secondary bacterial infection. In this subset, physiotherapy must be customised to the patient. Therefore routine physiotherapy is not indicated. Implications Chest physiotherapy should be based on a complete evaluation and on clinical merit, as well as on evidence and patient preference. Education of physiotherapy students at universities as well as doctors regarding the current evidence for chest physiotherapy in paediatric bronchiolitis is essential. Doctors and clinicians need to be made aware that routine chest physiotherapy for paediatric patients with bronchiolitis should not be prescribed. AFRIKAANS : Titel Die beste huidige bewyse aangaande longfistioterapie vir non geventileerde pediatriese pasiënte (0 tot 24 maande) met brongiolitis: 'n sistematiese oorsig. Doel Om huidige wetenskaplike bewyse vir die gebruik van drie long fisioterapietegnieke naamlik beklopping, posturale dreinasie en suiging in pediatriese pasiënte (0 tot 24 maande) te bepaal. Toepaslikheid Die veld van pediatriese fisioterapie blyk 'n verwaarloosde area van navorsing te wees, met gevolglik beperkte bewysbasis. Die navorser het ondervind dat fisioterapeute dikwels in kliniese praktyk roetine longfisioterapie in pediatriese pasiënte met brongiolitis toepas. Bewyslewering vanuit hierdie studie kan fisioterapeute help met die keuse van effektiewe behandelingsprosedures. Bronne Die volgende databasisse is deursoek vir bewyse: African Health Line, CINAHL, Cochrane, Ebsco Host, Emerald Host, UP e-theses and dissertations, PEDro, Medline, Sabinet, Science Direct en Up To Date. Die soektog het 10,016 titels gelewer. Metode 'n Sistematiese oorsig van die data is uitgevoer deur 'n gespesifiseerde soekstrategie, aangepas vir elke databasis, te volg. Sleutelwoorde was: “physiotherapy/physical therapy”, “bronchiolitis” and “paediatric/pediatric” in kombinasie met “percussion”, “postural drainage” and “suction”. Voorafbepaalde insluitings- en uitsluitingskriteria is toegepas op titels, abstrakte en artikels soos toepaslik. Data analise Evalueringsinstrumente van die “National Health System Critical Appraisal Skills programme” (NHS CASP) asook die PEDro skaal (ewekansige gekontroleerde eksperiment) is gebruik vir evaluasie van en puntetoedeling vir die verkose studies. Die puntetoekenning is onafhanklik deur twee navorsers gedoen en konsensus is bereik deur onderhandeling. Die inligting verkry is gesintetiseer en gegradeer aan die hand van die Sackett hiërargie van bewyse. As gevolg van die heterogeniteit van die ingeslote studies en die aard van die resultate was 'n meta-analise nie moontlik nie. Resultate Die studie het bevind dat daar geen bewyse is vir roetine borskasfisioterapie van ongekompliseerde akute virale pediatriese brongiolitis nie. Borskasfisioterapie verminder nie die duur van hospitaalverblyf, suurstofbehoeftes of die kliniese respiratoriese aanduiding van stres in die pasiënte nie. In die geval van sekondêre bakteriële respiratoriese infeksies mag borskasfisoterapie egter geindikeerd wees, afhangend van die evaluasie van elke individuele pasiënt. Gevolgtrekking Beklopping, posturale dreinasie, en suiging as roetine behandeling is nie effektief in die behandeling van brongiolitis in pasgebore tot 24 maand oue pasiënte nie, behalwe individuele gevalle met sekondêre bakteriële infeksies. In hierdie spesifieke subgroep moet borskasfisioterapie aangepas word vir pasiënt. Roetine fisioterapie is dus nie aangedui nie. Implikasies Borskasfisioterapie moet gebasseer wees op 'n volledige evaluasie en kliniese meriete, asook bewyslewering en die pasiënt se voorkeure. Opleiding van fisioterapie studente by universiteite, asook dokters aangaande die huidige bewyslewering vir borskasfisioterapie in pediatriese brongiolitis is belangrik. Dokters en klinici moet bewus gemaak word dat roetine borskasfisioterapie vir pediatriese brongiolitis pasiënte nie voorgeskryf moet word nie. Additional information available on a CD stored at the Merensky Library. / Dissertation (MPhysT)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Physiotherapy / unrestricted