The study was initiated to examine magnesium intake, supplementation and their relation to inflammation. Magnesium is the second most abundant extracellular ion following potassium. Outside the cell, magnesium can be found in bone tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, other tissues and in the blood. Magnesium form compounds which operate in several essential metabolic processes in the body. Magnesium deficiency may have an impact on insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, which may result in an increased level of inflammation. Increased inflammation over a longer period has been seen to increase the risk of common lifestyle induced diseases such as diabetes type II and coronary heart diseases. The study of magnesium and its influence on inflammation is thereby becoming important and interesting for all societies and in their effort to find solutions to maintain and increase the well-being of its individuals. The study is a literature study based on searches made in One Search and Pub Med databases. A total of ten studies were included, five for magnesium intake and five for supplementation. The majority of the studies showed a significant correlation between increased magnesium intake, dietary and supplementary, with decreased levels of inflammatory biomarkers and hints that magnesium might have a role in the inflammation process. What needs to be taken into account is that fiber intake in two studies attenuated magnesium’s inverse relation to inflammation. In addition of a decrease in inflammatory biomarker levels the risk for developing diabetes type II seemed to decrease as well with an increased intake of magnesium in one of the studies. Further studies need to be executed in order to establish the role of magnesium in inflammation and optimal dosage for prevention of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. / Studien undersöker magnesiumintag och supplementering med magnesium samt dess inverkan på inflammation. Magnesium är den vanligast förekommande jonen intracellulärt efter kalium.  Extracellulärt magnesium förekommer i benvävnad, hjärtmuskelvävnad och i blodet. Magnesium bildar ämnen som medverkar i flera viktiga metabola processer i kroppen. Magnesiumbrist kan ha en inverkan på insulin resistans och endotel dysfunktion som följaktligen skulle kunna resultera i en ökad nivå av inflammation. Ökad inflammation under en längre tid har visat sig öka risken för vanliga livsstilssjukdomar som diabetes typ II och hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Forskning om magnesium och dess effekt på inflammation blir därmed viktig och intressant för samhällen i deras strävan att hitta lösningar till att bibehålla och öka välmåendet hos populationen. Studien är en litteraturstudie och är grundad på sökningar via databaserna One Search och Pub Med. Totalt tio studier inkluderades i arbetet, fem som undersökte magnesiumintag och inflammation samt fem som undersökte supplementering av magnesium och inflammation. Majoriteten av studierna visade på en signifikant korrelation mellan ett ökat magnesiumintag, via kosten och kosttillskott, och minskade nivåer av biomarkörer för inflammation. Det antyder att magnesium kan ha en roll i inflammationsprocessen. I de två studier som mätte fiberintaget var relationen mellan magnesiumintag och inflammation försvagad. Utöver en minskning av biomarkörer för inflammation sågs en minskad risk för att utveckla diabetes typ II vid ett ökat magnesiumintag i en av studierna. Fler studier krävs för att fastställa magnesiums betydelse vid inflammation samt den optimala doseringen för prevention av metabola och kardiovaskulära sjukdomar.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar protocolo de reabilitação para o período pós-operatório inicial de artroscopias visando diminuir a inflamação no local operado e aumentar a mobilidade articular. Foram utilizados 12 equinos (total de 20 articulações) encaminhados para artroscopia com diagnóstico de osteocondrite dissecante. Dessas, dez articulações receberam protocolo de reabilitação nos primeiros cinco dias do período pós-operatório. O protocolo consistiu em crioterapia, movimentação passiva da articulação e exercício controlado de baixa intensidade, além de uso sistêmico de anti-inflamatório. O outro grupo, também composto por dez articulações, recebeu apenas a terapia utilizada rotineiramente no HOVET-USP, consistido de repouso em baia e antiinflamatório. As articulações foram avaliadas quanto à circunferência em centímetros, ângulo de flexão, termografia, grau de claudicação. Amostras de líquido sinovial foram coletadas imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico (D1), após 48h (D3) e após 96h (D5) para análise física, qualidade do coágulo de mucina, e quantificação de biomarcadores (IL-1, IL-6 e IL-10, PGE2 e SAA). As análises de exame de claudicação, circunferência articular, ângulo de flexão articular e termografia não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos, nem entre os diferentes dias do mesmo grupo. Na análise do líquido sinovial, a cor e o aspecto apresentaram piora do D1 para o D3, de amarelo claro para avermelhado e de límpido para turvo, respectivamente, nos dois grupos. No entanto, no grupo tratado houve melhora do D3 para o D5, tanto para cor (de avermelhado para maioria xantocrômica e amarela) como aspecto (de maioria turva para ligeiramente turva). No grupo controle os líquidos permaneceram sem alteração em cor e aspecto de D3 para D5, e nas comparações entre os grupos não houve diferença para D1, D3 e D5. A viscosidade do líquido sinovial no grupo controle diminuiu significativamente quando comparados D1, D3 e D5. Já no grupo tratado a diminuição da viscosidade só foi observada quando comparados D1 e D5. O coágulo de mucina apresentou piora de D1 para D3 no grupo controle, com elevação não significativa de D3 para D5, enquanto que para o grupo tratado não houve diferença significativa de D1 para D3 e de D3 para D5, quando comparados o D5 dos dois grupos, o tratado obteve melhor qualidade. As concentrações de interleucina nas amostras não forneceram dados suficientes para análise. Na análise das concentrações de PGE2 não houve diferença entre os grupos nos diferentes momentos, ocorrendo elevação de D3 para D5 em ambos os grupos, porém, no grupo tratado não há diferença entre D1 e D5. Já para SAA os grupos apresentaram comportamento similar de resposta, com elevação de D1 para D3 e queda de D3 para D5, porém menos acentuado no grupo tratado, o que levou a diferença entre os grupos em D3. Pode-se concluir, que o protocolo de reabilitação, apesar de não gerar diferença significativa para as avaliações de exame físico dos animais, proporcionou melhor qualidade de líquido sinovial quanto a cor, aspecto, viscosidade e precipitado de mucina, além de evidenciar menores elevações nas concentrações de marcadores inflamatórios no liquido sinovial durante o período estudado. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate a rehabilitation protocol for the initial postoperative period of metatarsophalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and tarsocrural´s arthroscopies, which seeks to, minimize local inflammation, diminish swelling, promote better joint range of motion and pain relief during such period. Twelve horses participated in this study - amounting to 20 joints - with dissecans ostheochondritis diagnosis. The first group was formed by ten joints, which were treated under rehabilitation protocol for the first 5 days as from the surgery (Treated group). The rehabilitation protocol consisted of cryotherapy, passive range of motion, low intensity exercise and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The second group also formed of ten joints received the standard HOVET-USP therapy, which consists of rest and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Both groups were treated with the same non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The joints were measured for circumference, maximal flexion angle, thermography, and lameness score on the day before the surgery (D0) and during the first four days after the surgery. Synovial fluid samples were collected immediately before surgery (D1), within 48 hours (D3), and within 96 hours from the surgery (D5). The analysis evaluated gross appearance (color and aspect), viscosity and mucin clot quality, as well as biomarkers (Il-1, Il-6, Il- 10, PGE2, and SAA) quantification. Lameness examination, joint circumference, flexion angle and thermography evaluation were not significantly different between groups. In synovial fluid analyses de color and aspect have worsen from D1 (clear light yellow) to D3 (turbid hemorrhagic) in both groups. On treated group color and aspect improved from D3 (turbid hemorrhagic) to D5 (xanthochromic and yellow slightly turbid). On treated group there was no difference between D3 and D5. When the groups were compared, none significant differences was seen. The fluid viscosity of control group had significant decrease from D1, to D3 and from D1 and D5. In treated group this viscosity decrease was only seen between D1 and D5. The mucin clot formation worsened when D1 e D3 of control group was compared and remains similar from D3 to D5. In treatment group there were no differences when compared D1 with D3 and D3 with D5. The comparison between groups of D5 has shown treated group improved clot. The interleukin couldn´t be measured on sufficient number of samples for the statistics method. There were no differences between groups on all moments. The PGE2 response was similar in both group with a rise on concentration from D3 to D5. In treated group D1 was similar to D5. This results suggests more evident inflammatory response in the control group. For the SAA the groups have shown similar responses, with an increase from D1 to D3 and decrease from D3 to D5. The response on treated group was less intense and demonstrates lower values in D3 when compared with D3 control group. It was concluded with this study that rehabilitation protocol improved synovial fluid analyses for, color, aspect, viscosity and mucin clot. It even had promoted lower concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers for the treated group during the period.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar protocolo de reabilitação para o período pós-operatório inicial de artroscopias visando diminuir a inflamação no local operado e aumentar a mobilidade articular. Foram utilizados 12 equinos (total de 20 articulações) encaminhados para artroscopia com diagnóstico de osteocondrite dissecante. Dessas, dez articulações receberam protocolo de reabilitação nos primeiros cinco dias do período pós-operatório. O protocolo consistiu em crioterapia, movimentação passiva da articulação e exercício controlado de baixa intensidade, além de uso sistêmico de anti-inflamatório. O outro grupo, também composto por dez articulações, recebeu apenas a terapia utilizada rotineiramente no HOVET-USP, consistido de repouso em baia e antiinflamatório. As articulações foram avaliadas quanto à circunferência em centímetros, ângulo de flexão, termografia, grau de claudicação. Amostras de líquido sinovial foram coletadas imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico (D1), após 48h (D3) e após 96h (D5) para análise física, qualidade do coágulo de mucina, e quantificação de biomarcadores (IL-1, IL-6 e IL-10, PGE2 e SAA). As análises de exame de claudicação, circunferência articular, ângulo de flexão articular e termografia não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos, nem entre os diferentes dias do mesmo grupo. Na análise do líquido sinovial, a cor e o aspecto apresentaram piora do D1 para o D3, de amarelo claro para avermelhado e de límpido para turvo, respectivamente, nos dois grupos. No entanto, no grupo tratado houve melhora do D3 para o D5, tanto para cor (de avermelhado para maioria xantocrômica e amarela) como aspecto (de maioria turva para ligeiramente turva). No grupo controle os líquidos permaneceram sem alteração em cor e aspecto de D3 para D5, e nas comparações entre os grupos não houve diferença para D1, D3 e D5. A viscosidade do líquido sinovial no grupo controle diminuiu significativamente quando comparados D1, D3 e D5. Já no grupo tratado a diminuição da viscosidade só foi observada quando comparados D1 e D5. O coágulo de mucina apresentou piora de D1 para D3 no grupo controle, com elevação não significativa de D3 para D5, enquanto que para o grupo tratado não houve diferença significativa de D1 para D3 e de D3 para D5, quando comparados o D5 dos dois grupos, o tratado obteve melhor qualidade. As concentrações de interleucina nas amostras não forneceram dados suficientes para análise. Na análise das concentrações de PGE2 não houve diferença entre os grupos nos diferentes momentos, ocorrendo elevação de D3 para D5 em ambos os grupos, porém, no grupo tratado não há diferença entre D1 e D5. Já para SAA os grupos apresentaram comportamento similar de resposta, com elevação de D1 para D3 e queda de D3 para D5, porém menos acentuado no grupo tratado, o que levou a diferença entre os grupos em D3. Pode-se concluir, que o protocolo de reabilitação, apesar de não gerar diferença significativa para as avaliações de exame físico dos animais, proporcionou melhor qualidade de líquido sinovial quanto a cor, aspecto, viscosidade e precipitado de mucina, além de evidenciar menores elevações nas concentrações de marcadores inflamatórios no liquido sinovial durante o período estudado. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate a rehabilitation protocol for the initial postoperative period of metatarsophalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and tarsocrural´s arthroscopies, which seeks to, minimize local inflammation, diminish swelling, promote better joint range of motion and pain relief during such period. Twelve horses participated in this study - amounting to 20 joints - with dissecans ostheochondritis diagnosis. The first group was formed by ten joints, which were treated under rehabilitation protocol for the first 5 days as from the surgery (Treated group). The rehabilitation protocol consisted of cryotherapy, passive range of motion, low intensity exercise and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The second group also formed of ten joints received the standard HOVET-USP therapy, which consists of rest and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Both groups were treated with the same non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The joints were measured for circumference, maximal flexion angle, thermography, and lameness score on the day before the surgery (D0) and during the first four days after the surgery. Synovial fluid samples were collected immediately before surgery (D1), within 48 hours (D3), and within 96 hours from the surgery (D5). The analysis evaluated gross appearance (color and aspect), viscosity and mucin clot quality, as well as biomarkers (Il-1, Il-6, Il- 10, PGE2, and SAA) quantification. Lameness examination, joint circumference, flexion angle and thermography evaluation were not significantly different between groups. In synovial fluid analyses de color and aspect have worsen from D1 (clear light yellow) to D3 (turbid hemorrhagic) in both groups. On treated group color and aspect improved from D3 (turbid hemorrhagic) to D5 (xanthochromic and yellow slightly turbid). On treated group there was no difference between D3 and D5. When the groups were compared, none significant differences was seen. The fluid viscosity of control group had significant decrease from D1, to D3 and from D1 and D5. In treated group this viscosity decrease was only seen between D1 and D5. The mucin clot formation worsened when D1 e D3 of control group was compared and remains similar from D3 to D5. In treatment group there were no differences when compared D1 with D3 and D3 with D5. The comparison between groups of D5 has shown treated group improved clot. The interleukin couldn´t be measured on sufficient number of samples for the statistics method. There were no differences between groups on all moments. The PGE2 response was similar in both group with a rise on concentration from D3 to D5. In treated group D1 was similar to D5. This results suggests more evident inflammatory response in the control group. For the SAA the groups have shown similar responses, with an increase from D1 to D3 and decrease from D3 to D5. The response on treated group was less intense and demonstrates lower values in D3 when compared with D3 control group. It was concluded with this study that rehabilitation protocol improved synovial fluid analyses for, color, aspect, viscosity and mucin clot. It even had promoted lower concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers for the treated group during the period.

Introdução: Variações genéticas podem influenciar a relação entre ácidos graxos (AG) do plasma e concentração plasmática de biomarcadores inflamatórios. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) presentes nos genes da proteína C reativa (PCR), fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) e interleucina (IL)-10 e AG do plasma e seus efeitos sobre a concentração plasmática de biomarcadores inflamatórios em um estudo de base populacional ISACapital. Métodos: Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida, de atividade física (IPAQ longo), hábito de fumar e beber, bem como amostras de sangue de 281 indivíduos (20 a 59 anos), oriundos de um estudo de base populacional (ISA-Capital). A partir do plasma, foram determinadas as concentrações de IL1, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNF, IL12p70, adiponectina, PCR, proteína quimiotática para macrófagos solúvel (sMCP)1, molécula de adesão intercelular solúvel (sICAM)1 e molécula de adesão celular vascular solúvel (sVCAM)1 por meio da técnica multiplex de imunoensaio e o perfil de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa. O DNA genômico foi extraído e realizada a genotipagem dos SNP presentes no gene da PCR (rs1205, rs1417938, rs2808630), TNF (rs1799964, rs1799724, rs1800629 e rs361525) e IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800896 e rs1800872) pela ténica TaqMan Open Array. Foi realizada análise multivariada de cluster com base nos 11 biomarcadores inflamatórios, permitindo agrupar os indivíduos em grupo inflamado e cluster não inflamado. Resultados: Os indivíduos que possuíam os genótipos GA+AA do SNP -238 G>A (rs361525) do gene do TNF- apresentaram concentrações plasmáticas de TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-12 aumentadas quando comparados com indivíduos homozigotos dominantes. Além disso, homozigotos recessivos do SNP e/i boundary C>T (rs1554286) do gene da IL-10 apresentaram maior concentração plasmática de IL-1 e de TNF- e menor de MCP-1 em relação aos indivíduos homozigotos dominantes. O grupo inflamado apresentou idade, circunferência da cintura, pressão arterial significantemente maiores que o grupo não inflamado. Em relação aos AG do plasma, o grupo inflamado apresentou concentração plasmática de AG palmítico (C16:0), razões AG saturados (SFA)/AG ômega-6 (n-6) e SFA/ AG poli-insaturados (PUFA) e atividade estimada da enzima estearoil CoA desaturase (SCD) aumentadas e concentrações plasmática de PUFA, n- 6 e AG araquidônico (AA) e atividade estimada da enzima delta-5-dessaturase (D5D) reduzidas em comparação com o grupo não inflamado. Interações SNP-AG plasmáticos estatisticamente significante foram detectadas entre o SNP +1919 A>T (rs1417938) do gene da PCR e C16:1n-7, SFA/n-6 e SFA/PUFA; entre o SNP +3872 G>A (rs1205) do gene da PCR e C16:1n-7; entre o SNP e/i boundary C>T (rs1554286) do gene da IL-10 e atividade estimada da enzima D6D; e entre o SNP -1082 A>G (rs1800896) do gene da IL-10 e C18:0, C14:0 e atividade estimada da enzima D5D. Conclusão: Os SNP analisados possuem associações com biomarcadores inflamatórios e os ácidos graxos plasmáticos palmítico, SFA/n-6, SFA/PUFA, SCD-18 foram associados positivamente com um padrão inflamatório, enquanto PUFA, n-6, ácido araquidônico e D5D foram negativamente associados. Dentre as interações encontradas, o AG palmitoleico e a razão SFA/PUFA interagiram com +1919 A>T (rs1417938), e os AG esteárico e mirístico e D5D com -1082 A>G.. / Introduction: Genetics variation can influence the relation between fatty acids (FA) and inflammatory biomarkers levels. Objective: To verify the association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) in adiponectin, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- and Interleukin (IL)-10 genes and plasma fatty acids and their effects to a systemic inflammatory pattern at a population-based study. Methods: Sociodemographics information, life style, physical activity (IPAQ long form), smoking and drinking habits, as well as blood samples of 281 individuals (20 years 59 years) participants of a population based study (ISA-Capital). Plasma IL1, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNF, IL12p70, adiponectin, CRP, soluble monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (sMCP-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) levels were measured using a multiplex immunoassay and the fatty acid profile was measured by gas chromatography. The DNA was extracted and genotyping of SNP in CPR gene (rs1205, rs1417938, rs2808630), TNF (rs1799964, rs1799724, rs1800629 e rs361525) and IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800896 e rs1800872) was analyzed by TaqMan Open Array. Multivariate cluster analysis was applied on 11 inflammatory biomarkers, allowing to group individuals in inflammatory (INF) or non-inflammatory (NINF) group. Results: Individuals with GA+AA genotypes of SNP -238 G>A (rs361525) of TNF- gene had higher levels of TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 compared to GG genotype. Besides that, recessive homozygous of SNP e/i boundary C>T (rs1554286) of IL-10 gene presented higher level of IL-1 and TNF- and lower level of sMCP-1 in relation to dominant homozygous. The INF group had significantly higher age, waist circumference, blood pressure, and total cholesterol than NINF group. Concerning fatty acid profile, INF group had palmitic acid (C16:0), saturated fatty acid (SFA)/omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio, SFA/PUFA and estimated enzyme activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) levels higher and PUFA, n-6, arachidonic acid and estimated enzyme activity of delta-5 desaturase (D5D) levels lower than NINF group. Significantly interactions were found between of SNP +1919 A>T (rs1417938) of PCR and C16:1n-7, SFA/n-6 and SFA/PUFA; between SNP +3872 G>A (rs1205) of PCR gene and C16:1n-7; between SNP e/i boundary C>T (rs1554286) of IL-10 and estimated enzyme activity of delta-6 desaturase (D6D); and between SNP -1082 A>G (rs1800896) of IL-10 gene and C18:0, C14:0 and estimated D5D activity. Conclusion: The SNP analyzed have associations with inflammatory biomarkers, and plasma palmitic, SFA/n-6, SFA/PUFA, SCD- 18 were positively associated with inflammatory pattern, while PUFA, n-6, arachidonic acid and D5D were negatively associated. Interactions were founded with palmitoleic and SFA/PUFA with +1919.A>T (rs1417938), and stearic and myristic acids and D5D with 1082 A>G.

CONTEXT: Recent studies have considered the role of inflammation in the development of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and musculoskeletal conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Studies suggest that inflammation plays a significant role in the development of cardiovascular disease. In conditions of chronic pain, as with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation has also been noted through elevated levels of inflammatory markers. There are currently no studies that examine the possible connection between inflammatory markers related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and nonspecific chronic musculoskeletal pain (NCMP). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether urinary levels of microalbumin (MA) and F2-isoprostanes (F2-isoPs), inflammatory biomarkers associated with increased CVD risk, are elevated in persons with NCMP compared to nonpain case controls. NCMP refers to pain present for more than 3 days per week and for more than 12 weeks. This type of pain is not due to injury but is associated with interference of normal function. DESIGN: Nonrandomized observational study. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 120 participants (60 pain subjects, 60 nonpain case-controls). A single first-morning void urine sample was collected from each subject. Urine specific gravity and total volume were measured and then a sample was sent to a lab for analysis of MA and F2-isoPs. Inflammatory biomarker levels in the pain and nonpain groups were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in F2-isoPs levels between the chronic pain group (0.65ng/mg ± 0.05) and the nonpain group (0.80ng/mg ± 0.07) (95% CI (-0.32, 0.03)). However, MA levels were significantly higher in the chronic pain group (2.41mg/g ± 0.24) compared to the nonpain group (1.88mg/g ± 0.14) (95% CI (0.34, 1.68)). MACR levels were also significantly higher in the chronic pain group (2.07mg/g ± 0.31) compared to the nonpain group (1.14mg/g ± 0.14) (95% CI (0.32, 1.64)). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a possible link between at least one inflammatory marker (microalbumin) and NCMP. This in turn allows for a limited but reasonable inference that NCMP may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, mediated through the MA inflammatory biomarker. Further research is needed to more fully understand the possible connection between NCMP and CVD.

Introdução: Variações genéticas podem influenciar a relação entre ácidos graxos (AG) do plasma e concentração plasmática de biomarcadores inflamatórios. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) presentes nos genes da proteína C reativa (PCR), fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) e interleucina (IL)-10 e AG do plasma e seus efeitos sobre a concentração plasmática de biomarcadores inflamatórios em um estudo de base populacional ISACapital. Métodos: Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida, de atividade física (IPAQ longo), hábito de fumar e beber, bem como amostras de sangue de 281 indivíduos (20 a 59 anos), oriundos de um estudo de base populacional (ISA-Capital). A partir do plasma, foram determinadas as concentrações de IL1, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNF, IL12p70, adiponectina, PCR, proteína quimiotática para macrófagos solúvel (sMCP)1, molécula de adesão intercelular solúvel (sICAM)1 e molécula de adesão celular vascular solúvel (sVCAM)1 por meio da técnica multiplex de imunoensaio e o perfil de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa. O DNA genômico foi extraído e realizada a genotipagem dos SNP presentes no gene da PCR (rs1205, rs1417938, rs2808630), TNF (rs1799964, rs1799724, rs1800629 e rs361525) e IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800896 e rs1800872) pela ténica TaqMan Open Array. Foi realizada análise multivariada de cluster com base nos 11 biomarcadores inflamatórios, permitindo agrupar os indivíduos em grupo inflamado e cluster não inflamado. Resultados: Os indivíduos que possuíam os genótipos GA+AA do SNP -238 G>A (rs361525) do gene do TNF- apresentaram concentrações plasmáticas de TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-12 aumentadas quando comparados com indivíduos homozigotos dominantes. Além disso, homozigotos recessivos do SNP e/i boundary C>T (rs1554286) do gene da IL-10 apresentaram maior concentração plasmática de IL-1 e de TNF- e menor de MCP-1 em relação aos indivíduos homozigotos dominantes. O grupo inflamado apresentou idade, circunferência da cintura, pressão arterial significantemente maiores que o grupo não inflamado. Em relação aos AG do plasma, o grupo inflamado apresentou concentração plasmática de AG palmítico (C16:0), razões AG saturados (SFA)/AG ômega-6 (n-6) e SFA/ AG poli-insaturados (PUFA) e atividade estimada da enzima estearoil CoA desaturase (SCD) aumentadas e concentrações plasmática de PUFA, n- 6 e AG araquidônico (AA) e atividade estimada da enzima delta-5-dessaturase (D5D) reduzidas em comparação com o grupo não inflamado. Interações SNP-AG plasmáticos estatisticamente significante foram detectadas entre o SNP +1919 A>T (rs1417938) do gene da PCR e C16:1n-7, SFA/n-6 e SFA/PUFA; entre o SNP +3872 G>A (rs1205) do gene da PCR e C16:1n-7; entre o SNP e/i boundary C>T (rs1554286) do gene da IL-10 e atividade estimada da enzima D6D; e entre o SNP -1082 A>G (rs1800896) do gene da IL-10 e C18:0, C14:0 e atividade estimada da enzima D5D. Conclusão: Os SNP analisados possuem associações com biomarcadores inflamatórios e os ácidos graxos plasmáticos palmítico, SFA/n-6, SFA/PUFA, SCD-18 foram associados positivamente com um padrão inflamatório, enquanto PUFA, n-6, ácido araquidônico e D5D foram negativamente associados. Dentre as interações encontradas, o AG palmitoleico e a razão SFA/PUFA interagiram com +1919 A>T (rs1417938), e os AG esteárico e mirístico e D5D com -1082 A>G.. / Introduction: Genetics variation can influence the relation between fatty acids (FA) and inflammatory biomarkers levels. Objective: To verify the association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) in adiponectin, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- and Interleukin (IL)-10 genes and plasma fatty acids and their effects to a systemic inflammatory pattern at a population-based study. Methods: Sociodemographics information, life style, physical activity (IPAQ long form), smoking and drinking habits, as well as blood samples of 281 individuals (20 years 59 years) participants of a population based study (ISA-Capital). Plasma IL1, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNF, IL12p70, adiponectin, CRP, soluble monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (sMCP-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) levels were measured using a multiplex immunoassay and the fatty acid profile was measured by gas chromatography. The DNA was extracted and genotyping of SNP in CPR gene (rs1205, rs1417938, rs2808630), TNF (rs1799964, rs1799724, rs1800629 e rs361525) and IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800896 e rs1800872) was analyzed by TaqMan Open Array. Multivariate cluster analysis was applied on 11 inflammatory biomarkers, allowing to group individuals in inflammatory (INF) or non-inflammatory (NINF) group. Results: Individuals with GA+AA genotypes of SNP -238 G>A (rs361525) of TNF- gene had higher levels of TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 compared to GG genotype. Besides that, recessive homozygous of SNP e/i boundary C>T (rs1554286) of IL-10 gene presented higher level of IL-1 and TNF- and lower level of sMCP-1 in relation to dominant homozygous. The INF group had significantly higher age, waist circumference, blood pressure, and total cholesterol than NINF group. Concerning fatty acid profile, INF group had palmitic acid (C16:0), saturated fatty acid (SFA)/omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio, SFA/PUFA and estimated enzyme activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) levels higher and PUFA, n-6, arachidonic acid and estimated enzyme activity of delta-5 desaturase (D5D) levels lower than NINF group. Significantly interactions were found between of SNP +1919 A>T (rs1417938) of PCR and C16:1n-7, SFA/n-6 and SFA/PUFA; between SNP +3872 G>A (rs1205) of PCR gene and C16:1n-7; between SNP e/i boundary C>T (rs1554286) of IL-10 and estimated enzyme activity of delta-6 desaturase (D6D); and between SNP -1082 A>G (rs1800896) of IL-10 gene and C18:0, C14:0 and estimated D5D activity. Conclusion: The SNP analyzed have associations with inflammatory biomarkers, and plasma palmitic, SFA/n-6, SFA/PUFA, SCD- 18 were positively associated with inflammatory pattern, while PUFA, n-6, arachidonic acid and D5D were negatively associated. Interactions were founded with palmitoleic and SFA/PUFA with +1919.A>T (rs1417938), and stearic and myristic acids and D5D with 1082 A>G.

Two important health issues that can develop during young adulthood are related to mental health (e.g., depression) and physical health (e.g., cardiovascular disease). A common characteristic for both of these diseases is low-grade and chronic inflammation, but inflammation is negatively associated with physical activity (PA) and physical fitness. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate how PA and physical fitness were associated with biomarkers for depression and cardiovascular disease. Participants included 41 undergraduates who were considered to be "physical fit" (n = 21, Males = 15) or "physically unfit" (n = 20, Males = 17). They completed a battery of physical fitness assessments (e.g., 20m shuttle run, body fat percentage, handgrip strength, push-ups, blood pressure, and waist circumference), a self-report measure for depression and stress, and wore an accelerometer for one week. Afterwards, blood was drawn to estimate CVD risk using biomarkers for metabolic syndrome (i.e., triglycerides, glucose, and HDL) and inflammation (i.e., C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6, interleukin-1b, and tumor necrosis factor alpha). The physically fit group had more moderate and vigorous PA, lower body fat percentage and handgrip strength scores, and performed better on the VO2max, curl-up, and plank tests compared to the physically unfit group. They also had a healthier profile for CVD (i.e., smaller waist circumference, lower triglycerides and glucose concentrations, higher HDL, and lower CRP) and lower self-reported depression and stress scores compared to the physically unfit group.

Cardiac disease is the primary cause of death in the United States of America (CDC, 2017). Despite ongoing efforts and investments to improve cardiac health in the United States, most of the population will suffer from cardiovascular diseases. There is a multitude of research supporting that diet can contribute to cardiac disease, but it is less known that diet can greatly contribute to regulation and reversal of cardiovascular disease processes (Huang et al., 2012; Satija et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2019). Existing research supports the efficacy of plant-based diets to manage and reverse certain cardiac diseases (Tuso et al., 2015; Esselstyn, 1999; Ornish 1998; Campbell et al., 1998). Plant-based diets have the potential to save many lives and drastically reduce healthcare costs. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate current research on plant-based diets as interventions for cardiac disease and to identify the reasoning for underutilization of plant-based diets as intervention with cardiac health within the United States population. A database search of CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and PubMED was conducted and university librarians were utilized. Inclusive criteria and keyword searches were comprised of coronary artery disease and plant-based diets, cardiac disease and diet interventions, intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease, plant-based diets and cardiac disease and inflammation, and plant-based diets reducing cardiac inflammation.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause enteropathy in dogs and probiotics may be one option to prevent this. The objective of this study was to determine whether the administration of canine-obtained lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has an effect on the frequency of diarrhea, the composition of the fecal microbiota, and/or markers of gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs receiving NSAIDs when compared to dogs given NSAIDs and a placebo. A total of 22 dogs treated with NSAIDs for various clinical indications were enrolled in a seven-day randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled interventional study. Dogs were randomized to receive either placebo or LAB, a product containing Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Fecal samples were collected on days one and seven. The fecal microbiota was evaluated using the fecal dysbiosis index (DI) and individual bacterial taxa. Fecal calprotectin (CP) and S100A12/Calgranulin C concentrations were used as markers of gastrointestinal inflammation. There was a difference in frequency of diarrhea between groups, with it affecting 4/12 dogs (33%) in the placebo group and 1/10 dogs (10%) in the LAB group, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.32). There was a correlation between S100A12 and CP (p < 0.001), and Clostridium perfringens correlated with S100A12 (p < 0.015). Neither treatment significantly affected S100A12 (p = 0.37), CP (p = 0.12), or fecal DI (p = 0.65). This study suggests that LAB is a safe supplement to use for short-term treatment in NSAID-treated dogs, but further studies are needed to determine its potential to prevent NSAID-induced enteropathy in dogs.

Introdução: A doença cardiovascular é a maior causa de mortalidade no mundo e o Brasil está entre os 10 países com maiores índices, principalmente entre homens com idade inferior a 70 anos. A alimentação é um fator de risco modificável, que pode influenciar a expressão gênica e a concentração de biomarcadores inflamatórios relacionados à obesidade e à aterosclerose. Objetivo: Este subestudo avaliou se uma intervenção nutricional baseada na alimentação habitual brasileira modifica a expressão de genes envolvidos com aterosclerose e a concentração plasmática de biomarcadores inflamatórios, na prevenção secundária para doença cardiovascular. Métodos: Foram selecionados seis pacientes do sexo masculino, idade igual ou superior a 45 anos, obesos e com circunferência abdominal elevada, em acompanhamento do plano alimentar quali-quantitativo por 6 meses, para determinação da concentração plasmática de biomarcadores inflamatórios (interleucina (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, proteína C reativa e adiponectina) e expressão de 84 genes relacionados à aterosclerose em células totais do sangue periférico, bem como perfil lipídico, glicemia, insulinemia, ácidos graxos plasmáticos, dados sobre ingestão alimentar (recordatório de 24 horas) e antropometria (peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura), nas visitas inicial e final. Resultados: Após a intervenção nutricional, os pacientes reduziram o peso, a circunferência abdominal, o índice Homeostasis Model Assessment para resistência à insulina (p= 0,046) e a contagem global de leucócitos (p= 0,046) e de neutrófilos (p= 0,028). Não houve alteração significativa na concentração plasmática dos biomarcadores inflamatórios, contudo, verificou-se aumento significativo na expressão dos genes Apo A1 (p= 0,011), ELN (p= 0,017) e IL4 (p= 0,037). Conclusão: Assim, o plano alimentar quali-quantitativo, composto de alimentos habituais brasileiros, não reduziu a concentração de biomarcadores inflamatórios, mas aumentou a expressão de três genes envolvidos com aterosclerose, em pacientes obesos, na prevenção secundária para doença cardiovascular / Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the largest cause of mortality in the world and Brazil is among the 10 countries with the highest rates, especially among men under 70 years of age. Diet is a modifiable risk factor, which may influence the gene expression and concentration of inflammatory biomarkers related to obesity and atherosclerosis. Objective: This substudy evaluated whether a nutritional intervention based on the usual Brazilian diet modifies the expression of genes involved with atherosclerosis and the plasma concentration of inflammatory biomarkers in the secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease. Methods: Six male patients, aged 45 years or older, obese and with high waist circumference were selected, to follow a qualitative-quantitative food plan for 6 months, in order to determine the plasma concentration of inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin (IL) -1), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein and adiponectin) and expression of 84 atherosclerosis-related genes in total peripheral blood cells, as well as lipid profile, glycemia, insulinemia, plasma fatty acids, food intake data (24-hour recall) and anthropometry (weight, height and waist circumference) at the initial and final visits. Results: After nutritional intervention, patients reduced weight, waist circumference, Homeostasis Model Assessment index for insulin resistance (p = 0.046) and overall leukocyte count (p = 0.046) and neutrophils (p = 0.028). There was no significant modification in the plasma concentration of the inflammatory biomarkers. However, there was a significant increase in the expression of Apo A1 (p = 0.011), ELN (p = 0.017) and IL4 (p = 0.037) genes. Conclusion: Thus, the qualitative-quantitative food plan, composed of Brazilian usual foods, did not reduce the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers, but increased the expression of three genes involved with atherosclerosis in obese patients, in secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease