This thesis examines how two mid-eighteenth-century tavern keepers in Hampton chose to mirror the consumer behaviors of the local elite in the manner that food and beverages were prepared and served in their taverns. In order to understand the consumer behavior of Elizabeth City County’s elite, fifty-four probate inventories from the 1760s were analyzed. The analysis focused on the material culture associated with dining, cooking, the consumption of alcohol, and the serving of the warm caffeinated beverages, tea, coffee and chocolate. Documentary and archaeological data indicated that social elites had adopted complicated behaviors associated with dining, cooking, drinking alcohol and serving warm caffeinated beverages. The complexity of quotidian behaviors noted in the archaeological and documentary data are explained by multiple factors. The first factor is the world-view or habitus of the gentry elite of colonial Virginia that was based on the competition for respect based on social status. The second factor was the increasing availability of consumer goods in mid-eighteenth-century Virginia which meant that individuals of less wealth and social status could acquire items that had previously been available only to the wealthy. The third factor was the transition from a social practice that privileged the age of status items to one that judged the fashionabilty of items and behaviors. The level of variety and diversity identified in the homes of the elite was observed in the materials excavated from the two taverns.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:34:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8189_1.pdf: 2465450 bytes, checksum: 6d07fd333d2d853ad275d5991b569f38 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / This study presents a comparative analysis between Virginia Woolf s Orlando and Jacqueline Harpman s Orlanda. It takes as a starting point the fact that Harpman houses Woolf s novel inside her own text and plays overtly with parody, citation, allusion, and mise en abyme, techniques which had already been used by Woolf. The analysis points out the way Harpman transcontextualizes the structural elements in Woolf s novel and reexamines questions that had been raised by Woolf almost seventy years ago. This research goes beyond the technical features to demonstrate that the heart of the matter may reside in human being s eagerness to be accepted as a multiple self, what leads the analysis into studying the mythical representations of the double. After demonstrating the way Harpman transcontextualizes the key elements in Woolf s novel, the analysis follows the itinerary of the double in both narratives, focusing primarily on Narcissus and the Androgyne and secondarily on other mythical figures like Apollo and Daphne

The purpose of this thesis is to examine in Virginia Woolfs fiction the demonic imagery of violence as it constitutes her ultimate conception of reality. Her novels record the self's ritualistic and symbolic journey into the interior landscape of the unconscious, each work probing behind the carefully wrought illusions of social reality in an effort to define that dark and violent inner truth. This quest in search of the self is essentially and necessarily narcissistic, frequently ending in disaster for the individual searcher who mistakes surface reflection for reality. Ultimately, Woolf depicts man as isolated and fragmented in his attempts to find pattern and meaning in life, and the inherent stubbornness which causes him to fight for life is seen throughout her novels in the recurring theme of identity lost, regained, and lost again. In this doomed world of Virginia Woolfs fiction, the tortuous and narrow path of man's destiny can, and does, lead only to the grave. In The Voyage Out, her first novel, Woolf uses consistently the violent imagery of disintegration that pervades all her fiction. Rachel Vinrace, the young, inexperienced heroine of the book, flees the sterility and isolation of her room for the glittering world of experience, only to drown in the "cool translucent wave" of that very experience. And as the long night of this book ends, the morning light brings no relief and no sense of rebirth—only a terrible reminder of life's pointless cycle of light leading to inevitable darkness. Indeed, Rachel Vinrace's return to the sterile darkness from which she emerged establishes the central metaphor in all Virginia Woolf's fiction. Although Night and Day appears to be a comedy of manners, it is a black comedy of life in a suffocating world where the individual must deny himself and his feelings in an effort to survive. The artificiality of the plot and structure only serves to underscore the artificiality of social life where truth is sacrificed in order to maintain the illusion of harmony and beauty, where the appearance of order and tranquility disguises the violence inherent in a society that worships conformity. In Jacob's Room the individual is never able to form a lasting relationship and remains isolated in a world where it is impossible to ever really know another. Jacob, in his restless, futile quest for identity, becomes a symbol of modern man, doomed to wander through the desert of life in a hopeless search for meaning amid the ruins of the past. The images of violence in Mrs. Dalloway once again create an impression of existence as a living death where the individual, enslaved by convention, is no longer able to communicate with others. Clarissa Dalloway's parties are her "offering" to life, an attempt to maintain order and balance in the face of the chaos which threatens to engulf her; yet, terrified of dying, her existence becomes a living death, an emotional suicide, mirroring the actual suicide of Septimus Smith. In To The Lighthouse the party is over long before the story has finished. With the unexpected death of Mrs. Ramsay, who has seemed to offer a beacon of warmth and security for those engaged on the voyage out, Mrs. Ramsay's family and friends are plunged into the darkness and confusion of the night, where they are no longer able to ignore the fact that life's harsh fruit is death. Virginia Woolfs penultimate novel, The Years, is a chronicle of three generations in the Pargiter family, reflecting the increasing sterility and isolation of modern society, where man must continue the endless dance macabre, doomed like Antigone to a living death. In Between The Acts, Woolfs final and most profound novel, the images of violence well up as if from the layer of mud at the bottom of the cesspool, spreading in ever-widening circles, pulling each one of the characters relentlessly into the vortex of loneliness and despair. As each falters and plunges to the bottom, he is faced with the reality that only bones lie in the mud beneath. And the "voyage out" in search of the self, failing to bring man to the shores of understanding and acceptance, becomes instead, an endless spiral of senseless repetition in which one must either drown or go mad. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of the study was to identify variables associated with the level of average principals' salaries in the school divisions of Virginia. Predictions were on the variables found to be associated with average principals' salaries--fiscal capacity, average daily membership, the education level of citizens, per pupil expenditure, and average household income. Data from 133 school divisions for the 1994-95 school year were used in the analysis. Stepwise regression method was employed. Residuals were used to form three groups of school divisions: those divisions paying constantly more than their predicted average adjusted salary (12,600 to 2716); those paying about their predicted average salary (2715 to -2785); and those paying considerably less than predicted (-2786 to -14212). The groups were plotted on a map of Virginia to determine whether clusters of high positive, middle and, high negative residual divisions were evident. The clusters were reviewed to interpret whether contiguous divisions adjusted their salary levels to be competitive with their neighbors. Twenty-four school superintendents or personnel administrators were randomly selected from the clusters and interviewed to help identify the variables school divisions used to set salaries of principals, and how the data in this study might be used. Fifty-nine percent of the variance in average principals' salaries was explained by average daily membership, average education level, per pupil expenditure, and average household income. Except for local fiscal capacity, all variables were found to have a significant relationship (p .01) to average division principals' salaries. Grouping of residuals by size and proximity revealed clusters of division salaries appeared to be adjusted to be competitive with neighboring divisions. The interviews from the superintendents or personnel directors revealed similar results of setting salaries by comparing to neighboring divisions. At all residual levels, salaries in comparing neighboring divisions appeared more often as a theme from the interviews when setting salary schedules for principals. Further results from the interviews revealed, the data might be used to compare average principals' salaries with divisions which are competitive and contiguous. Based on the data, a large number of school divisions did not pay average principals' salaries according to their predicted levels; they appeared to base principals' salaries on other variables, including the desire to stay competitive with contiguous or neighboring divisions. / Ed. D.

This study argues that the Virginia slavery debate of 1831-32 was an occasion when radical transformations in the nature of the proslavery argument occurred and where changing popular perceptions about the role of government can be seen. Since the Revolution, government in Virginia had been based upon the Lockean concept of the inviolable right of private property and of property's central relationship to government. During the slavery debate, when the initial emancipationist plan, which addressed the slaveholders' property rights, was dismissed as impractical, a more radical antislavery doctrine was proposed that challenged traditional beliefs concerning property and the function of government. This doctrine was the legal concept of eminent domain, the right of the state to take private property for public purposes without the consent of the owner. Arguing that slavery threatened public safety, emancipationists called on the state government to act within its eminent domain powers to confiscate this harmful species of property. In the climate of increased public fear, brought on by the recent slave insurrection in Southampton County, this particular emancipationist argument subverted the traditional necessary evil justification for slavery. Defenders of slavery became impaled upon the horns of a dilemma. If they continued to acknowledge that slavery was evil, then they risked engendering the expansive government powers that the emancipationists advocated. If slavery could no longer be justified as a necessary evil, then upon what grounds must its defense now rest? In the face of this dilemma, defenders abandoned their traditional apologetic justification and instead advanced the idea of slavery as a "positive good." / Master of Arts

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This dissertation investigated whether women's traditional work, that is, the work of nurturing others, could rightly be classified as a form of creative expression. This was achieved through a theoretical analysis of the concept of creativity and a qualitative study of Virginia Woolf's creative identity as articulated in her female character, Clarissa Dalloway, in her novel, Mrs. Dalloway (1925/1993) and coeval diary entries (1978, 1980). Five historical epochs were identified in the history of the concept of creativity, which were thematically determined, including, 1) ancient philosophies, 2) philosophies of the 4th to 15th centuries, 3) philosophies of the 16th to 18th centuries, 4) philosophies of the 19th century, and, finally, 5) philosophies of the 20th century. Whereas men's evolving conceptualizations of creativity were largely categorical, and appeared to value rationalism, individualism, control, mastery, and even superiority, women's generated systems of thought were more characteristically integrative, systemic, practical, and intent on the interpersonal. The study of Virginia Woolf's narrative revealed the same. In the process of writing her novel, Mrs. Dalloway (1925/1993), Woolf and her character, Clarissa Dalloway, were simultaneously recreated. Both of these women's creative identities, in fact, were inherently relational, as opposed to individualistic and isolated-a creative identity that is consistent with traditional models of men's development. Findings revealed from both the theoretical study of the concept of creativity and Virginia Woolfs creativity identity were used to construct a more universal theory of creativity that acknowledged the developmental strengths of both men and women. Additionally, findings were discussed relative to optimism, the narrative construction of a woman's creative identity, and education. / 2031-01-01

This study deals with a) Understanding familiarity with transportation network companies (TNCs) and their use frequency b) Understanding travel choices in alcohol-related situations in Virginia. Ordered logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with the respondents perceived familiarity with transportation network companies (TNCs) and use frequency. Based on the two models, the consistent factors were using a mobile wallet, a cell phone for entertainment, an app for taxi services, or an app for hotel booking/air transport arrangements, living in Northern Virginia, normally using multiple transportation modes for a single trip, higher education levels, and higher household income which were associated with increased TNC familiarity and use frequency. Self-identifying as White/Caucasian was also associated with increased TNC use frequency. Increased age was associated with decreasing TNC familiarity and use frequency. Subsequently, travel choices in alcohol related situations were studied with the objective of understanding the role of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) in these situations and whether they have an impact on DUIs. For this objective, this study analyzes travel-choices associated with three scenarios alcohol related situations: (a) the last time the respondent consumed alcohol, (b) when avoiding driving after drinking, and (c) when avoiding riding with a driver who had been drinking. Multinomial Logistic Regression models were developed for all the three scenarios. For model (a), significant factors included use of a personal vehicle to arrive at the location where last consuming alcohol, being comfortable with having a credit card tied to a cell phone app, age, income, travelling alone when leaving the location where last consuming alcohol, having the highest educational attainment of high school graduate (GED), consumption of alcohol at bar/tavern/club, consumption of alcohol at home of friends/acquaintance place, and transportation network company (TNC – e.g., Uber, Lyft) weekly use frequency. For (b), use of a personal vehicle to arrive at the location where last consuming alcohol, consumption of alcohol at a bar/tavern/club, consumption of alcohol at the home of friends/acquaintance place, comfort with tying of credit card to apps, age, gender, income, multi-modal travel for a regular trip, TNC weekly use frequency, and use of an app for hotel reservations and/or air transportation arrangements are significant factors. For (c), use of a personal vehicle to arrive at the location where last consuming alcohol, walking to the location where last consuming alcohol, consumption of alcohol at a bar/tavern/club, comfort with tying a credit card to apps, age, income, TNC weekly use frequency, previously riding in a car with a driver who may have drunk too much to drive safely, and being employed full time are the significant factors. / Master of Science