The relationships between brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), non-game fish populations and selected physical and chemical parameters were investigated in four streams draining the Blue Ridge Mountains in north-central Virginia during low flow conditions in August, 1981 and 1982. Multiple regression and discriminant function analysis identified average stream width and maximum stream temperature as the main environmental factors related to brook and brown trout abundance and distribution. Furthermore, consistent fish species assemblages relative to brown trout distribution were observed in the study streams. The movements of tagged brown trout in two streams were assessed for the period from June 1981 to July 1982. Most brown trout remained within 200 m of original tagging sections, 98.7% in the Conway River (78 out of 79) and 71.4% in the North Fork Thornton River (7 out of 9). The 1979, 1978 and 1977 year class fish (ages 2+, 3+ and 4+) exhibited extremely restricted movements and were invariably recaptured at original capture locations while the 1980 year class (age 1+) displayed small net upstream movements (<80 m) throughout the period. Two 1980 year class individuals displayed extensive movements (17.0 km downstream and 1.2 km upstream). These movements were characteristic of other stream resident brown trout populations. Results of this study suggest that brown trout may expand their range upstream into currently allopatric brook trout zones. It would likely be a slow but steady process which could be accelerated by infrequent long-range movements. The potential for establishment of reproducing brown trout populations and impacts of brown trout on native brook trout populations can be assessed utilizing fish species assemblages, average stream width and maximum stream temperature prior to further brown trout introductions in this region of Virginia. / Master of Science

Soils overlying residuum on upland divides and interfluves that formed from transported material are common in the Virginia Piedmont. They are thought to occur on the oldest landscapes in the region. A study was initiated in Appomattox County and a small portion of Buckingham County encompassing an area of 238 square miles. The origin, age and characterization of these soils is studied. Mapping units comprised of red subsoil components and mapping units with non-red subsoil components are compared. Trend-surface analysis of the elevations at which they occur and chemical and physical data from twenty-four pedons in Appomattox County are used. The mapping units contain a complex mixture of taxonomic classifications that encompass pedons with and without palic clay distributions. Wetness due to perched water tables at variable depths also affects classifications. The red subsoil mapping units tend to occupy the older landscapes. Age estimates are derived from a comparison of trend-surface elevations between the transported soils and the present-day surface. These comparisons result in age estimates of 0.8 million years to 6.25 million years BP. Therefore, the oldest geomorphic surfaces in the south central Piedmont of Virginia may be estimated as late Pliocene to Miocene age landscapes. These soil materials were deposited through a process of landscape inversion dominated by subsidence and colluviation. / Master of Science

This project documents the Ludwick-Swope Farmstead's architectural development from 1833 until 1994. Technology, economics, and local preferences all impacted this process. There was no set year when the farm "appeared" in full blown form. The evolution occurred over many decades.House histories and county histories are common in Rockbridge County, but no research has focused on farmstead history. Court records, historic photographs, area histories, the farmstead, and oral histories were examined. Each source provided information on the farmsteads development. This information was combined into a historic structures report, which documents the findings and the farmstead's current condition.Complete farmsteads are becoming scarce and few people remember what structures were once part of a working farm. Although some museums have farmstead reconstructions, no attempt has been made to show farmstead development over a broad period of time. This paper was designed to remedy this oversight by documenting one farmsteads development through the past century and a half. / Department of Architecture

Game management has been defined as the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use (Leopold, 1939). Game is a product of the land; thus the successful practice of game management is dependent upon the manipulation of the land so as to meet most adequately the needs of any animal species. Natural habitats are constantly undergoing many changes in response to external influences. These changes are usually very slow but almost invariably take place in a series of integrating, but well defined steps when the pattern is unaltered by the activities of man. This sequence or plant changes has associated with it an animal population which is probably governed by floristic alterations. There are few quantitative data available on the relationship of these plant successional changes on the associated animal populations. Whereas the effect of plant succession on the animal population of a habitat is not susceptible to exact measurements, this effect probably may be measured in relative terms. In Virginia alone, an average of 50,000 acres of land has been abandoned each year for the past fifty years (United States Department of Commerce, Agricultural Census, 1950). In the state this represents approximately two and one half million acres of wildlife habitat which is in a state of dynamic change. Such abandoned areas may be among the more important wildlife producing areas 1n the state as the production of wildlife on such areas is not in conflict with agricultural or forestry interests and, therefore, may be given top priority in a game management program. On the 40,000 acres of the three state forests here in Virginia, large sums of money are spent annually on a wildlife management program and a majority of the activities under this program is devoted to the reclamation of abandoned areas or the holding of such areas at a stage of ecological succession so as to produce the maximum crop of wildlife. A similar wildlife management program is in effect on the approximately 1,500,000 acres in the two Virginia National Forests. In addition, there is a statewide farm game program sponsored by the Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries and a majority of work under this program also is concerned With holding ecological succession at a stage where game supposedly is produced in reasonable quantities. Basic data on the influence of ecological succession on game populations are needed for these programs if they are to be carried out intelligently and effectively. It is the purpose of this project to attempt to supply such data. The primary objectives of the project were fourfold: (1) To follow the trend of natural plant succession in abandoned areas in Cumberland County, Virginia in the Piedmont Region of the state, (2) to determine the influence of natural plant succession on the cottontail rabbit and bobwhite quail on abandoned areas in Cumberland County, Virginia, (3) to determine those stages in ecological plant succession which are best suited to the requirements of the cottontail rabbit and the bobwhite quail, (4) to develop a basis for predicting the tenure of animal and plant species in areas in which natural succession is undisturbed. A study or this nature should indicate the type of habitat changes which might be normally expected on abandoned land and the associated shifts in animal populations which may be concurrent with these habitat changes. If these successional data are accurately analyzed, they may indicate in general what has happened, is happening, or may be expected to happen on much of the approximately two and one half million acres of abandoned land in Virginia. This study was largely concerned with the trend or plant changes on abandoned land rather than with the underlying causes for these changes. In addition to the primary objectives of the study, three secondary objectives were considered in this investigation in Cumberland County. These objectives were: (1) To determine rabbit utilization of land use types other than abandoned land by means of trapping, (2) to collect population data, age ratios, and call indices for the bobwhite quail and to attempt to relate these data to land use types, (3) to determine small manal utilization of land use types other than abandoned land by means of trapping. / Ph. D.

Intra-urban office location research has traditionally described office location patterns in large metropolises. Research is needed to determine whether these findings accurately describe locational patterns in average-sized American cities, such as Roanoke, Virginia. The pattern of insurance office location in Roanoke, Virginia, was examined from 1960 to 1983. It was determined that research in large metropolises accurately described certain trends in Roanoke but inaccurately described others, particularly with regards to office construction and office migration patterns. Insurance offices in Roanoke were stratified on the basis of their affiliation, or the way the office marketed its products. Four common types of insurance offices were identified: independent agencies, general agencies, captive agencies, and indirect writers. Questionnaires were distributed to a random stratified sample of each office type. Chi-square tests revealed significant differences in the organizational features, contact patterns, and locational characteristics of independent agencies, general agencies, captive agencies, and indirect writers. Future research should attempt to understand the structure of other office industries and identify industry-specific factors affecting the locational characteristics of each industry segment. / M.S.

The purpose of this study was to identify, through historic documents, the craftsmen of a specific region, Montgomery County, that may have contributed to the construction of area buildings between 1850 and 1900. Data from Population Census reports and Birth Registers were used to create a matrix of craftsmen names, their trade, location, and length of service. This list was used to place in perspective different kinds of craftsmen by attempting to relate various trades to one another, to area resources, and specific sites. For this well-timbered region, carpenters represented almost half (437.) of the craftsmen identified. The identification of 1,028 craftsmen and presence of apprentices indicated that skilled labor was available to residents and that some level of formal training did exist. Through the use of bills, receipts, and letters, the study also revealed individual and collaborative works as well as labor and material costs. Although these craftsmen were found throughout the county, the majority resided in Blacksburg and Christiansburg. / M.S.

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the institutional framework of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the implementation and enforcement of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control measures in the state's urbanizing areas. The institutional framework is developed primarily around the existing governmental framework. The federal, state and local roles are examined in terms of the relevant legislative and executive NPS control activities already taking place. The judicial function is considered in terms of constitutional guarantees of protection of private property and the potential for liability stemming from the implementation of structural and nonstructural best management practices (BMP's). Three generic categories of BMP's are evaluated in light of this institutional environment: on-site BMP's, off-site BMP's and nonstructural BMP's. Where they are relevant, various subcategories of the institutional environment are examined: mechanisms and responsibility for financing and maintenance, managing future urban growth and mediating interjurisdictional arrangements. The introduction and first four chapters develop this material and the final chapter is an analysis of the existing state programs (the Erosion and Sediment Control Law and the State Water Control Board's voluntary Urban NPS Control and Abatement Program). The product of this analysis is the conclusion that both state programs analyzed are weak due to a lack of state oversight. In addition, the Erosion and Sediment Control Program could be strengthened by amending the law to add a viable "stop work" order and by defining violations as being civil rather than criminal (misdemeanors) violations. / M.S.

M.S.

Although Business-Industry-Education (B-I-E) involvement in Tech Prep programs is frequently discussed and encouraged in the literature, there was little information which identified what is meant by involvement. This study determined what constitutes B-I-E involvement in Tech Prep programs in Virginia's community colleges and secondary schools. At the time of this study there were forty-four (44) Tech Prep projects in Virginia. Each Tech Prep project had at least one key person at the community college and at least one key person at the secondary schools in the community college service area. There are twenty-three (23) community colleges in Virginia with at least one Tech Prep project at each community college. Each community college in the consortium had at least one secondary school associated with it. In most instances, there were several secondary schools associated with each community college. The sample consisted of 23 key persons at the community colleges and 23 at the secondary schools. / Ed. D.

This research project was designed to conduct a study of the Concerned Black Man (CBM) of Richmond, a mentorship program for African American males. The specific purposes of the study were to: (1) identify program structure and practices; (2) identify program strengths and weaknesses as perceived by key players; (3) examine the nature of mentor-protege relationships. The population consisted of 33 persons (executive board members, mentors, proteges, parents, business/community leaders, and school officials) involved with the CBM program. The methods of research employed were document collection, observations, unstructured interviews, and focus groups. Conclusions drawn from the study suggest that the Concerned Black Men consist of a small group of dedicated males who operate and administer the entire program. Evidence suggests that although the program has had a positive impact on program participants, the absence of full time staff gives way to a general lack of infrastructure which contributes to uneven and inconsistent program policies and practices. Commitment of the CBM members, youth activities, transportation, and CBM resourcefulness emerged as strengths by key players. Weaknesses cited were membership, communications, and organizational structure. CBM espouses a group approach to mentoring, therefore, formal matching is not encouraged. It is significant that all proteges formed relationships with the same mentor; on the other hand, only one mentor had formed a relationship with either of the proteges interviewed. Both mentors and proteges conveyed that the relationship (1) started in a bi-monthly CBM activity; (2) centered around group-sponsored activities, twice a month; (3) consisted of primarily school-related conversation; (4) was fairly close; (5) gave them positive feelings; and (6) generally effected a positive change in their behavior. The argument is supported that a successful mentoring program requires a solid infrastructure, consistently stated goals and an essential supply of manpower. / Ed. D.