<p>Sensors are being used in many industrial applications for equipment health mon-itoring and anomaly detection. However, sometimes operation and maintenanceof these sensors are costly. Thus companies are interested in reducing the num-ber of required sensors as much as possible. The straightforward solution is tocheck the prediction power of sensors and eliminate those sensors with limitedprediction capabilities. However, this is not an optimal solution because if we dis-card the identified sensors. Their historical data also will not be utilized anymore.However, typically such historical data can help improve the remaining sensors’signal power, and abolishing them does not seem the right solution. Therefore, wepropose the first data-driven approach based on tensor completion for re-utilizingdata of removed sensors, in addition to remaining sensors to create virtual sensors.We applied the proposed method on vibration sensors of high-speed separators,operating with five sensors. The producer company was interested in reducing thesensors to two. But with the aid of tensor completion-based virtual sensors, weshow that we can safely keep only one sensor and use four virtual sensors thatgive almost equal detection power compared to when we keep only two physicalsensors.</p>

The harmful effects of aircraft noise, with respect to both comfort and occupational health, have long since been recognised, with many examples of sound control now implemented in commercial aircraft. However, the single engine light aircraft cabin is still an extremely noisy environment, which apparently has been side-lined by both cost and weight constraints, especially with respect to low frequency sound reduction. Consequently, pilots and passengers of these aircraft are still exposed to potentially damaging noise levels and hearing damage can only be avoided by the proper use of ear defenders. Minimisation of the noise around the occupants of the aircraft reduces the dependency of personal ear defenders and is conducive to a more comfortable, hygienic and less stressful environment. This thesis describes the basis of a theoretical and experimental project, directed at the design and evaluation of a practical active noise control (ANC) system suitable for a single engine light aircraft. Results from initial experiments conducted in a single engine aircraft demonstrated the viability of ANC for this application. However, the extreme noise, the highly damped cabin, the multiple tone excitation, the severe weight limitations and the requirement of air worthiness certification severely complicated the problem of achieving noise reduction throughout the entire aircraft cabin. Compromising the objective to only achieving local control around the occupants still presented difficulties because the region of attenuated noise around the error sensors was so small that a nearby observer experienced no sound level reduction whatsoever. The objective was therefore to move the control zone away from the error sensor and place a broad envelope of noise reduction immediately around the occupant's head, through the use of virtual sensors , thus creating the perception of global noise control. While virtual sensors are not new (Garcia-Bonito et al. (1996)), they are currently limited to acoustic pressure estimation (virtual microphones) via the initial measurement of an observer / sensor transfer function. In this research, new virtual sensor algorithms have been developed to: 1. minimise the sound level at the observer location, 2. broaden the control region, 3. adapt to any physical system changes and 4. produce a control zone that may ultimately follow an observer's head The performance of the virtual sensors were evaluated both analytically and experimentally in progressively more complex environments to identify their capabilities and limitations. It was found that the use of virtual sensors would, in general, attenuate the noise at the observer location more effectively than when using conventional remotely placed error sensors. Such a control strategy was considered to be ideal for a light single engine aircraft, because it would only require small light speakers (possibly fitted into a head-rest) to achieve a broad control zone that envelopes the region around the occupants heads. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering), 2000.

The harmful effects of aircraft noise, with respect to both comfort and occupational health, have long since been recognised, with many examples of sound control now implemented in commercial aircraft. However, the single engine light aircraft cabin is still an extremely noisy environment, which apparently has been side-lined by both cost and weight constraints, especially with respect to low frequency sound reduction. Consequently, pilots and passengers of these aircraft are still exposed to potentially damaging noise levels and hearing damage can only be avoided by the proper use of ear defenders. Minimisation of the noise around the occupants of the aircraft reduces the dependency of personal ear defenders and is conducive to a more comfortable, hygienic and less stressful environment. This thesis describes the basis of a theoretical and experimental project, directed at the design and evaluation of a practical active noise control (ANC) system suitable for a single engine light aircraft. Results from initial experiments conducted in a single engine aircraft demonstrated the viability of ANC for this application. However, the extreme noise, the highly damped cabin, the multiple tone excitation, the severe weight limitations and the requirement of air worthiness certification severely complicated the problem of achieving noise reduction throughout the entire aircraft cabin. Compromising the objective to only achieving local control around the occupants still presented difficulties because the region of attenuated noise around the error sensors was so small that a nearby observer experienced no sound level reduction whatsoever. The objective was therefore to move the control zone away from the error sensor and place a broad envelope of noise reduction immediately around the occupant's head, through the use of virtual sensors , thus creating the perception of global noise control. While virtual sensors are not new (Garcia-Bonito et al. (1996)), they are currently limited to acoustic pressure estimation (virtual microphones) via the initial measurement of an observer / sensor transfer function. In this research, new virtual sensor algorithms have been developed to: 1. minimise the sound level at the observer location, 2. broaden the control region, 3. adapt to any physical system changes and 4. produce a control zone that may ultimately follow an observer's head The performance of the virtual sensors were evaluated both analytically and experimentally in progressively more complex environments to identify their capabilities and limitations. It was found that the use of virtual sensors would, in general, attenuate the noise at the observer location more effectively than when using conventional remotely placed error sensors. Such a control strategy was considered to be ideal for a light single engine aircraft, because it would only require small light speakers (possibly fitted into a head-rest) to achieve a broad control zone that envelopes the region around the occupants heads. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering), 2000.

The harmful effects of aircraft noise, with respect to both comfort and occupational health, have long since been recognised, with many examples of sound control now implemented in commercial aircraft. However, the single engine light aircraft cabin is still an extremely noisy environment, which apparently has been side-lined by both cost and weight constraints, especially with respect to low frequency sound reduction. Consequently, pilots and passengers of these aircraft are still exposed to potentially damaging noise levels and hearing damage can only be avoided by the proper use of ear defenders. Minimisation of the noise around the occupants of the aircraft reduces the dependency of personal ear defenders and is conducive to a more comfortable, hygienic and less stressful environment. This thesis describes the basis of a theoretical and experimental project, directed at the design and evaluation of a practical active noise control (ANC) system suitable for a single engine light aircraft. Results from initial experiments conducted in a single engine aircraft demonstrated the viability of ANC for this application. However, the extreme noise, the highly damped cabin, the multiple tone excitation, the severe weight limitations and the requirement of air worthiness certification severely complicated the problem of achieving noise reduction throughout the entire aircraft cabin. Compromising the objective to only achieving local control around the occupants still presented difficulties because the region of attenuated noise around the error sensors was so small that a nearby observer experienced no sound level reduction whatsoever. The objective was therefore to move the control zone away from the error sensor and place a broad envelope of noise reduction immediately around the occupant's head, through the use of virtual sensors , thus creating the perception of global noise control. While virtual sensors are not new (Garcia-Bonito et al. (1996)), they are currently limited to acoustic pressure estimation (virtual microphones) via the initial measurement of an observer / sensor transfer function. In this research, new virtual sensor algorithms have been developed to: 1. minimise the sound level at the observer location, 2. broaden the control region, 3. adapt to any physical system changes and 4. produce a control zone that may ultimately follow an observer's head The performance of the virtual sensors were evaluated both analytically and experimentally in progressively more complex environments to identify their capabilities and limitations. It was found that the use of virtual sensors would, in general, attenuate the noise at the observer location more effectively than when using conventional remotely placed error sensors. Such a control strategy was considered to be ideal for a light single engine aircraft, because it would only require small light speakers (possibly fitted into a head-rest) to achieve a broad control zone that envelopes the region around the occupants heads. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering), 2000.

When released into the atmosphere, traditional refrigerants contribute to climate change several orders of magnitude more than a corresponding amount of carbon dioxide. For that reason, an increasing amount of interest has been paid to transcritical vapor compression systems in recent years, which use carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. Vapor compression systems also impact the environment through their consumption of energy. This can be greatly increased by faulty operation. Automated techniques for detecting and diagnosing faults have been widely tested for subcritical systems, but have not been applied to transcritical systems. These methods can involve either dynamic analysis of the vapor compression cycle or a variety of algorithms based on steady state behavior. In this thesis, the viability of dynamic fault detection is tested in relation to that of static fault detection for a transcritical refrigeration system. Step tests are used to determine that transient behavior does not give additional useful information. The same tests are performed on a subcritical air-conditioner showing little value in dynamic fault detection. A static component based method of fault detection which has been applied to subcritical systems is also tested for all pairings of four faults: over/undercharge, evaporator fouling, gas cooler fouling, and compressor valve leakage. This technique allows for low cost measurement and independent detection of individual faults even when multiple faults are present. Results of this method are promising and allow distinction between faulty and fault-free behavior.

Typically the combustion in engines are open-loop controlled. By using an in-cylinder pressure sensor it is possible to create virtual sensors for closed-loop combustion control (CLCC). With CLCC it is possible to counteract dynamic effects as component ageing, fuel type and cylinder variance. A virtual sensor system was implemented based on a one-zone heat-release analysis, including signal processing of the pressure sensor input. A parametrisation of the heat-release based on several Vibe functions was implemented with good results. The major focus of the virtual sensor system was to perform a tolerance analysis on experimental data, where typical error sources in a production heavy-duty vehicle were identified and their effect on the estimates quantified. It could be concluded that estimates are very much dependent on the choice of heat-release and specific heat ratio models. Especially crank angle phasing has a large impact on estimation performance, stressing the importance of accounting for crankshaft torsion in production vehicles. Biodiesel advances the combustion angle and give a lower IMEP and total heat amount compared to standard diesel. However, error sensitivity is not affected. Further investigations must be made on improving the signal processing in terms of gain error compensation and filtering. Also a better understanding of how errors propagate between subsystems in a CLCC system is required for successful implementation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Stringent regulatory requirements and modern diesel engine technologies have engaged automotive manufacturers and researchers in accurately predicting and controlling diesel engine-out emissions. As a result, engine control systems have become more complex and opaquer, increasing the development time and costs. To address this challenge, Model-based control methods are an effective way to deal with the criticality of the system study and controls. And physics-based combustion engine modeling is a key to achieve it. This thesis focuses on development and validation of a physics-based model for both engine and emissions using model-based design tools from MATLAB & Simulink. Engine model equipped with exhaust gas circulation and variable geometry turbine is adopted from the previously done work which was then integrated with the combustion and emission model that predicts the heat release rates and NOx emission from engine. Combustion model is designed based on the mass fraction burnt from CA10 to CA90 and then NOx predicted using the extended Zeldovich mechanism. The engine models are tuned for both steady state and dynamics test points to account for engine operating range from the performance data. Various engine and combustion parameters are estimated using parameter estimation toolbox from MATLAB and Simulink by applying the least squared solver to minimize the error between measured and estimated variables. This model is validated against the virtual engine model developed in GT-power for Cummins 6.7L turbo diesel engine. To account for the harmonization of the testing cycles to save engine development time globally, a world harmonized stationary cycle (WHSC) is used for the validation. Sub-systems are validated individually as well as in a loop with a complete model for WHSC. Engine model validation showed promising accuracy of more than 88.4 percent on average for the desired parameters required for the NOx prediction. NOx estimation is accurate for the cycle except the warm-up and cool-down phase. However, NOx prediction during these phases is limited due to actual NOx measured data for tuning the model for real-time NOx estimation. Results are summarized at the end to compare the trend of NOx estimation from the developed combustion and emission model to show the accuracy of in-cylinder parameters and required for the NOx estimation.

No description available.

A cultura de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum Officinarum) tem presença marcante na história do Brasil, desde a colonização. Em seu processo industrial, são obtidos os seguintes produtos: açúcar, álcool (anidro e hidratado); e seus principais subprodutos são: bagaço - utilizado para geração de energia - e vinhaça - reaplicada na lavoura como adubo. O uso da vinhaça na lavoura recebe o nome de fertirrigação, pois este subproduto é muito rico em minerais como: potássio, sódio, cálcio e magnésio contêm grande carga biológica e possui 93% de água em sua composição. No entanto, sua aplicação indiscriminada pode causar vários danos ao meio ambiente e à lavoura. Esta pesquisa visa a contribuir tecnicamente para o monitoramento do íon de potássio controlado pela Norma Técnica da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) - P4.231 (Versão Janeiro/2005). O método proposto viabiliza a avaliação da concentração de potássio na vinhaça in natura diretamente na saída da destilaria. Para isso utilizaram-se redes neurais artificiais, mais especificamente as redes perceptron multicamadas, como aproximador universal de funções. Utilizam-se, como referência, dados de análises laboratoriais de coletas realizadas durante dois meses na Usina Ipiranga de Descalvado - SP. Os resultados apresentaram margem de erro menor que os aparelhos convencionais, mostrando, assim, sua capacidade de realizar a função de analisador químico. No entanto tal margem foi calculada sobre o erro dos aparelhos, ou seja, se somados ambos os erros - do equipamento e da rede - a metodologia apresentaria um erro maior. / The cultivation of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) has significant presence in Brazil\'s history, from colonization. In its industrial process, are obtained the following products: sugar, ethanol (anhydrous and hydrated), and its main products are: marc - used for power generation - and stillage - re-applied as fertilizer in farming. The use of vinasse on the farm is called fertigation, because this by-product is very rich in minerals such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium containing high biological load and has 93% water in its composition. However, its indiscriminate application can cause extensive damage to the environment and agriculture. This research aims to contribute technically to the monitoring of potassium ion controlled with the Standard Environmental Company of São Paulo (CETESB) - P4.231 (Version January 2005). The proposed method enables the assessment of the concentration of potassium in the stillage in natura directly in the output of the distillery. For this we used artificial neural networks, especially the multilayer perceptron networks, such as universal approximator of functions. Are used as reference data for laboratory analysis of samples collected during two months of Descalvado at Usina Ipiranga - SP. The results showed a margin of error smaller than traditional braces, thus showing its ability to perform the function of chemistry analyzer. However this was calculated on the error of the apparatus, ie, if both errors combined - the equipment and the network - the methodology would present a greater mistake.

A cultura de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum Officinarum) tem presença marcante na história do Brasil, desde a colonização. Em seu processo industrial, são obtidos os seguintes produtos: açúcar, álcool (anidro e hidratado); e seus principais subprodutos são: bagaço - utilizado para geração de energia - e vinhaça - reaplicada na lavoura como adubo. O uso da vinhaça na lavoura recebe o nome de fertirrigação, pois este subproduto é muito rico em minerais como: potássio, sódio, cálcio e magnésio contêm grande carga biológica e possui 93% de água em sua composição. No entanto, sua aplicação indiscriminada pode causar vários danos ao meio ambiente e à lavoura. Esta pesquisa visa a contribuir tecnicamente para o monitoramento do íon de potássio controlado pela Norma Técnica da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) - P4.231 (Versão Janeiro/2005). O método proposto viabiliza a avaliação da concentração de potássio na vinhaça in natura diretamente na saída da destilaria. Para isso utilizaram-se redes neurais artificiais, mais especificamente as redes perceptron multicamadas, como aproximador universal de funções. Utilizam-se, como referência, dados de análises laboratoriais de coletas realizadas durante dois meses na Usina Ipiranga de Descalvado - SP. Os resultados apresentaram margem de erro menor que os aparelhos convencionais, mostrando, assim, sua capacidade de realizar a função de analisador químico. No entanto tal margem foi calculada sobre o erro dos aparelhos, ou seja, se somados ambos os erros - do equipamento e da rede - a metodologia apresentaria um erro maior. / The cultivation of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) has significant presence in Brazil\'s history, from colonization. In its industrial process, are obtained the following products: sugar, ethanol (anhydrous and hydrated), and its main products are: marc - used for power generation - and stillage - re-applied as fertilizer in farming. The use of vinasse on the farm is called fertigation, because this by-product is very rich in minerals such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium containing high biological load and has 93% water in its composition. However, its indiscriminate application can cause extensive damage to the environment and agriculture. This research aims to contribute technically to the monitoring of potassium ion controlled with the Standard Environmental Company of São Paulo (CETESB) - P4.231 (Version January 2005). The proposed method enables the assessment of the concentration of potassium in the stillage in natura directly in the output of the distillery. For this we used artificial neural networks, especially the multilayer perceptron networks, such as universal approximator of functions. Are used as reference data for laboratory analysis of samples collected during two months of Descalvado at Usina Ipiranga - SP. The results showed a margin of error smaller than traditional braces, thus showing its ability to perform the function of chemistry analyzer. However this was calculated on the error of the apparatus, ie, if both errors combined - the equipment and the network - the methodology would present a greater mistake.