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Cirurgias minimamente invasivas correspondem a uma importante especialidade da Medicina, cuja aplicação em larga escala depende do treinamento de novos cirurgiões em habilidades específicas que podem ser aprimoradas através do uso de simuladores virtuais de cirurgia. Entretanto, tais aplicações demandam alta qualidade visual das simulações de órgãos internos, que idealmente podem ser realizadas com base em aproximações de mais alta ordem da interação luz-matéria. Trabalhos recentes têm proposto abordagens híbridas onde dados da BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function - Função de Distribuição de Reflectância Bidirecional) de órgãos vivos têm sido amostrados ou estimados, para orientar técnicas de rendering em tempo real. O presente trabalho propõe um pipeline para o rendering de estruturas orgânicas baseado em Física visando a simulação de cirurgia compatível com alto nível de aproximação da interação luz-matéria. Através de um novo método de amostragem da BRDF de órgãos vivos por meio de laparoscopias convencionais, e do estudo de formas de representação para os dados amostrados, imagens de órgãos humanos são geradas em sistemas de rendering de tempo real e sistemas baseados em algoritmos de iluminação global. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada em um experimento realizado através de uma Colecistectomia, cujos importantes resultados caracterizam-se pela cobertura de aproximadamente 22% da BRDF de um fígado humano vivo, configurando assim uma contribuição singular para técnicas de amostram de BRDF de órgãos e rendering de órgãos baseado em Física. / Minimally invasive surgeries are an important specialty of Medicine. Virtual simulators allow the development of the needed skills for new surgeons. Such simulators demand high visual quality of the internal organs that ideally can be performed based on higher-order approximations of the light-material interaction. Recent work proposes hybrid approaches where the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) data for living organs was sampling or estimated to guide real-time rendering techniques. This work proposes a pipeline for physically-based rendering of organic structures with the goal of surgery simulations with a high level of approximation for the light-material interaction. We present a new sampling method for measuring BRDFs for living organs based on conventional laparoscopy. With this data we are able to render human organs in real-time and also improve global illumination results. The methodology was applied in an experiment performed through a Cholecystectomy. Our results achieved a high BRDF coverage of 22% for a living human liver, establishing a singular contribution for the sampling of BRDF in-vivo organs and physically-based rendering.

Cirurgias minimamente invasivas correspondem a uma importante especialidade da Medicina, cuja aplicação em larga escala depende do treinamento de novos cirurgiões em habilidades específicas que podem ser aprimoradas através do uso de simuladores virtuais de cirurgia. Entretanto, tais aplicações demandam alta qualidade visual das simulações de órgãos internos, que idealmente podem ser realizadas com base em aproximações de mais alta ordem da interação luz-matéria. Trabalhos recentes têm proposto abordagens híbridas onde dados da BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function - Função de Distribuição de Reflectância Bidirecional) de órgãos vivos têm sido amostrados ou estimados, para orientar técnicas de rendering em tempo real. O presente trabalho propõe um pipeline para o rendering de estruturas orgânicas baseado em Física visando a simulação de cirurgia compatível com alto nível de aproximação da interação luz-matéria. Através de um novo método de amostragem da BRDF de órgãos vivos por meio de laparoscopias convencionais, e do estudo de formas de representação para os dados amostrados, imagens de órgãos humanos são geradas em sistemas de rendering de tempo real e sistemas baseados em algoritmos de iluminação global. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada em um experimento realizado através de uma Colecistectomia, cujos importantes resultados caracterizam-se pela cobertura de aproximadamente 22% da BRDF de um fígado humano vivo, configurando assim uma contribuição singular para técnicas de amostram de BRDF de órgãos e rendering de órgãos baseado em Física. / Minimally invasive surgeries are an important specialty of Medicine. Virtual simulators allow the development of the needed skills for new surgeons. Such simulators demand high visual quality of the internal organs that ideally can be performed based on higher-order approximations of the light-material interaction. Recent work proposes hybrid approaches where the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) data for living organs was sampling or estimated to guide real-time rendering techniques. This work proposes a pipeline for physically-based rendering of organic structures with the goal of surgery simulations with a high level of approximation for the light-material interaction. We present a new sampling method for measuring BRDFs for living organs based on conventional laparoscopy. With this data we are able to render human organs in real-time and also improve global illumination results. The methodology was applied in an experiment performed through a Cholecystectomy. Our results achieved a high BRDF coverage of 22% for a living human liver, establishing a singular contribution for the sampling of BRDF in-vivo organs and physically-based rendering.

Cirurgias minimamente invasivas correspondem a uma importante especialidade da Medicina, cuja aplicação em larga escala depende do treinamento de novos cirurgiões em habilidades específicas que podem ser aprimoradas através do uso de simuladores virtuais de cirurgia. Entretanto, tais aplicações demandam alta qualidade visual das simulações de órgãos internos, que idealmente podem ser realizadas com base em aproximações de mais alta ordem da interação luz-matéria. Trabalhos recentes têm proposto abordagens híbridas onde dados da BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function - Função de Distribuição de Reflectância Bidirecional) de órgãos vivos têm sido amostrados ou estimados, para orientar técnicas de rendering em tempo real. O presente trabalho propõe um pipeline para o rendering de estruturas orgânicas baseado em Física visando a simulação de cirurgia compatível com alto nível de aproximação da interação luz-matéria. Através de um novo método de amostragem da BRDF de órgãos vivos por meio de laparoscopias convencionais, e do estudo de formas de representação para os dados amostrados, imagens de órgãos humanos são geradas em sistemas de rendering de tempo real e sistemas baseados em algoritmos de iluminação global. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada em um experimento realizado através de uma Colecistectomia, cujos importantes resultados caracterizam-se pela cobertura de aproximadamente 22% da BRDF de um fígado humano vivo, configurando assim uma contribuição singular para técnicas de amostram de BRDF de órgãos e rendering de órgãos baseado em Física. / Minimally invasive surgeries are an important specialty of Medicine. Virtual simulators allow the development of the needed skills for new surgeons. Such simulators demand high visual quality of the internal organs that ideally can be performed based on higher-order approximations of the light-material interaction. Recent work proposes hybrid approaches where the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) data for living organs was sampling or estimated to guide real-time rendering techniques. This work proposes a pipeline for physically-based rendering of organic structures with the goal of surgery simulations with a high level of approximation for the light-material interaction. We present a new sampling method for measuring BRDFs for living organs based on conventional laparoscopy. With this data we are able to render human organs in real-time and also improve global illumination results. The methodology was applied in an experiment performed through a Cholecystectomy. Our results achieved a high BRDF coverage of 22% for a living human liver, establishing a singular contribution for the sampling of BRDF in-vivo organs and physically-based rendering.

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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / This thesis documents the research, design and implementation of a virtual hysteroscopy simulator. A hysteroscopy is a medical procedure used in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology. The system consists of a mechanically modelled hysteroscope connecting to any personal computer using USB, and is plug and play compatible on any modernWindows operating system. The scope interfaces with custom-designed software, which simulates a patient’s anatomy and thus creates a virtual operating environment. The software incorporates features like simulated soft tissue and an ablation algorithm. This system is developed with the aim to aid the young or inexperienced surgeon with hands-on training, developing his hand-eye coordination and visual and surgical skills used in this procedure.

Single ventricle heart defects, where systemic and pulmonary venous returns mix in the single functional ventricle, represent the most complex form of congenital heart defect, affecting 2 babies per 1000 live births. Surgical repairs, termed "Fontan Repairs," reroute the systemic venous return directly to the pulmonary arteries, thus preventing venous return mixing and restoring normal oxygenation saturation levels. Unfortunately, these repairs are only palliative and Fontan patients are subjected to a multitude of chronic complications. It has long been suspected that hemodynamics play a role in determining patient outcome. However, the number of anatomical and functional variables that come into play and the inability to conduct large scale clinical evaluations, due to too small a patient population, has hindered decisive progress and there is still not a good understanding of the optimal care strategies on a patient-by-patient basis. Over the past decades, image-guided computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has arisen as an attractive option to accurately model such complex biomedical phenomena, providing a high degree of freedom regarding the geometry and flow conditions to be simulated, and carrying the potential to be automated for large sample size studies. Despite these theoretical advantages, few CFD studies have been able to account for the complexity of patient-specific anatomies and in vivo pulsatile flows. In this thesis, we develop an unstructured Cartesian immersed-boundary flow solver allowing for high resolution, time-accurate simulations in arbitrarily complex geometries, at low computational costs. Combining the proposed and validated CFD solver with an interactive virtual-surgery environment, we present an image-based surgical planning framework that: a) allows for in depth analysis of the pre-operative in vivo hemodynamics; b) enables surgeons to determine the optimum surgical scenario prior to the operation. This framework is first applied to retrospectively investigate the in vivo pulsatile hemodynamics of different Fontan repair techniques, and quantitatively compare their efficiency. We then report the prospective surgical planning investigations conducted for six failing Fontan patients with an interrupted inferior vena cava and azygous continuation. In addition to a direct benefit to the patients under consideration, the knowledge derived from these surgical planning studies will also have a larger impact for the clinical management of Fontan patients as they shed light onto the impact of caval offset, vessel flaring and other design parameters upon the Fontan hemodynamics depending on the underlying patient anatomy. These results provide useful surgical guidelines for each anatomical template, which could benefit the global surgical community, including centers that do not have access to patient-specific surgical planning interfaces.

Virtual surgery planning systems have demonstrated great potential to help surgeons achieve a better functional and aesthetic outcome for the patient, and at the same time reduce time in the operating room resulting in considerable cost savings. However, the two-dimensional tools employed in these systems today, such as a mouse and a conventional graphical display, are difficult to use for interaction with three-dimensional anatomical images. Therefore surgeons often outsource virtual planning which increases cost and lead time to surgery. Haptics relates to the sense of touch and haptic technology encompasses algorithms, software, and hardware designed to engage the sense of touch. To demonstrate how haptic technology in combination with stereo visualization can make cranio-maxillofacial surgery planning more efficient and easier to use, we describe our haptics-assisted surgery planning (HASP) system. HASP supports in-house virtual planning of reconstructions in complex trauma cases, and reconstructions with a fibula osteocutaneous free flap including bone, vessels, and soft-tissue in oncology cases. An integrated stable six degrees-of-freedom haptic attraction force model, snap-to-fit, supports semi-automatic alignment of virtual bone fragments in trauma cases. HASP has potential beyond this thesis as a teaching tool and also as a development platform for future research. In addition to HASP, we describe a surgical bone saw simulator with a novel hybrid haptic interface that combines kinesthetic and vibrotactile feedback to display both low frequency contact forces and realistic high frequency vibrations when a virtual saw blade comes in contact with a virtual bone model.  We also show that visuo-haptic co-location shortens the completion time, but does not improve the accuracy, in interaction tasks performed on two different visuo-haptic displays: one based on a holographic optical element and one based on a half-transparent mirror.  Finally, we describe two prototype hand-worn haptic interfaces that potentially may expand the interaction capabilities of the HASP system. In particular we evaluate two different types of piezo-electric motors, one walking quasi-static motor and one traveling-wave ultrasonic motor for actuating the interfaces.