Le terme virú-gallinazo désigne au XXe siècle un style céramique puis caractérise une culture. Aujourd’hui, le consensus archéologique regroupe les vestiges virú-gallinazo sous la dénomination de « phénomène culturel » et cherche ainsi à le définir. Mais l’épistémologie montre l’aspect fragmentaire sur lequel se fondent ces interprétations.Cette thèse propose alors une approche plus complexe du phénomène. Elle se fonde sur les idées suivantes : l’art ne reflète pas l’intégralité des manifestations culturelles. Enfin la signification d’un objet peut varier selon les contextes dans lesquels il se trouve. Ce travail, en conséquence, entreprend une analyse contextuelle croisée des différentes catégories de vestiges. / During the XXth century, the viru-gallinazo term first refers to ceramic’s style and after it distinguishes a culture. Today, the archaeological consensus includes the viru-gallinazo remains as a"cultural phenomenon" and seeks to define it. But the epistemology shows the fragmented aspect on which are based those interpretations.This thesis proposes then a more complex approach of the viru-gallinazo "cultural phenomenon". It is based on the following ideas: art does not reflect the entirety of cultural events. Finally the meaning of an object may vary according to the context in which it is located. For that reason, this study sets out a crossed contextual analysis of the different categories of remains.

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published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Medicine / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T21:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10024_Tese_Eduardo de Almeida Soares.pdf: 3867541 bytes, checksum: 68dcf6cd58e085e15a6b6526d0da5f27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-29 / Mamão (C. papaya L), uma fruteira de grande importância econômica mundial, vem sofrendo acentuados prejuízos na pré colheira, sobretudo pela doença da meleira do mamoeiro, caracterizada pela exsudação espontânea de látex aquoso e fluido que oxida e se acumula como uma substância pegajosa nos órgãos da planta. A meleira é causada por uma infecção sinérgica dos vírus PMeV e PMeV2, cuja sintomatologia manifesta-se apenas após a transição juvenil-adulto (florescimento) das plantas. Para entender os mecanismos de interação planta-vírus e a dependência fenológica da sintomatologia, o proteoma de C. papaya foi acessado, via proteômica quantitativa livre de marcação baseada em LC-MS/MS, para plantas infectadas e não infectadas (controle) em quatro diferentes idades (3, 4, 7 e 9 meses pós germinação). Este estudo possibilitou a identificação de 1.623 e a quantificação de 1.609 proteínas, cuja comparação de abundâncias revelou uma elevação nos níveis de proteínas relacionadas à fotossíntese e redução nos níveis de proteínas relacionadas à atividade de caspase-like, 26S-proteassomo e remodelamento de parede celular no período assintomático e anterior ao florescimento. O surgimento dos sintomas após o florescimento (7 meses pós germinação) foi acompanhado de uma redução no acúmulo de proteínas relacionadas à fotossíntese e elevação no acúmulo de proteínas relacionadas ao metabolismo de carboidratos, lipídeos, aminoácidos, proteínas, nucleotídeos e ácidos nucléicos. Além do acúmulo de proteínas envolvidas em resposta a estresse, sinalização, transporte e parede celular. O somatório destes resultados aponta para a existência de um mecanismo de tolerância incompleto na fase assintomática e anterior ao florescimento, com uma sinalização por ROS via cloroplasto seguido de um sistema ineficiente na contenção da infecção sistêmica pela depleção da atividade caspásica, proteassomal, e de remodelamento de parede. Este mecanismo de tolerância incompleta no pré florescimento ganha novos elementos com a transição juvenil-adulto, que com uma infecção já instalada de forma sistêmica, origina os sintomas de resposta necrótica e clorótica tardios. A inibição nos processos de remodelamento de parede celular anteriores ao florescimento acarreta no enfraquecimento dos laticíferos, que se rompem quando em desequilíbrio osmótico, gerando o aspecto melado do mamoeiro doente.

Annotation: Human cells of neuronal origin represent an excellent tool for the investigation of neuropathogenesis of TBE. The maturation, replication process of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and ultrastructural changes induced by infection in the neuroblasts cell line (UKF-NB-4) was studied by electron microscopy. I compared electron microscopical aspects (appearance) of TEM images of neuroblasts cells prepared by (1) conventional chemical fixation, resin-embedding and sectionig; (2) rapid freezing of cell monolayers at high pressure and sectioning of freeze substituted samples. The most interesting fact, however, is that vitrification preserves the cell in close to native state, whereas chemical fixation and dehydration can not take place without extensive intra- and intermolecular cross-linking and aggregation. The appearance of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of neu-roblasts cells were different in conditions (1) and (2). The excellent ultrastructure of the cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes and organels of neuroblasts cells processed by (2) confirmed the potentional of the method for preservation of cellular fine structures. The infection of neuroblastoma cells was associated with number of major morphological changes, including proliferation of membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and rearrangement of cytoskeletal structures. The viral particles were located mainly in the cisterna´s of ER but also in the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm I observed virions in the asso-ciations with microtubules and neurosecretory dense core vesicles. The transport of viral particles inside of the transport vesicles was obsereved from ER to Golgi apparatus. Free nucleocapsids were not confirmed. The observed pattern corresponded to both trans and cis type of maturation. The TBEV-infected neuroblasts cells exhibited either apoptotic or necrotic morphological changes. I observed the apoptotic signs (condensation, margination and fragmentation of chromatin in nucleus) and other alterations, such as disorganisation of cytoplasm, presence of the vacuoles and high density of cytoplasm. This report also de-scribes scanning electron microscope study of the surface features of neuroblasts cells. We observed virus-mediated cytopathic effect. The cells infected with TBEV were rounded with rough and rugged topography.

Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) is currently one of the most economically important diseases facing the global swine industry. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary and essential causative agent of PCVAD, but development of clinical disease typically requires co-infection with other swine pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The specific mechanisms of co-infection that lead to clinical disease are not fully understood, but immune modulation by the co-infecting viruses is thought to play a critical role. The ability of dendritic cells (DC) infected with PRRSV, PCV2 or both to induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) was evaluated in vitro. DCs infected with PCV2 significantly increased CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs (p<0.05) and DCs co-infected with PRRSV and PCV2 induced significantly higher numbers of Tregs than with PCV2 alone (p<0.05). This Treg induction was found to be dependent on TGF-β and not IL-10. Further investigation of the in vivo swine immune response to acute co-infection with PCV2 and PRRSV failed to detect activation of Tregs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or bronchoalveolar lavage samples. The Treg response to in vitro and in vivo PRRSV challenge in pigs persistently infected with PCV2 or vaccinated against PCV2 was evaluated. There was no significant difference in Tregs in PBMCs among chronically PCV2-infected, vaccinated PCV2 challenged or negative control pigs. However, following in vitro infection of monocyte-derived dendritic cells with PCV2, PRRSV, or both viruses, co-cultured lymphocytes from chronically infected and PCV2 vaccinated pigs had significantly (p<0.05) decreased Treg expression in the virus infected groups compared to the negative controls. In separate experiments, pigs vaccinated against PCV2 and subsequently challenged with an attenuated PRRSV strain and its pathogenic parental strain developed increased CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs (p<0.05) in PBMC samples compared to uninfected controls, and this correlated with increased suppressor activity and IL-10 expression. The findings from these studies indicate that the interaction of PCV2 and PRRSV in swine modulates the host immune response mediated in part through the activity of Tregs. However, the extent to which Tregs orchestrate a dysregulated immune response in the pathogenesis of PCVAD in vivo remains to be determined. / Ph. D.

Polyomaviruses are small unenvelope DNA viruses, whose replication take place in cell nucleus. Despite its small genome size, these viruses can cause significant changes in the host cell, one of the most significant is cell transformation. Most studies of human pathogens from this family is the focus of clinical research, but do not provide enough information about the individual events of the life cycle of viruses. This thesis mainly aims to determining the exact time when the creation of the individual viral products and generate a timeline of events during natural infection in cells that are targets for BKV in the human body. It was found that the time course of the life cycle of BKV is very similar to those for model polyomaviruses MPyV and SV40 and in permissive cells takes about 40 - 50 hours.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of tick infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus on its behaviour and development. The effect of infection on feeding performance, metamorphosis, locomotion or phototaxis was analysed. Despite the fact that we were not able to demonstrate any significant effect of infection on tick behaviour, the obtained results contribute to understanding transmission dynamics of the virus during tick life cycle including co-feeding and transovarial transmission.

Production of vaccines and pharmaceutical proteins in plants is a promising nascent technology with a great potential to provide high-quality, safe and non-expensive production and delivery platform. In this work we studied the experimental vaccine against human papillomavirus based on modified plant pathogen - Potato virus X (PVX). The experimental vaccine is based on PVX virus particles decorated with genetically fused HPV-E7 oncoprotein. These chimeric virus particles should be able to activate strong and specific cellular immune response. However the modification of the PVX coat protein with such relatively large fused protein might influence its ability to form particles. In this work we have characterized some properties of such chimeric virus particles like solubility or ability infect host plant. (In Czech)