No description available.

Sampling of an emplaced creosote source installed below the water table at CFB Borden was conducted over a period of ten years, with over nine thousand samples taken from approximately 250 multilevel samplers. This extensive dataset was used in several attempts to model the multi-chemical plumes emanating from this emplaced source, and to further understand the chemical and biological processes affecting these plumes and their natural attenuation. An aerobic microcosm study of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene was conducted in order to determine the possibility of interactions between these three chemicals. All three chemicals degraded within the eight days of the study, and the degradation of naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene was not affected by the presence of any of the three chemicals studied. Acenaphthene degraded more quickly when naphthalene was present in the microcosm. The programs Visual MODFLOW and RT3D were used to model the transport and degradation of naphthalene at CFB Borden. Both a first order rate reaction module and a multiple electron acceptor reaction module were used, and contaminant mass was introduced to the model through a fence of observed concentrations. Good results were found at early time with the multiple electron acceptor reaction package, however at late time the model did not match to observations. The program BIONAPL/3D was used in a similar attempt to model the transport and degradation of naphthalene. Naphthalene mass was introduced to the model through a fence of observed concentrations, and multiple electron acceptors were used to degrade this chemical. Results were good at early time, but at late time the model did not match observations. BIONAPL was then used to simulate the dissolution of the original source NAPL. Several chemicals of interest were examined: naphthalene, m-xylene, 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene. Naphthalene and m-xylene dissolved from the source at rates similar to observations, however the dissolution of 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene was not as well modeled. As with the Visual MODFLOW model, the BIONAPL model which best matched observations generally worked well at early times, but did not at late times. The models were not able to successfully simulate many processes that occur in the field, such as chemical and biological interactions and NAPL source dissolution. Mismatches between the models and observations are likely due to these reasons. It may be that we do not fully understand these processes, so we are unable to model them.

Sampling of an emplaced creosote source installed below the water table at CFB Borden was conducted over a period of ten years, with over nine thousand samples taken from approximately 250 multilevel samplers. This extensive dataset was used in several attempts to model the multi-chemical plumes emanating from this emplaced source, and to further understand the chemical and biological processes affecting these plumes and their natural attenuation. An aerobic microcosm study of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene was conducted in order to determine the possibility of interactions between these three chemicals. All three chemicals degraded within the eight days of the study, and the degradation of naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene was not affected by the presence of any of the three chemicals studied. Acenaphthene degraded more quickly when naphthalene was present in the microcosm. The programs Visual MODFLOW and RT3D were used to model the transport and degradation of naphthalene at CFB Borden. Both a first order rate reaction module and a multiple electron acceptor reaction module were used, and contaminant mass was introduced to the model through a fence of observed concentrations. Good results were found at early time with the multiple electron acceptor reaction package, however at late time the model did not match to observations. The program BIONAPL/3D was used in a similar attempt to model the transport and degradation of naphthalene. Naphthalene mass was introduced to the model through a fence of observed concentrations, and multiple electron acceptors were used to degrade this chemical. Results were good at early time, but at late time the model did not match observations. BIONAPL was then used to simulate the dissolution of the original source NAPL. Several chemicals of interest were examined: naphthalene, m-xylene, 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene. Naphthalene and m-xylene dissolved from the source at rates similar to observations, however the dissolution of 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene was not as well modeled. As with the Visual MODFLOW model, the BIONAPL model which best matched observations generally worked well at early times, but did not at late times. The models were not able to successfully simulate many processes that occur in the field, such as chemical and biological interactions and NAPL source dissolution. Mismatches between the models and observations are likely due to these reasons. It may be that we do not fully understand these processes, so we are unable to model them.

At Bromma Stockholm Airport, fire drills have previously been performed at a location outside the current airport confinements. Fire drills were performed with extinguisher foams containing toxic perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), which have polluted the site. Harmful effects of PFOS include but are not limited to damages to the endocrine system. The contaminant is relatively soluble and can be transported by water. The aim of this thesis was to model groundwater flows and PFOS transport in the area. In order to build the model, data was gathered from databases, literature studies and field investigations. The field investigations included geophysical measurements. The model was built in the software Visual MODFLOW Classic. It was used to increase knowledge of hydrogeological conditions in the area, predict the fate of PFOS leaching from the site and suggest preventative measures for preventing the spread. The model results showed that the contaminant is transported towards the current airport area by means of groundwater at a slow rate and with low concentrations. Additionally, high concentrations of PFOS will remain in soil and groundwater at the study area for several hundreds of years, according to model results. Preventative measures should therefore be focused on minimizing risks to frequent visitors to the site, which is currently used as a golf course.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DavidSM_DISSERT.pdf: 4404688 bytes, checksum: cefb2ffb4814c4807d02e36db41b9291 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-20 / Urban centers in Pitimbu Watershed use significant groundwater sources for public supply. Therefore, studies in Dunas Barreiras aquifer are relevant to expand knowledge about it and help manage water resources in the region. An essential tool for this management is the numerical modeling of groundwater flow. In this work, we developed a groundwater flow model for Pitimbu Watershed, using the Visual Modflow, version 2.7.1., which uses finite difference method for solving the govern equation of the dynamics of groundwater flow. We carried out the numerical simulation of steady-state model for the entire region of the basin. The model was built in the geographical, geomorphological and hydrogeological study of the area, which defined the boundary conditions and the parameters required for the numerical calculation. Owing to unavailability of current data based on monitoring of the aquifer it was not possible to calibrate the model. However, the simulation results showed that the overall water balance approached zero, therefore satisfying the equation for the three-dimensional behavior of the head water in steady state. Variations in aquifer recharge data were made to verify the impact of this contribution on the water balance of the system, especially in the scenario in which recharge due to drains and sinks was removed. According to the results generated by Visual Modflow occurred significantly hydraulic head lowering, ranging from 16,4 to 82 feet of drawdown. With the results obtained, it can be said that modeling is performed as a valid tool for the management of water resources in Pitimbu River Basin, and to support new studies / Os centros urbanos existentes na Bacia Hidrogr?fica do Rio Pitimbu (BHRP) utilizam significativamente os mananciais subterr?neos para o abastecimento p?blico. Estudos referentes ao aqu?fero Dunas-Barreiras s?o relevantes para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o mesmo e auxiliar no gerenciamento dos recursos h?dricos da regi?o. Uma ferramenta imprescind?vel para esta gest?o ? a modelagem num?rica de fluxo de ?gua subterr?nea. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um modelo de fluxo subterr?neo para a BHRP, utilizando-se do aplicativo Visual Modflow, vers?o 2.7.1., que utiliza o m?todo das diferen?as finitas para a resolu??o da equa??o que governa a din?mica do fluxo subterr?neo. Realizou-se a simula??o num?rica do modelo em estado estacion?rio para toda a regi?o da bacia. O modelo foi elaborado segundo as caracter?sticas geogr?ficas, geomorfol?gicas e hidrogeol?gicas da ?rea de estudo, que definiram as condi??es de contorno e os par?metros necess?rios para o c?lculo num?rico. Foram considerados os po?os de explota??o de ?guas subterr?neas da Bacia. Devido ? indisponibilidade de dados atuais de monitoramento do aqu?fero n?o foi poss?vel realizar a calibra??o do modelo. Entretanto, os resultados das simula??es mostraram que o balan?o h?drico global aproximou-se de zero, satisfazendo, assim, a equa??o tridimensional para o comportamento da carga hidr?ulica em regime estacion?rio. Varia??es nos dados de recarga do aqu?fero foram feitas a fim de verificar o impacto dessa contribui??o no balan?o h?drico do sistema, em destaque para o cen?rio em que ? removida a recarga induzida por fossas e sumidouros. Segundo os resultados gerados pelo Visual Modflow, ocorreu rebaixamento significativo da carga hidr?ulica do aqu?fero, variando entre 5 a 25 metros de rebaixamento. Com os resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que a modelagem realizada ? v?lida como ferramenta no gerenciamento dos recursos h?dricos na BHRP, servindo de base para novos estudos

Les interactions entre la nappe phréatique peu profonde et les réseaux d’assainissement sont en général très complexes. Dans le but d’étudier l’impact des variations du niveau de la nappe phréatique sur les dégradations des conduites, un modèle hydrogéologique numérique tridimensionnel (3D) de la nappe phréatique ayant un aquifère multicouche au sein d’une zone de 83 km2 de l’agglomération bordelaise (Mérignac, Pessac, Talence) a été développé, calibré et validé. Pour ce faire, un modèle conceptuel de cet aquifère multicouche a dans un premier temps été défini sur la base des descriptions lithostratigraphiques des forages. Puis un travail géostatistique a été entrepris pour construire les limites des formations géologiques et les cartes piézométriques issues de campagnes de mesures de hauteurs d’eau de la nappe phréatique. Nous avons par la suite développé une méthodologie originale de transformation de l’information lithologique au droit des sondages en perméabilités, puis en champs de perméabilités en utilisant des méthodes géostatistiques. Dans un second temps, les conditions hydrogéologiques ont été simulées en utilisant le logiciel Visual Modflow ©. Les paramètres hydrogéologiques ont été calibrés manuellement et automatiquement sur la base des niveaux d’eau mesurés lors des campagnes de juillet 2010, octobre 2010 et mars 2011. La validation du modèle qui s’est effectuée en simulant les cotes piézométriques au pas mi-décadaire allant de juin 1993 à mai 2012 montre que les chroniques piézométriques observées sur les 35 piézomètres du domaine étudié sont correctement restituées et la dynamique de la nappe phréatique est reproduite. Dans un dernier temps, les distributions spatiales et temporelles des cotes piézométriques simulées ont permis d’identifier les zones d’ennoiement des réseaux d’assainissements en comparant les cotes piézométriques aux cotes des réseaux. Ces zones d’ennoiement ont été comparées aux principaux secteurs de casses de canalisations. Les secteurs de casses de canalisations sont localisés dans les zones à faible probabilité d’ennoiement des conduites. L’environnement naturel hydrogéologique pris comme paramètre isolé ne constitue donc pas un facteur explicatif au phénomène de casses des canalisations. / The interactions between shallow groundwater and sewer network are generally complex. The aim of this research is to study the impact of the water table level variation on the damages of the buried pipes. For this purpose, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical groundwater flow model of the shallow multi-aquifer of the Bordeaux urban area, within a 83 km2 area (Mérignac, Pessac, Talence), is developed, calibrated and validated. In order to do this, in a first step, a conceptual model was built based on stratigraphic descriptions of the boreholes. A geostastistical study was carried out to build the limits of the geological layers and the piezometrical maps from the measurement campaigns of water table levels. Then, an original methodology to transform the description of lithological units to local hydraulic conductivity values is proposed and the reconstruction of hydraulic conductivity fields at the urban scale was performed based on geostatistical methods. In a second step, hydrogeological conditions were simulated using the finite-difference groundwater flow model MODFLOW-2005 (Visual Modflow ©). The hydrogeological parameters were then calibrated manually and automatically based on water table elevation data measured in July 2010, October 2010 and March 2010. The model validation covered 6890 days, from June 1993 to may 2012. The results showed that the simulated heads are quite accurate and reproduce the main dynamics of the system at 35 piezometers. The spatial and temporal distribution of the heads of the piezometers simulated permitted to identify the flooding zones of the sewer network by comparing the piezometric head with the altitude of the networks. The sectors where the pipes are damaged were localized in the zone wherein there is low probability of flooding. Additionally, the natural hydrologic environment, taken as a sole factor, cannot explain the pipe breakage phenomena.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of man-made organic chemicals that have been commercially used since the 1950s in many consumer products, including impregnated textiles, impregnated paper, nonstick products (e.g., Teflon), cleaning agents, and in firefighting foams. However, PFASs have in recent years received increasing public attention due to their persistence, bioaccumulative potential, and potentially toxic effects on humans and animals. Firefighting training sites have been identified as one of the most important sources for the spread of PFASs in the environment, due to the use of PFAS-containing firefighting foam of type AFFFs (aqueous film forming foams). This has resulted in contamination of both drinking water and groundwater in several municipalities in Sweden. At the former fire station in Åkersberga, AFFFs were handled and used during the fire-training exercises. WSP Environmental Sweden has performed a preliminary investigation on site and elevated levels of PFASs in both soil and groundwater were observed. Since the property is located next to a railroad track, there is a concern that PFASs will spread through the railroad track towards the nearby Åkers canal. The aim of this master’s thesis has therefore been to map the transport of PFASs in groundwater from this former fire station. A groundwater flow model was first constructed in the software program Visual MODFLOW. The groundwater model was then used as a basis for the construction of a transport model with MODPATH and MT3DMS. The transport of four PFAS homologues was modeled; perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA). The result of the groundwater modelling showed that groundwater from the property flows towards the southwest and then further towards Åkers canal. The approximated velocity of a water molecule varied between 270 m/year and 400 m/year. The transport modelling showed that all four PFAS homologues traveled towards Åkers canal via the railroad track and that the short-chain PFAS homologues (6:2 FTS and PFPeA) traveled longer and faster than the long-chain PFAS homologues (PFOS and PFOA). The approximated velocity of the contaminant plume for the concentration 4.5 ·10−5 mg/L was 0.6 m/year for PFOS, 3 m/year for PFOA, 8 m/year for 6:2 FTS, and 16 m/year for PFPeA. / Per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS) är en grupp av konstgjorda organiska kemikalier som sedan 1950-talet har kommersiellt använts i många konsumentprodukter, inklusive impregnerade textilier, impregnerat papper, nonstick-produkter (t.ex. Teflon), rengöringsmedel och brandsläckningsskum. PFAS har dock under senare år fått ökad allmän uppmärksamhet på grund av deras persistens, bioackumuleringspotential och potentiella toxiska effekter på människor och djur. Brandövningsplatser har identifierats som en av de största källorna för spridningen av PFAS i miljön, på grund av användningen av PFAS-innehållande brandsläckningsskum av typen AFFF (aqueous film forming foams). Detta har resulterat i förorening av både dricksvatten och grundvatten i flera kommuner i Sverige. På den tidigare brandstationen i Åkersberga har hantering och användning av AFFF ägt rum under släckningsövningarna. WSP Environmental Sverige har utfört förundersökning på plats och förhöjda halter PFAS i både jord och grundvatten observerades. Då fastigheten gränsar mot en banvall, finns det en oro att PFAS ska sprida via banvallen mot den närliggande Åkers kanalen. Syftet med detta examensarbete har därför varit att kartlägga transporten av PFAS i grundvatten från denna tidigare brandstation. En grundvattenflödesmodell konstruerades först i programvaran Visual MODFLOW. Grundvattenmodellen användes sedan som grund för konstruktionen av en transportmodell med MODPATH och MT3DMS. Transporten av fyra PFAS-homologer modellerades; perfluoroktansulfonat (PFOS), perfluorooktansyra (PFOA), 6:2 fluortelomersulfonat (6: 2 FTS) och perfluorpentansyra (PFPeA). Resultatet av grundvattenmodelleringen visade att grundvatten från fastigheten strömmar mot sydväst och sedan vidare mot Åkers kanal. Den approximerade hastigheten hos en vattenmolekyl varierade mellan 270 m/år och 400 m/år. Transportmodelleringen visade att alla fyra PFAS-homologerna spred mot Åkers kanal via banvallen och att de kortkedjiga PFAS-homologerna (6:2 FTS och PFPeA) spred längre och snabbare än de långkedjiga PFAS-homologerna (PFOS och PFOA). Ungefärlig hastighet av föroreningsplymen för koncentration 4.5 ·10−5 mg/L var 0,6 m/år för PFOS, 3 m/år för PFOA, 8 m/år för 6: 2 FTS och 16 m/år för PFPeA.

No description available.

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos na avaliação dos problemas ambientais relacionados a lixiviação de poluentes do lixão próximo ao Ribeirão dos Moinhos na cidade de Poços de Caldas (MG). O estudo considera as características geológicas - geotécnicas e climáticas da área e os vários tipos de técnicas de \"cleanup\". O software Visual Modflow foi usado para desenvolver simulações em termos de fluxo de água subsuperficial e de transporte de poluentes. / This work presents the results obtained from assessment of the environment problems related to the pollutant lixiviation from the urban wastes disposed near the Moinho River in Poços de Caldas (MG) city. The study considered the geological - geotechnical and climatic characteristics of the area and the main kinds of cleanup techniques. The software Visual Modflow were used to developed the simulation in terms of groundwater flow and pollutant transport.

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos na avaliação dos problemas ambientais relacionados a lixiviação de poluentes do lixão próximo ao Ribeirão dos Moinhos na cidade de Poços de Caldas (MG). O estudo considera as características geológicas - geotécnicas e climáticas da área e os vários tipos de técnicas de \"cleanup\". O software Visual Modflow foi usado para desenvolver simulações em termos de fluxo de água subsuperficial e de transporte de poluentes. / This work presents the results obtained from assessment of the environment problems related to the pollutant lixiviation from the urban wastes disposed near the Moinho River in Poços de Caldas (MG) city. The study considered the geological - geotechnical and climatic characteristics of the area and the main kinds of cleanup techniques. The software Visual Modflow were used to developed the simulation in terms of groundwater flow and pollutant transport.