In cystic fibrosis (CF), pancreatic insufficiency and a diminished bile acid pool cause malabsorption of important nutrients and dietary components leading to deficiency, poor nutritional status, and oxidative stress. Of particular significance is the malabsorption of fat-soluble nutrients and antioxidants, which are important for normal immune and neurologic function. Patients with CF often are deficient in these compounds despite supplementation with the current standard of care therapy. The objective was to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of this water-soluble vitamin E formulation (Aqua-E) with an oil-based softgel formulation in a malabsorbing patient population. Patients with CF who had documented malabsorption were recruited for participation in this pharmacokinetic study. Patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria discontinued vitamin E supplementation, except for that in a multivitamin, for 7 to 21 days before the day of dosing. Patients were randomized to a single dose of 20 ml of Aqua-E or three oil-based softgels, which contained equivalent amounts of tocopherols. Blood was drawn from patients at time 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 168 hr and analyzed for tocopherols. Eight patients were enrolled in the study and randomized to Aqua-E or softgels. The primary outcome, the absorption of γ-tocopherol in Aqua-E (AUC=115 μg/ml*hr), was significantly greater than that of oil-based softgels (AUC=25.3 μg/ml*hr; P=0.013). Total-tocopherols (α+γ +δ) in Aqua-E (AUC=294 μg/ml*hr) showed a strong trend toward increased absorption compared with that of oil-based softgels (AUC=117 μg/ml*hr; P=0.09). In conclusion, this novel, water-soluble formulation showed a marked and statistically significant increase in absorption of γ-tocopherol in malabsorbing patients with CF compared with an oil-based formulation.

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent worldwide. While vitamin D deficiency’s role on caries development has been long suggested, it has yet to be confirmed. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between vitamin D level and coronal and root caries in the U.S. METHODS: This study analyzed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004 data for individuals 6-65 years old. Vitamin D 25(OH)D serum levels were defined according to the Endocrine Society guideline into: Sufficient >75nmol/L, Insufficient 51-75 nmol/L and Deficient < 50 nmol/L. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted on coronal dental caries (DMFT and dft) by serum 25(OH)D level. Multiple regression models were conducted controlling for confounding. Descriptive, regression models, and survival analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between total vitamin D intake and root caries among men (48-93 years) using the Dental Longitudinal Study (DLS) data. Total vitamin D intake was classified according to the Institute of Medicine definition: <400IU/day, 400-800IU/day and >800IU/day. RESULTS: Children (6-11Y) with insufficient levels of vitamin D (50-75 nmol/L) have marginally higher odds of having dental caries experience in their primary teeth compared to those with sufficient serum levels (OR=1.3, p=0.067). No significant associations were found between DMFT and vitamin D serum level before and after controlling for confounding (P>0.05). Cross-sectional analysis of the DLS baseline data showed that higher total vitamin D intake is associated with higher level of root caries (OR=1.2, P=0.011). Repeated measure regression analysis of multiple cycles of DLS data, however, showed that vitamin D total intake was not significantly associated with the level of root caries. Survival analysis also showed no association (P=0.89). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there is no significant association between vitamin D levels and coronal or root caries in permanent teeth. In contrast, lower serum vitamin D levels might be associated with higher caries levels in primary teeth. The results of this study, while adding new information, provide inconclusive evidence of the association between vitamin D and dental caries. Further investigation is needed to deepen our understanding of the role of vitamin D on dental caries development. / 2018-09-28T00:00:00Z

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18322号 / 農博第2047号 / 新制||農||1021(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4829(農学部図書室) / 31180 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 直, 教授 松井 徹, 准教授 小川 雄一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

A study was made to determine what biochemical changes were involved in the slowing of the rat heart rate during thiamin deprivation, pyrithiamin or oxythiamin treatment. The appearance of bradycardia during progressive thiamin deficiency was shown to be related to the reduction in myocardial enzymatic activity of pyruvate (PDH) and 2-ketoglutarate (2-KGDH) dehydrogenase, and not due to inanition alone since pair-fed control rats did not show bradycardia until the agonal stage. Bradycardia was not the result of reduced energy since CP, ATP, ADP, and AMP levels remained normal even though PDH and 2-KGDH activity dropped to 20% of normal by the fourth week of thiamin deficiency. Pyrithiamin treatment resulted in a 46% increase in CP. The in vivo bradycardia persisted in the in vitro isolated perfused heart and was not the result of elevated blood pyruvate, lactate or H+. Abnormalities of the ECG of thiamin deficient rats did not occur until two weeks after the appearance of bradycardia, suggesting a sinus origin for the slower heart rate.

No description available.

Exploration of the internal structures of teeth is complex and has the potential to add greatly to existing information about the lifecourse of archaeological individuals, but has yet to realize its full interpretative value as an avenue of bioarchaeological inquiry. This thesis consists of three papers that focus on the potential for internal dental structures to provide important information on chronological age, and physiological alterations linked to vitamin D deficiency. The first paper used SEM, microscopic imaging, and histological investigation of tooth dentin to determine the presence of mineralisation defects, observed as interglobular dentin (IGD) (spaces following incremental lines) in living (with known medical history) and archaeological individuals with clear healed rickets. This paper demonstrated that incremental bands of IGD are indicative of vitamin D deficiency. The second paper expands identification of those with deficiency by quantifying morphological changes in pulp chambers of living and archaeological individuals. Pulp chambers were radiographed, evaluated histologically, and measured. Those with evidence of past vitamin D deficiency displayed constricted or chair shaped pulp horns. This radiographic technique provides a non-destructive tool to identify individuals that experienced childhood vitamin D deficiency. The role vitamin D plays in the development of IGD over the lifecourse requires that accurate age estimates be conducted on older as well as younger adults. The third paper used a new version of pulp/tooth area ratios to provide an accurate estimation of age-at-death in older adults (50+). ImageJ software was used to calculate areas on sectioned teeth and results provided a mean absolute error (MAE) of ±3.9 years in older adults. The results described in this thesis contribute to broader topics of discussion in anthropology, such as investigating health and metabolic disease in human populations, and adds to the ongoing discussion and evaluation of age-at-death techniques used to extend our ability to study the lifecourse of archaeological individuals. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Teeth record life events and the three papers in this thesis use dental structures to provide methodological foundations to evaluate the occurrence and severity of vitamin D deficiency in early life. The potential long-term consequences of such events are investigated through accurate recognition of older adults. Vitamin D regulates skeletal health by mediating calcium absorption and phosphorous homeostasis and deficiency is recognised as an important health concern. Accurate identification of older adults is also a widely recognised problem in skeletal studies. Age-at-death estimation in older individuals was calculated and the exploration of abnormal pulp chamber shape and mineralisation defects in tooth dentin was done to determine vitamin D status in both younger and older individuals. This research established that internal dental structures enables past episodes of vitamin D deficiency to be recognized in cases where skeletal indicators are not clear and permits increased precision in age-at-death estimations in the older individual.

This research contributes to understandings of the occurrence of and associations between skeletal evidence of vitamin D deficiency and chronic respiratory infections across the life course based on human skeletal material from the Roman period sites of Isola Sacra in Italy (1st - 3rd centuries AD) and Ancaster in the United Kingdom (3rd - 4th centuries AD). Modern clinical data demonstrate a positive association between these two conditions that affects the ways in which they are experienced today, and may extend into the past. Macroscopic, radiographic, and histological evidence for skeletal manifestations of vitamin D deficiency and chronic respiratory infections were considered in the context of archaeological and historical evidence available for the Roman period in order to elucidate patterns in disease occurrence that reflect the unique local biologies of these two assemblages. Differing prevalence values for active and healed lesions caused by both conditions, as well as variation in age at death distributions and the relationship of lesions associated with vitamin D deficiency and chronic respiratory infections with one another and with age at death, provide information on the experience of both conditions and the potential interactions between them. Skeletal lesions caused by both conditions are present in individuals throughout the life course at Ancaster and Isola Sacra, with particular implications for disease experiences during infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy in the Roman period. These results point to a picture of morbidity and mortality at Ancaster that involves longer term survival of and more efficient immune responses to chronic disease processes, with higher levels of skeletal lesions indicating the presence of more "survivors" at this site. The combination of lower frequencies of skeletal lesions and higher mortality at Isola Sacra, on the other hand, suggests that fewer individuals may have survived to the point where they were able to mount a skeletal response to disease. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

Serum cortisol and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were measured to investigate the relationship between vitamin A status and immune function in lambs. Twenty-four crossbred ewe lambs were each fed 900 g·d-1 of a carotene—deficient diet composed of 95.5% whole oats, 3% molasses, .5% trace mineral salt and 1% limestone. All lambs were injected monthly with vitamins D and E and with selenium. The 12 control lambs also received a 100,000 IU oral dose of vitamin A palmitate in capsule form every 2 wk. All lambs were challenged by injecting them with 1 mg ovalbumin in 1 ml of Freund’s complete adjuvant. At the time of challenge, serum vitamin A levels for the control and A-deficient (A—def) lambs were 33.3 and 3.1 ug·dl-1 respectively. Blood was collected prior to and 6, 13, 20 and 34 d post—challenge. The lambs were then reschallenged using the same antigen and blood was obtained 1, 2, 6 and 22 d post—challenge. Lambs were sacrificed at the end of the second challenge period. Spleen weights were obtained and gross post—mortem observations were made at this time. / Master of Science