With the new curriculum at the English Language Center (ELC) at Brigham Young University (BYU) including a program focused specifically on preparing students to succeed in academic institutions wherein the language of instruction is English, a need for a systematic approach to vocabulary instruction was identified. Specifically, the Academic Program focuses on the Academic Word List (AWL) in order to provide a broad base of words that can best prepare students for the academic world. This project followed the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) to craft a systematic approach to developing vocabulary learning activities. An analysis of existing gaps in the Academic Program's vocabulary learning objectives, along with an examination of teachers' attitudes and understanding, was conducted. A similar need was also proposed as existing in many Intensive English Programs (IEPs) around the world. This was followed by research into effective principles of L2 vocabulary learning, through which four principles were distilled. These principles are: the use of a variety of strategies, multiple exposures to target words, practice that includes production, and the need for flexibility and practicality in the vocabulary activities. These four principles became the guiding principles in the development of a system for creating effective vocabulary learning activities. This system and many suggested activities comprise a guide, or set of specifications, that can be used by teachers at IEPs, with a specific eye to the ELC to effectively, and with little extra effort, create and utilize their own effective vocabulary learning activities.

字彙學習在語言學習上佔有非常重要的地位。本研究之目的旨在探究台灣國中學生在學習英語字彙時使用字彙學習策略的情形，首先，想了解各種不同字彙學習策略的使用頻率，並找出較常和較少使用的字彙學習策略，此外，想探討字彙學習策略的使用和字彙學習成就之間的關係，並找出不同字彙學習成就程度的學生在字彙學習策略使用上的差異之處。 本研究以147位國中三年級學生為調查對象，研究的工具為字彙學習策略問卷和字彙學習成就測驗，資料的分析採用SPSS，包含描述性統計、皮爾遜積差相關分析及單因子變異數分析。研究結果指出(1)整體而言，國中學生使用字彙學習策略的頻率並不高；(2)國中學生最常使用認知策略，最少使用社會策略；(3)國中學生比較常使用「表層」處理策略，比較少使用「深層」處理策略，例如，學生會注意單字的發音及拼法，並且偏愛重複背誦的方式，相反地，他們很少使用聯想或造句的方式來學習字彙；(4)國中學生的字彙學習成就和字彙策略的使用有顯著的相關性，在字彙學習上成就較高的學生，不僅會使用較多樣的策略來學習字彙，而且會更常使用這些字彙策略；(5)在字彙學習上成就較高的學生會比較注意上下文的關聯性、發音與拼法的相關性、字彙的詞性，他們會把單字分成音節而且會把字彙學習與自身的經驗相結合，另外，他們在教材的使用比較積極，相反地，成就較低的學生比較不注重單字的發音；(6)國中學生的學習策略來源主要是學校老師，他們選擇使用某些特定的策略主要原因是因為這些策略比較方便且容易使用，此外他們最想學的字彙學習策略與增加自然練習英語的環境有關。 最後，本研究建議老師應該 (1)教導學生如何使用各種不同的字彙學習策略；(2)在介紹策略的時候要考慮學生的程度；(3)教導學生聯合使用「表層」及「深層」處理策略；(4)教學生猜測單字的意思後，要查字典；(5)提供互動的活動讓學生在自然的環境下學習字彙；(6)鼓勵學生獨立規劃自己的字彙學習。 / Vocabulary learning is of critical importance to language acquisition, whether the language is first, second, or foreign. After suffering from being neglected for decades, vocabulary learning and teaching now have attracted considerable attention in the field of ESL or EFL research. The interest of research has been particularly in studying learners’ approaches to vocabulary learning. The present study aims to investigate the kinds of vocabulary learning strategies used by JHS students in Taiwan. Moreover, it examines whether there is any relationship between JHS students’ vocabulary strategy use and their vocabulary learning achievement. The data were collected from 147 third-grade students from a junior high school in Miaoli by means of two materials. The Vocabulary Learning Strategy Questionnaire was designated to survey what kinds of vocabulary learning strategies JHS students used and how often. The Vocabulary Achievement Test was used to discriminate the participants into different levels in vocabulary learning achievement. Data analysis was performed by SPSS, including descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlations, and one-way ANOVA. The major findings of this study are summarized as follows. (1) JHS students as a whole are moderate users of vocabulary learning strategies. (2) JHS students use cognitive strategies most frequently and social strategies least frequently. (3) JHS students employ “shallow” processing strategies more often than “deep” processing strategies. They particularly favor repetition strategies and pay more attention to the form of a word. On the other hand, they seldom put words in a meaningful context or utilize imagery techniques. (4) JHS students’ vocabulary strategy use is strongly related to their vocabulary learning achievement. Students with better vocabulary learning achievement not only use a wider range of strategies but also use them much more frequently. (5) JHS students with the highest level of vocabulary learning achievement pay much more attention to textual context, dividing words into syllables, active use of the learning materials, the matching between spelling and sound, word classes, and the personalization of information. On the other hand, JHS students with the lowest level of vocabulary learning achievement pay much less attention to the sound of a word. (6) JHS students learn vocabulary strategies primarily from school teachers and their major reason for strategy choice is because of convenience and ease of employment. The strategies that they want to learn most have something to do with increasing authentic input. According to the findings, several pedagogical implications are suggested. Teachers should (1) help JHS learners to raise their awareness of vocabulary learning strategy use; (2) take JHS learners' individual differences, such as vocabulary learning achievement, into account when recommending strategies; (3) instruct JHS learners to increase using the “shallow” processing and “deep” processing strategies in combination; (4) guide JHS students to use the “guessing” and “dictionary” strategies in combination; (5) provide JHS students with more authentic input and communicative interaction for vocabulary learning; (6) encourage JHS students to take charge of their vocabulary learning and view it as a life-long process. If JHS students can be equipped with the abilities to employ appropriate strategies, they can build up vocabulary more effectively and efficiently on their own.

本研究基於字彙學習以及字彙學習策略的重要性，探討台灣國中學生使用字彙學習策略的情形。且加入其在字彙學習程度高低的因素，來探討台灣國中學生使用策略之情形。本研究問題有二：第一，台灣國中學生最常使用的字彙學習策略有哪些？最不常使用的字彙學習策略有哪些？第二，台灣國中學生字彙學習程度與字彙學習策略之間是否有關聯性？如果有，其關聯性又為何？本研究依據Oxford（1990）的語言學習策略分類標準，測驗某台北市立國中二年級的學生使用字彙學習策略的情形，同時也比較字彙學習程度不同的學生使用這些策略的頻率高低。結果顯示如下：(1)台灣國中學生最常使用的字彙學習策略為認知策略，最少使用的字彙學習策略為情意策略。(2)程度高的學生使用字彙學習策略的頻率高於程度低的學生。此研究結果可為英語教師和學習者在字彙教與學方面提供一些參考，讓英語字彙的教學變得更加有效率。 / The study investigates the usage of English vocabulary learning strategies by some junior high school students in Taiwan. The factor of the levels of the students is included. There are two research questions: (1) what are the most commonly used English vocabulary learning strategies among junior high school students in Taiwan? (2) whether the levels of the students are related to the types of vocabulary learning strategies they use? If the answer is “yes”, what relationship it is? The study is based on the language learning strategies in Oxford（1990）. The subjects are some second graders in a junior high school in Taipei. In the study, the researcher compares the usage of English vocabulary learning strategies among students at different vocabulary levels. The result shows that the most commonly used vocabulary strategy among the students is cognitive strategy, and the least commonly used one is affective strategy. Furthermore, the result also shows that higher level students use vocabulary learning strategies more often than lower level students. The researcher hopes that this study could give the English learners some suggestions to make vocabulary learning more effective.

The purpose of this study, which is grounded in applied linguistics, was to investigate two ways of presenting vocabulary in a German language class in order to determine whether Frame Semantics is a feasible tool with regards to students’ vocabulary acquisition and culturally appropriate usage of vocabulary. In addition, this study examined learners’ attitudes toward the new method of vocabulary teaching and learning. A total of 34 university students enrolled in four second-semester German classes participated in this study. In the Control Group rote memorization techniques were used, while the in the Treatment Group frame semantics was utilized for the teaching and learning of vocabulary. The data was analyzed through quantitative methods. The quantitative data was derived from an online demographic survey, a vocabulary pre-test, two vocabulary post-tests (an immediate post-test and delayed post-test), a cultural appropriateness pre-test, two cultural appropriateness post-tests (an immediate post-test and delayed post-test), as well as an pre-test and post-test attitude scale provided as an online questionnaire. Analysis of the data indicates that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regards to their cultural appropriate usage of the vocabulary items, and no statistically significant differences were observed with regards to vocabulary recall and retention. In addition, only the factor of enjoyment yielded significant differences with regards to learners’ attitude, while the factors of motivation, interest and confidence did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. Thus, the results indicate that both methods – Frame Semantics and the more traditional methods – are suitable for vocabulary learning and teaching as both methods resulted in an increase of learners’ vocabulary knowledge, including long-term retention. / text

本研究旨在探討字彙圖教學對台灣國中生英文單字學習之成效，以及此教學方式對學生英文單字學習態度的影響。研究對象為六十三位來自中台灣某國中兩班三年級的學生，隨機指派一班為實驗組，而另一班為對照組。實驗組實施字彙圖教學，對照組實施傳統單字教學，每週上課一次，為期八週。兩組均在教學前後接受字彙測驗並施以單字學習態度問卷，實驗組另以問卷詢問對字彙圖教學的看法。研究結果顯示字彙圖教學比傳統單字教學更能顯著提升學生的單字學習，實驗組在字形、字義及用法上的表現均顯著優於對照組。雖然兩組在教學後對單字學習的態度仍未有顯著差異，實驗組在認知方面的學習態度卻在教學後有顯著改變，此外，實驗組普遍認為字彙圖教學有助於記憶新單字，而且表達出繼續使用的意願。本研究結果建議可採用字彙圖做為幫助國中生學習英文單字的教學工具。 / The present study employed an experimental/control group, pretest-posttest design to investigate the effects of vocabulary instruction using graphic organizers on Taiwanese junior high school students’ vocabulary learning. The subjects were 63 ninth graders from two classes in a public junior high school in central Taiwan. One was randomly assigned as the experimental group (N=32), and the other as the control group (N=31). The experimental group received graphic organizer instruction, while the control group received traditional vocabulary instruction once a week. Vocabulary pre-and post-tests and a vocabulary learning attitude questionnaire were administered before and after the 8-week treatment to examine students’ knowledge of the target words and their attitudes toward vocabulary learning. In addition, their perceptions of the graphic organizer instruction were also explored. The results revealed that graphic organizer instruction could significantly improve students’ vocabulary learning more than traditional vocabulary instruction, and it was effective in improving learners’ knowledge of word form, meaning, and use. Although students in the experimental group did not develop significantly more positive attitudes toward vocabulary learning than their counterparts in the control group, they significantly changed their cognitive attitudes after the treatment. Besides, they generally perceived that graphic organizer instruction could effectively help them remember English words and they were willing to use the word map in their future learning. The findings of this study suggest that the graphic organizer can be used as an alternative instructional tool to facilitate junior high school students’ vocabulary learning.

本研究旨在探討台灣高中學生學習英語字彙時所使用之學習策略，除了解各種不同字彙學習策略的使用頻率情形，找出較常和較少使用之字彙學習策略，探求字彙學習策略的使用和字彙成就表現的關係外，並找出字彙成就高者和字彙成就低者對學習策略使用之不同處，藉此，俾能提供老師有效教學及學生有效學習字彙之依據。 本研究以271位高三學生為調查對象，研究工具為字彙學習策略問卷和字彙測驗。分析方法主要採量化分析，包括描述性統計、皮爾遜積差相關分析及獨立樣本t檢定。 本研究結果如下：(一)最常使用的是認知策略，最少使用的是社會策略。(二)學生偏愛機械記憶或與拼字及發音有關之策略。(三)學生的策略使用和其字彙成就表現有明顯相關。(四)字彙學習成就較高者與字彙成就學習較低者在策略使用上亦有明顯差異。高字彙學習成就者較喜重複念誦記憶單字的策略，並傾向於有上下文的情境中學習單字；低字彙學習成就者偏愛重複書寫的策略，並傾向學習孤立的單字。 / This study investigated the vocabulary learning strategies used by senior high students in Taiwan. The aim was (a) to investigate the frequencies of different vocabulary learning strategies use; (b) to find out the most and the least frequently used strategies; (c) to explore the relationship between strategy use and vocabulary size; and (d) to identify the differences in strategy use between good and poor learners. A total of 271 senior high students in northern Taiwan participated in the study. A vocabulary learning strategies questionnaire and a Vocabulary Levels Test were administered to the participants as instruments. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS version 10.0, including descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlations, and independent-samples t-tests. The results are summarized as follows. (1) Cognitive strategies were reported as the most frequently used strategies while metacognitive and social strategies the least frequently used strategies. (2) Students favored strategies related to “rote repetition” or “the form of a word.” (3) Students’ strategy use was significantly correlated with their vocabulary size. (4) There was a significant difference in strategy use between good and poor learners. Good learners tended to learn words in context while poor learners tended to learn words in isolation. The findings of the study suggest that teachers should introduce students to a variety of vocabulary learning strategies, especially deep strategies and strategies related to context.

本研究旨在探討從上下文推論字義教學應用在高職英文字彙教學之效益。 本實驗之研究對象為台北縣某高職80位高二學生，所有的受試者依據其原班級，分為實驗及控制兩組，每組再依前一學年英文成績分為高分與低分兩組，實驗組接受推論字意教學法訓練，而控制組則採用傳統的字彙教學法。在教學實驗開始之前，所有的受試者均參加前測；教學實驗結束之後，所有的受試者再參加後測。前測與後測之題目相同，皆為Oxford的學習策略量表及Nation的單字程度測驗。教學時間每週20分鐘，共計12次，利用猜測字義測驗及文意字彙式短文測驗取得相關資料，各項資料經由次數分配、百分比、平均數、標準差、t考驗等統計分析探討學習成效，最後再對實驗組施以問卷調查，以期了解他們對從上下文推論字義教學之回應。 本研究的結果摘要如下： 一､英文字彙教學實驗之後，除了控制組低分組外，其他受測學生的學習策略都有小幅的進步，惟對於實驗組低分組學生進步達顯著水準。 二､英文字彙教學實驗之後，所有的受測學生在單字程度測驗答對題數均有些微增加，高分組的進步的幅度高於低分組，惟對於實驗組高分組學生進步達顯著水準。 三､文意字彙式短文測驗的成績，控制組較實驗組高，惟對於實驗組低分組與控制組低分組的分數差異達顯著水準。 四､實驗組推論字義的能力與文意字彙式短文字彙測驗的成績，不論對高分組或低分組都呈現高度相關。 五､在60個推論字義的單字測驗當中，實驗組所選出來較難推論的單字，其詞類依序為副詞、形容詞、動詞、名詞。 六､經問卷調查分析，實驗組對於從上下文推論字義教學大部份傾向於正面的肯定。 最後，本文根據研究結果，提出英語教育學上之應用以及未來研究之建議。 / The purpose of this study is to explore two instructional methods on vocational high school students: word meanings inferred from context and word meanings learned from translation. To reach the research goal, the study assumes the quasi-experimental method, which includes the pretest and the posttest. The duration of this experimental teaching program is twelve weeks. A total of 80 sophomores coming from 2 classes at a vocational high school in northern Taiwan are involved in the study. One class is assigned as the experimental group, and the other one the control group. For further comparison, each group is divided into two proficiency subgroups, high and low, based on their English achievement scores in the last academic year. The experimental group receives “word meaning inferred from context” training while the control group is instructed in the traditional vocabulary teaching method. Oxford’s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) and Nation’s Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT) are selected as the test items in both the pretest and the posttest. Data for analysis are collected from two sources. One is the subjects’ scores on SILL and VLT, word-inferring test and words-in-context test, and the other comes from the questionnaire regarding the experimental group’s feedbacks and reflections on vocabulary learning through inferring. The collected data are analyzed by frequency distribution, percentage, means, standard deviation, and t-test. The conclusions of the study are summarized as follows: 1. All the subjects make a little improvement after the experiment except the low achievers in the control group. The low achievers in the experimental group improve significantly in performance on language learning strategies. 2. Both the experimental group and the control group show certain progress in VLT. However, only the high achievers in the experimental group perform significantly better. 3. There exists a positive correlation between the subjects’ performance in word-inferring test and words-in-context test for the experimental group. 4. There is a significant difference in words-in-context test score between the low achievers in the experimental and those in the control group. 5. According to the responses of the experimental group, adverbs cause the heaviest learning burden, followed by adjectives, verbs, and nouns. 6. There is a fairly general agreement that the experimental group shows appreciation of the instruction. Further pedagogical implications and suggestions for future studies are provided at the end of the study.

Within the context of foreign language learning, very little research has examined how learners process second language (L2) words in terms of which variables best predict their processing speed and which mechanisms best characterize bilingual lexical processing. The present study set out to address this gap by using a range of learner and lexical variables (such as vocabulary size, word length, and age of acquisition) as points of reference against which to identify the best predictors of children’s and adults' L2 lexical processing, and by comparing response latencies across stimulus conditions so as to identify the processing pattern specific to each age group. Thirty-nine primary-aged and 94 university-level Chinese learners of English performed a picture-naming task in English and then in Chinese, and then completed a Chinese-to-English task. The researcher analyzed and estimated how those learner and lexical variables predicted the recorded response latencies by means of multiple regression and structural equation modeling, and made cross-stimulus-condition comparisons with the use of analysis of variance. The results suggested that different aspects of vocabulary knowledge contributed significantly to predicting children's and adults' processing speed, and that shorter processing time was significantly and directly predicted by the younger age at which an L2 word was learned and its higher degree of word typicality. Both lexical association and conceptual mediation were present in L2 lexical processing irrespective of learners' age but in general the later an L2 word is learned, the greater the likelihood that the word is lexically accessed and processed. These results illustrate the crucial role that language experiences and conceptual structures play in influencing the ease or difficulty with which L2 lexical items are retrieved, and reflect the complexities and dynamics involved in processing bilingual lexicons. These findings will be discussed within the context of the role of research and theory in developing evidence-based pedagogical practice with a specific reference to vocabulary acquisition in children and adults learning foreign languages within input-limited contexts.

This thesis investigates the vocabulary learning behavior of Romanian high school students in a digital context. The research identifies the vocabulary learning strategies used by EFL high school students and focuses on how the choice of vocabulary learning strategies varies across four independent variables: students' age, gender, academic profile (math-ICT, humanities, science and economic-technical) and language program (intensive English, bilingual, normal). These variables are hypothesized to influence learners' vocabulary behavior. Furthermore, the study examines the technology enhanced tools (computer and mobile assisted language learning tools) used by these students in their vocabulary learning as well as their attitudes towards using technology in vocabulary learning. Likewise, the study analyzes how students' choice of technology enhanced tools and their attitudes towards them vary across the four independent variables. The study is a mixed methods investigation with 1,239 participants (60% female, 40% male, aged 14-19 years old) learning English as a foreign language in nine Romanian secondary schools. Of the 1,239 participants who filled in the self-reported questionnaire, 43 also participated in focus group discussions prior to the administration of the questionnaire. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics procedures whereas the qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The results from both phases were integrated in the results chapter. The main findings indicated that Romanian high school students prefer social strategies, followed by determination, metacognitive, cognitive and memory strategies. However, the usage of the strategies in these categories is medium towards low. As for individual vocabulary learning strategies, the participants reported that the impact of a new word, English media, guessing from context, associating the word with a picture and using cognates are frequently used strategies. The results also indicated that students' use of vocabulary learning strategies varies across the four independent variables. As far as the use of digital tools for vocabulary learning, the findings indicated that the students in this particular cultural context use few available digital tools with a preference for online dictionaries, games and social networking web sites. The results showed that overall Romanian students are not very familiar with computer and mobile assisted language learning tools, their attitudes towards the use of digital tools for vocabulary learning are neutral and they mostly associate the use of personal devices with their personal space, suggesting that they may not want to embed learning in their everyday activities. The results enrich existing knowledge of vocabulary learning strategies in a Romanian cultural context and they also give us an insight into how high school students use computer and mobile assisted language tools in their vocabulary learning. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed.

This naturalistic exploratory multiple case study of the academic writing activity of L2 writers enrolled in an introductory Spanish literature course reveals the complex dynamicity of intertextual activity and L2 development. The writing tasks, designed for communicative practice rather than for mastery of a genre, required students to upload Microsoft Word documents to the learning management software’s dropbox, thus necessitating their engagement with multiple digitally mediated resources. Participants completed the assignment outside of class in a computer lab, where data were collected, including observational field notes, screen recordings, and stimulated recall, and semi-structured interviews about the participants’ use and perception of digital resources. Findings show that these students employed many strategies with a variety of resources, including online dictionaries, translators, and original and translated texts, when experiencing a lexical gap while writing. A close examination of second language writers’ intertextual engagement with the affordances provided by these digitally mediated resources through an analytical frame informed by dynamic systems theory (Larsen-Freeman & Cameron, 2008a) reveals idiosyncratic use and evidence of emergent word and strategy learning. Pedagogical implications, including the need to start where students are, are discussed.