This dissertation has two main purposes: (a) to provide a contrastive analysis and theoretical background of the passive in English and Korean; (b) to investigate how Korean learners of English use the English passive in terms of forms, meanings, and functions.One major claim in this dissertation is that the passive is best accounted for by the notion of role prominence in both English and Korean. In addition, a significant difference is revealed in emotional (affective) functions of the passive in English and Korean, showing that the emotional function prevails in Korean far more than in English.After the discussion of theoretical background, Korean learners' actual use of the English passive is analyzed. The specific analysis of grammatical errors shows that Korean learners make local errors (errors significantly inhibiting communication) more than global errors (errors not significantly inhibiting communication). Pragmatic errors are divided largely into discourse functional errors (violation of role prominence, abrupt topic shift, and violation of defocusing) and affective functional errors. The results show that affective functional errors outnumber discourse functional errors. These results are accounted for in terms of not only language transfer and but also a socio-cultural factor, prestige of a passive sentence with respect to an active sentence. Of particular interest is the existence of a hierarchy of acceptability in pragmatic errors. Analysis of medio-passive errors suggests that the native language forms greatly affect the learners' target language forms.This dissertation plays particular attention to the pragmatic aspects of the passive, both theoretical and practical. It is argued that the learners' use of the passive in accordance with pragmatic principles will enhance cohesive writing, facilitating communication.Generally speaking, this dissertation contributes to several important areas of study in second language acquisition, including error analysis and contrastive analysis in terms of grammar and pragmatics. A major significance of this dissertation is its demonstration of the importance of pragmatics in understanding the acqusition of grammar. / Department of English

Thesis (M.S.)--Duquesne University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-44) and index.

Thesis (M.M.)--Bowling Green State University, 2009. / Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 81 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (B.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003. / "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 2003." Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-30) Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Phil.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 4, 2001. Also available in print.

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In this thesis, I aimed to explore vocal attractiveness from an evolutionary perspective: how listener's preferences for vocal qualities of potential partners could increase mating success and reproductive success. Chapters 1-4 outline the background to the thesis, reviews acoustics, sexual selection theory, and human mate-choice. In chapter 5, I correlated attributions made to voices to the acoustic properties of the voices. In men's voices, pitch negatively predicted vocal attractiveness. Attributions of masculinity, size, age, health and vocal attractiveness were all positively correlated. In women's voices, pitch, formant dispersion and perceived health positively predicted vocal attractiveness. Masculinity, size and age negatively predicted vocal attractiveness. In chapter 6, I measured the effect of manipulating fundamental and/or formant frequencies (apparent vocal-tract length) on vocal attributions. Women found men's voices with lowered voice pitch and decreased formant dispersion more attractive, masculine, large, older and healthier. Women's size predicted preference for male vocal- tract length. In chapter 7, I explored attitudes to voices speaking vowels and whole sentences using a correlation design and acoustic manipulations. Women's self-rated attractiveness positively predicted vocal masculinity preferences. Most of the remaining studies focus on how hormones relate to vocal production and perception. Women with less oestrogen showed the biggest menstrual cycle shifts in vocal masculinity preferences, preferring masculinity most in the fertile phase (chapter 8). Men's testosterone levels predicted the size of changes in attributions of dominance to men's voices (chapter 9). Women's voice pitch correlated with facial-metric masculinity and facial attractiveness (chapter 10). Men preferred women's voices with raised pitch to lowered pitch at multiple levels of starting pitch (chapter 11). These findings indicate men preferred femininity to averageness. In chapter 12, I relate the work in this thesis to other work and the broader evolutionary perspective.

Estudos revelam que homens e mulheres apresentam modificações vocais em decorrência do envelhecimento, entretanto, a maioria compara indivíduos jovens e idosos, agrupando-os em grandes intervalos etários. Estudar indivíduos da faixa etária próximas à terceira idade e compará-los em menores intervalos etários pode ser mais sensível para evidenciar características importantes. Objetivou-se verificar: quais as diferenças dos parâmetros acústicos e perceptivo-auditivos da voz de homens e mulheres de diversas décadas etárias; quais características vocais modificam com o avanço da idade, e determinar a relação entre as características perceptivo-auditivas e acústicas nessa população. Participaram do estudo 125 homens e 140 mulheres, com idades entre 30 e 79 anos, agrupados por décadas etárias. Por meio de uma escala analógica visual, foram avaliados, por três juízes, o grau geral do desvio vocal (G), rugosidade (R) e soprosidade (S) de fala encadeada e vogal sustentada. Foram analisados por meio do programa Mult Dimension Voice Program (KayPentax) os parâmetros frequência fundamental (F0), desvio-padrão da F0 (dp F0), jitter (%), shimmer (%), proporção ruído-harmonico (NHR), índice de turbulência vocal (VTI) e índice de fonação suave (SPI). A comparação entre os grupos foi realizada por meio de ANOVA e Tukey, as correlações, por meio do teste de Pearson, (significância de 5%). Na fala, homens e mulheres de 30-49 anos apresentaram menor G e R que os de idade superior a 50 anos (p<0,000) e mulheres com idade entre 50-59 anos apresentaram maior S que as de 60-79 (p=0,026). Em ambos os gêneros, à medida que a idade aumentou, maiores foram G e R durante a fala, enquanto que S reduziu durante a vogal de mulheres (p=0,005). A análise acústica mostrou que VTI foi maior em sujeitos de 70-79 anos em relação aos de 40-49 (p<0,040). O SPI dos sujeitos de 40-49 anos foi o maior (p<0,000). Houve correlação positiva entre o avanço da idade e dp F0 e NHR nos homens (p<0,000 e 0,023), e negativa para SPI nas mulheres (p=0,025). Quanto mais elevada a F0 da voz masculina, maior S (p=0,043); quanto mais reduzida a F0 da voz feminina, maior R (p=0,006). Conclui-se que é importante estudar sujeitos da faixa de transição entre a fase adulta e idosa, visto as diferenças de qualidade vocal em sujeitos maiores de 50 anos em relação aos mais jovens. Agrupar os sujeitos entre décadas etárias colabora para a compreensão do envelhecimento vocal, haja vista os sujeitos da sétima década que apresentaram maior VTI que os da quarta, enquanto estes últimos apresentam maior SPI que os das demais faixas etárias, além de ter evidenciado as diferenças relacionadas à soprosidade, que foi maior nas mulheres de meia idade que em idosas. Para homens e mulheres, quanto maior o grau geral e a rugosidade, maiores são os valores relacionados à instabilidade de frequência, perturbação de frequência e intensidade e medidas de ruído. Já para a soprosidade, a correlação se deu apenas para a instabilidade de frequência, perturbação de frequência e intensidade e SPI. A F0 correlacionou-se com a qualidade vocal de forma distinta entre homens e mulheres da faixa etária estudada. / A number of studies have found that men and women can present vocal changes as a result of aging; meanwhile, most of the studies compare young and elderly people, grouping them in large age ranges. Reducing the subjects to adult and seniors age groups and comparing them in smaller age ranges can be more sensible to evidence significant characteristics. The purpose of this study was to verify differences on acoustic measures and perceptual analysis of the voice of adults and seniors, which of them are modified by aging and set the relation between perceptual analysis and acoustic measures on this population. Two hundred and sixty-five, men (n=125) and women (n=140) from 30 to 79 years-old, grouped into decade age ranges had their voice evaluated by 3 judges. Speech samples and sustained vowels were submitted to perceptive analysis consisted of the assessment of grade of overall deviation (G), roughness (R) and breathiness (B), using a visual-analog scale. Acoustic measures of speaking fundamental frequency (F0) and its standard deviation (sdF0), jitter (%),shimmer (%), noise-harmonic ratio (NHR), voice turbulence index (VTI) and soft phonation index (SPI) were assessed by Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (Kay Pentax). The comparison among the groups was held by ANOVA and Tukey and the correlations by Pearson\'s test (5% significance). During speech, men and women from 30-49 years-old have presented less G and R than the subjects 50-older (p<0,000) and women aged 50-59 had a greater B than women of 60-79 years-old (p=0,026). The parameters G and R increased with aging for men and women at the speech task, and B reduced in women at the sustained vowel task (p=0,005). About the acoustic measures, VTI was greater in subjects of 70-79 year-old than 40-49 ones (p<0,040). SPI of subjects from 40-49 years-old was the greatest. Positive correlation was found between aging, sdF0 and NHR in men (p<0,000 e 0,023), and negative for SPI in women (p=0,025). The higher F0 of mens voice, the greater is B (p=0,043); the more reduced F0 on women voice, the greater is R (p=0,006). Its relevant to study subjects on transition from adult to senior ages, since the differences on voice quality in subjects 50 or older are greater than in young people. Grouping the subjects by decade contributed to better understand of vocal aging. For instance, the 70 or older group have shown a greater VTI than people in their 40s, while this last group have shown a bigger SPI than others age ranges, in addition to evidenced differences related to breathiness that washigher in middle age women than in elderly. For both genders the bigger the general voice deviation, and the roughness, the bigger are parameters related to instability of frequency, its disturbance, intensity and noise ratios. With regard to breathiness, the correlation happens only to frequency instability, its disturbance, intensity and SPI. The correlation between F0 and vocal quality was different to men and women of the studied age ranges.

Introdução: a água é componente vital para o desempenho das funções corporais e fundamental para a produção vocal. Sabe-se ainda que exercícios de aquecimento vocal preparam a voz para o canto. O propósito deste estudo foi investigar a influência da hidratação sistêmica na voz de coristas sem e com aquecimento vocal. Material e métodos: esta pesquisa teve a aprovação do CEP-FOB/USP, protocolo: 085/2011. Participaram 16 coristas, com média de idade de 49,38 anos, DP 14,74, sendo 12 do sexo feminino (75%) e quatro do sexo masculino (25%). Todos os coristas eram integrantes de coros há no mínimo um ano, saudáveis, sem queixas vocais e auditivas nos dias das avaliações e sem histórico de cirurgias laríngeas. Procedimentos: os participantes tiveram suas vozes avaliadas em dois dias não consecutivos, o primeiro na condição desidratado (D) e o segundo na condição hidratado (H). Em ambos os dias tiveram suas vozes gravadas antes (D1 e H1) e após a realização do aquecimento vocal (D2 e H2). Para a condição desidratado os coristas ficaram sem ingerir água durante as 12 horas que antecederam a primeira avaliação. Para a condição de hidratado houve a ingestão fracionada de três litros de água para os homens e dois litros para as mulheres no dia anterior ao dia da segunda avaliação. As condições hidratado e desidratado foram avaliadas por meio da coloração e gravidade específica da urina. Foi realizada a avaliação acústica dos parâmetros F0, jitter, shimmer e NHR, por meio do Multi Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP). A análise perceptivo-auditiva considerou o grau geral, a rugosidade, a soprosidade, a tensão, o pitch e o loudness da vogal /a/ sustentada por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA). As vozes foram analisadas pela fonoaudióloga que apresentou melhor análise intra-juiz (p=0,000 e r=0,77). Resultados: houve forte correlação entre os métodos da coloração e a gravidade específica da urina (r=0,807 e p<0,05). Na avaliação acústica houve redução da F0 e melhora do shimmer e na avaliação perceptivo-auditiva foi identificada melhora dos parâmetros da rugosidade, soprosidade, tensão e redução do pitch, nas vozes hidratadas sem aquecimento vocal. Nas vozes com aquecimento vocal a avaliação acústica revelou estabilidade da F0 e melhora do shimmer e na perceptivo-auditiva redução da rugosidade e do pitch. Conclusão: a hidratação sistêmica agiu positivamente na voz sem aquecimento vocal revelando na avaliação acústica redução da F0 e melhora do shimmer e na avaliação perceptivo-auditiva melhora dos parâmetros da rugosidade, soprosidade, tensão e redução do pitch. A hidratação sistêmica agiu positivamente na voz com aquecimento vocal revelando na avaliação acústica estabilidade da F0 e melhora do shimmer e na perceptivo-auditiva redução da rugosidade e do pitch. / Introduction: Water is a vital component for bodily functions and is fundamental for voice production. It is known that vocal warming exercises prepare the voice for singing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of systemic hydration on choristers voices whilst warmed and unwarmed. Material and Methods: This research had the approval from CEP-FOB/USP protocol 085 2011. 16 choristers took part on the research, whose average age is 49.38 years (standard deviation 14,74), being 12 female (75%) and 4 male (25%). All choristers are healthy, do not present complaint on vocal or hearing issues during test days and do not possess history of laryngeal surgery. Procedure: the participants had their voices evaluated in two non-consecutive days, with hydrated voice (H) on the first day and with dehydrated voice (D) on the second. In both days, their voices were recorded before vocal warming (D1 and H1) and after vocal warming (D2 and H2.) For the dehydration condition, the choristers drank no water during the 12 preceding hours relative to the first test. For the hydration condition, fractioned water intake(3 liters for men and 2 liters for women) was held on the day before the second test. Hydrated and dehydrated conditions were determined by means of urine coloration and specific gravity. The acoustic evaluation was performed focusing in parameters F0, jitter, shimmer and NHR using the multidimensional voice program. The perceptual-auditory analysis considered the overall degree, rugosity, breathiness, tension, pitch and loudness of the sustained vowel a by visual analog scale. The voices were analyzed by the speech therapist who presented best intra-judge analysis (P = 0.000, R = 0.77). Results: The urine coloration and specific gravity have held strong correlation, with R = 0.807 and P < 0.05. On the acoustic evaluation, there has been reduction of F0 and shimmer improvement; and in the perceptive-auditory evaluation it was identified improvement on rugosity, breathiness, tension and reduction of pitch on hydrated unwarmed voices. On warmed voices, the acoustic evaluation revealed stability on F0 and improvement on shimmer; on the perceptive-auditory evaluation, rugosity and pitch have reduced. Conclusion: The systemic hydration acted positively on unwarmed voice revealing F0 reduction and shimmer improvement on the acoustic evaluation; and improvement on rugosity, breathiness, tension and pitch on the perceptive-auditory evaluation. Also, systemic hydration acted positively on the warmed voice, revealing F0 stability and shimmer improvement on the acoustic evaluation; and rugosity and pitch reduction on the perceptive-auditory evaluation.