Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia Maia Braga.pdf: 853677 bytes, checksum: 4107ff87848d02112262f112adeb1c1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Apple fermented beverages are produced in Brazil with low commercial quality fruits that do not pass by rating the degree of maturation. An study becomes necessary to determine the aromatic profile of the products processed apples in different stages of maturation knowing that this can change the technological and sensory quality of the product. Thus the aim of this study was to identify and determine the differences between apple juices and apple fermented beverage elaborated with fruits from different varieties and ripening stages in the aroma profile. Analysis of fruit ripeness, preparation of products under different conditions, flavor profile, physico-chemical composition and statistical analysis for verification and determination of the differences between the juice and fermented were perfomed. The physical chemical characteristics attested the raw material ripening of the samples. The sugar content of juices and alcohol content of fermented in general increased with ripening increasing, the opposite of the evolution of acids that in most of the samples decreased with increasing ripening, as happened with the nitrogen content. Ripening stage significantly influenced the aroma composition of apple juice and apple fermented beverages. Esters, aldehydes, acids, alcohols and ketones were identified in all samples by gas chromatographic (GC), however at higher concentrations in samples of fermented mainly made of senescent apples. Regarding the juices, ripe Gala had a prominence relating to aroma concentration over other cultivars. Using a chemometric approach by principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were verified that fermented have a higher composition of ten volatile compounds avaliated and fewer concentration of just one compound than apple juices. In this way chemometric approach with GC techniques can be suitable parameters to differentiate apple juice and apple fermented by aroma profiles. / Fermentados de maçãs são produzidos no Brasil com frutas de baixa qualidade comercial que não passam por classificação quanto ao grau de maturação. Sabe-se que isto pode alterar a qualidade tecnológica e sensorial do produto tornando necessário um estudo para determinação do perfil aromático dos produtos processados com maçãs em diferentes estádios de maturação. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e determinar as diferenças de perfil aromático entre sucos e fermentados de maçã elaborados com frutas de diferentes cultivares e estádios de maturação. Para isto foram realizadas análises para determinação do estádio de maturação da fruta, determinação do perfil aromático, composição físico-química e análise estatística para verificação e determinação das diferenças entre os sucos e fermentados. O teor de açúcar dos sucos e de álcool dos fermentados em geral aumentaram com o amadurecimento, o oposto da evolução dos ácidos que, na maioria das amostras decresceu com o amadurecimento, tal como aconteceu com o teor de nitrogênio. O estádio de maturação influenciou significativamente a composição aromática de suco e fermentado de maçã. Ésteres, aldeídos, ácidos, álcoois e cetonas foram identificados em todas as amostras por cromatografia gasosa (GC), porém em concentrações mais elevadas em amostras de fermentado, principalmente a partir de maçãs senescentes. Em relação aos sucos, Gala madura teve um destaque com relação à concentração de aromas sobre outras cultivares. Através de uma abordagem quimiométrica por análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise de agrupamento hierárquico (HCA) foi verificado que os fermentados tem uma maior concentração de dez dos compostos voláteis avaliados e menos concentração de apenas um composto em relação ao suco de maçã. Desta forma abordagem quimiométrica com técnicas de GC podem ser parâmetros adequados para diferenciar suco e fermentado de maçã por perfil aromático.

Parmi les desserts à base d’ovoproduits, l’île flottante est reconnue comme particulièrement sensible d’un point de vue microbiologique car sa commercialisation souffre de la survenue intempestive d’altérations que les industriels souhaitent maîtriser. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse avaient pour objectif de mieux appréhender ces phénomènes afin de mieux les contrôler. Nous avons montré que l’altération de l’île flottante concernait principalement la crème anglaise et qu’elle s’accompagnait d’un développement bactérien conséquent, d’une fréquente diminution du pH et de modifications sensorielles liées à l’aspect et à l’odeur. Les principales bactéries détectées ont été identifiées comme appartenant au groupe Bacillus cereus et aux genres Staphylococcus et Enterococcus. Le blanc d’œuf pasteurisé, utilisé pour la fabrication des œufs en neige, s’est avéré être une source de contamination possible.Cependant, l’implication de bactéries installées sous forme de biofilms dans l’environnement de production ou véhiculées par d’autres ingrédients a aussi été fortement envisagée. La ré-inoculation, en culture pure, d’une collection bactérienne représentative dans de la crème anglaise stérile a montré que différents types de modifications sensorielles et physico-chimiques s’exprimaient d’un genre bactérien à l’autre et qu’ils étaient notamment corrélés à la capacité des bactéries à consommer les sucres et les protéines de la crème anglaise et à produire des métabolites dont des composés volatils odorants. Ces résultats à l’appui, différents tests ont pu être proposés, p / Among the chilled egg products-based desserts, the French dessert “île flottante” is recognized as particularly sensitive from a microbiological point of view, because marketing is suffering from untimely spoilage occurrence that manufacturers wish to control. The work done in this thesis aimed to better understand these phenomena in order to better control them. We have shown that the dessert spoilage mainly concerned the custard cream and it was characterized by high bacterial count, frequent pH decreasing and sensory changes of appearance and smell. The main bacteria detected were identified as belonging to the Bacillus cereus group and Staphylococcus and Enterococcus genera. The possible involvement of bacteria from the pasteurized egg white, used for the egg white foaming, in the dessert spoilage issue was established.However, the involvement of bacteria from biofilms installed in the production environment or provided by other ingredients was also strongly suspected. The spoilage potential assessment of pure culture of a representative bacterial collection in sterile custard cream has shown that different types of sensory and physicochemical changes were expressed according to bacterial genus and that these changes were particularly correlated with the ability of bacteria to consume sugars and proteins of custard and to produce various volatile compounds with specific odorous. With these results, various tests have been proposed for a better control of the white egg batches orientation according to their microbiological quality and so to guarantee their safety with