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Paramètres minéralogiques et microtexturaux utilisables dans les études de traçabilité des minerais métalliques / Mineralogical and microtextural parameters used in metal ores traceability studiesMachault, Julie 07 November 2012 (has links)
Que ce soit à des fins spéculatives ou pour financer des conflits armés, une grande opacité entoure les filières des concentrés de matières premières minérales dont la demande ne cesse d'augmenter. Compte-tenu de l'éloignement entre les sites primaires d'extraction et les sites de production de produits finis, il est difficile d'identifier l'origine de ces produits. Dans un souci de traçabilité des concentrés, l'établissement d'une carte d'identité du minerai permettrait le contrôle des échanges dans l'industrie minérale. Le problème peut être posé en termes d'inversion: remonter au minerai d'origine en étudiant le produit vendu. Deux stades doivent être distingués: 1) la caractérisation du minerai brut et 2) la « perte de mémoire » des caractéristiques du tout-venant au cours du traitement minéralurgique. Les paramètres retenus sont la composition minéralogique, l'identification de microfaciès caractéristiques des minéraux cibles, la pseudo-succession paragénétique, le contenu et la distribution en éléments mineurs de minéraux cibles. Les minéraux cibles retenus sont la pyrite pour son ubiquité, la sphalérite car elle est susceptible d'incorporer une grande variété d'éléments mineurs, éventuellement valorisants ainsi que la chalcopyrite car elle est souvent liée aux deux autres minéraux. La comparaison de la composition chimique des phases minérales est effectuée en calculant la distance de Kolmogorov-Smirnov et de Colin-White. Des tests ont été réalisés sur les gîtes de type amas sulfuré volcanogène. Ils ont montré que les caractéristiques retenues permettaient de distinguer les pyrites, les sphalérites et les chalcopyrites de deux gisements de la province Sud-Ibérique (IPB), de sept gisements de la province d’Oural et du fumeur noir actuel de Rainbow. Les cartes d’identité obtenues permettent de discriminer les différents sites (IPB, Oural et Rainbow) et les gisements d’une même province. Les paramètres minéralogiques et microtexturaux ont également été suivis au cours du traitement minéralurgique de la mine de Neves Corvo. Pour une chaîne de traitement donnée, le paramètre « perte de mémoire » est une estimation de l'erreur commise lors de l'inversion, mais aussi une façon de caractériser une succession d'opérations minéralurgiques. / The demand in mineral resources is increasing rapidly, but there is a lack of transparency in the trade of concentrated raw mineral materials because of speculation and involvement in the financing of armed conflicts. Because of the distance between the primary extraction and the final production sites it is difficult to check the origin of such products. An identity card is required for minerals which would permit trading in the mineral industry to be verified and ensure traceability of concentrates. This problem may be considered as an inversion process: studying the products sold to identify the original ore. Two steps may be distinguished: 1) the characterization of the raw ore and 2) the “memory loss” of the crude ore characteristics during its mineral processing. The discriminant parameters are mineralogical composition, identification of textural microfacies of the target minerals, pseudo-paragenetic sequence, and the contents and distribution of minor elements of target minerals. The selected target minerals are pyrite, for its ubiquity, sphalerite for its ability to host numerous discriminant and potentially valuable minor elements in its lattice and chalcopyrite for its proximity with the two others minerals. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance and the Colin-White test are used to compare the chemical composition of the three target minerals. The application to Volcanic Massive Sulfide ore deposit showed that the selected characteristics permit to distinguish pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite between two ore deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt province, seven ore deposits from the Urals province and a currently active Rainbow blacksmoker. From the established identity cards ore deposits from different provinces may be discriminated. Identity cards can also distinguish different deposits in the same province. Evolution of mineralogical and microtextural parameters was studied during the mineral processing of the Neves Corvo mine. For a given processing chain, the “memory loss” parameter is an estimate of the errors introduced in the inversion from concentrate to the original ore and can be used to characterize a given processing flow.
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The magmatic-hydrothermal architecture of the Archean Volcanic Massive Sulfide (VMS) System at Panorama, Pilbara, Western AustraliaDrieberg, Susan L. January 2003 (has links)
[Truncated abstract. Formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version of this abstract for an accurate representation.] The 3.24 Ga Panorama VMS District, located in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia, is exposed as a cross-section through subvolcanic granite intrusions and a coeval submarine volcanic sequence that hosts Zn-Cu mineralization. The near-complete exposure across the district, the very low metamorphic grade, and the remarkable preservation of primary igneous and volcanic textures provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine the P-T-X-source evolution of a VMS ore-forming system and to assess the role of the subvolcanic intrusions as heat sources and/or metal contributors to the overlying VMS hydrothermal system. Detailed mapping of the Panorama VMS District has revealed seven major vein types related to the VMS hydrothermal system or to the subvolcanic intrusions. (1) Quartz-chalcopyrite veins, hosted in granophyric granite immediately beneath the granite-volcanic contact, formed prior to main stage VMS hydrothermal convection, and were precipitated from mixed H2OCO 2-NaCl-KCl fluids with variable salinities (2.5 to 8.5 wt% NaCl equiv). (2) Quartz-sericite veins, ubiquitous across the top 50m of the volcanic sequence, were formed from an Archean seawater with a salinity of 9.7 to 11.2 wt% NaCl equiv at temperatures of 90° to 135°C. These veins formed synchronous with the regional feldspar-sericite-quartz-ankerite alteration during seawater recharge into the main stage VMS hydrothermal convection cells. (3) Quartz-pyrite veins hosted in granophyric granite, and (4) quartz-carbonate-pyrite veins hosted in andesitebasalt, also formed from relatively unevolved Archean seawater (5.5 to 10.1 wt% NaCl equiv; 150° to 225°C), but during the collapse of the VMS hydrothermal system when cool, unmodified seawater invaded the top of the subvolcanic intrusions. (5) Quartz-topaz-muscovite greisen, (6) quartz-chlorite-chalcopyrite vein greisen, and (7) hydrothermal Cu-Zn-Sn veins are hosted in the subvolcanic intrusions. Primary H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 fluid inclusions in the vein greisens were complex high temperature hypersaline inclusions (up to 590°C and up to 56 wt% NaCl equiv). The H2O-CO2-NaCl fluid inclusions in the Cu-Zn-Sn veins have variable salinities, ranging from 4.9 to 14.1 wt% NaCl equiv, and homogenization temperatures ranging from 160° to 325°C. The hydrothermal quartz veins and magmatic metasomatic phases in the subvolcanic intrusions were formed from a magmatic-hydrothermal fluid that had evolved through wallrock reactions, cooling, and finally mixing with seawater-derived VMS hydrothermal fluids.
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