Large-scale volcanic deformation recently detected by radar interferometry (InSAR) provides new information and thus new scientific challenges for understanding volcano-tectonic activity and magmatic systems. The destabilization of such a system at depth noticeably affects the surrounding environment through magma injection, ground displacement and volcanic eruptions. To determine the spatiotemporal evolution of the Lazufre volcanic area located in the central Andes, we combined short-term ground displacement acquired by InSAR with long-term geological observations. Ground displacement was first detected using InSAR in 1997. By 2008, this displacement affected 1800 km2 of the surface, an area comparable in size to the deformation observed at caldera systems. The original displacement was followed in 2000 by a second, small-scale, neighbouring deformation located on the Lastarria volcano. We performed a detailed analysis of the volcanic structures at Lazufre and found relationships with the volcano deformations observed with InSAR. We infer that these observations are both likely to be the surface expression of a long-lived magmatic system evolving at depth. It is not yet clear whether Lazufre may trigger larger unrest or volcanic eruptions; however, the second deformation detected at Lastarria and the clear increase of the large-scale deformation rate make this an area of particular interest for closer continuous monitoring. / Vulkanische Deformationen in großem Maßstab, die mittels InSAR gemessen wurden, liefern neue Informationen und dadurch einen neuen Blickwinkel auf vulkan-tektonische Aktivitäten und das Verständnis von langlebigen, magmatischen Systemen. Die Destabilisierung eines solchen Systems in der Tiefe beeinflusst dauerhaft die Oberfläche durch Versatz des Bodens, magmatische Einflüsse und vulkanische Unruhen. Mit der Kombination aus kleinräumigem Bodenversatz gemessen mittels InSAR, numerischer Modellierung und langfristigen geologischen Beobachtungen, analysieren wir die Gegend um den Vulkan Lazufre in den Zentralanden, um die raumzeitliche Entwicklung der Region zu bestimmen. Bodenversatz wurde hierbei im Jahr 1997 mittels Radar-Interferrometrie (InSAR) gemessen, was eine Fläche von 1800 km² ausmacht, vergleichbar mit der Größe der Deformation des Kraters. Im Jahr 2000 wurde zusätzlich eine kleinräumige Deformation am Nachbarvulkan Lastarria entdeckt. Wir sehen räumliche als auch zeitliche Verbindungen zwischen der Deformation des Vulkans und vulkanischen Strukturen innerhalb der betroffenen Gegend. Wir folgern daraus, dass diese Beobachtungen der Ausdruck eines langlebigen, magmatischen Systems in der Tiefe an der Oberfläche sind. Es ist noch nicht klar, ob Lazufre größere vulkanische Unruhen, wie zum Beispiel Eruptionen auslösen könnte, aber die Deformation am Vulkan Lastarria und ein Anstieg der großräumigen Deformationsrate, machen diese Region interessant für eine zukünftige, kontinuierliche Überwachung.

abstract: The dynamic Earth involves feedbacks between the solid crust and both natural and anthropogenic fluid flows. Fluid-rock interactions drive many Earth phenomena, including volcanic unrest, seismic activities, and hydrological responses. Mitigating the hazards associated with these activities requires fundamental understanding of the underlying physical processes. Therefore, geophysical monitoring in combination with modeling provides valuable tools, suitable for hazard mitigation and risk management efforts. Magmatic activities and induced seismicity linked to fluid injection are two natural and anthropogenic processes discussed in this dissertation. Successful forecasting of the timing, style, and intensity of a volcanic eruption is made possible by improved understanding of the volcano life cycle as well as building quantitative models incorporating the processes that govern rock melting, melt ascending, magma storage, eruption initiation, and interaction between magma and surrounding host rocks at different spatial extent and time scale. One key part of such models is the shallow magma chamber, which is generally directly linked to volcano’s eruptive behaviors. However, its actual shape, size, and temporal evolution are often not entirely known. To address this issue, I use space-based geodetic data with high spatiotemporal resolution to measure surface deformation at Kilauea volcano. The obtained maps of InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) deformation time series are exploited with two novel modeling schemes to investigate Kilauea’s shallow magmatic system. Both models can explain the same observation, leading to a new compartment model of magma chamber. Such models significantly advance the understanding of the physical processes associated with Kilauea’s summit plumbing system with potential applications for volcanoes around the world. The unprecedented increase in the number of earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United States since 2008 is attributed to massive deep subsurface injection of saltwater. The elevated chance of moderate-large damaging earthquakes stemming from increased seismicity rate causes broad societal concerns among industry, regulators, and the public. Thus, quantifying the time-dependent seismic hazard associated with the fluid injection is of great importance. To this end, I investigate the large-scale seismic, hydrogeologic, and injection data in northern Texas for period of 2007-2015 and in northern-central Oklahoma for period of 1995-2017. An effective induced earthquake forecasting model is developed, considering a complex relationship between injection operations and consequent seismicity. I find that the timing and magnitude of regional induced earthquakes are fully controlled by the process of fluid diffusion in a poroelastic medium and thus can be successfully forecasted. The obtained time-dependent seismic hazard model is spatiotemporally heterogeneous and decreasing injection rates does not immediately reduce the probability of an earthquake. The presented framework can be used for operational induced earthquake forecasting. Information about the associated fundamental processes, inducing conditions, and probabilistic seismic hazards has broad benefits to the society. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2018

Les volcans bouclier basaltiques se déforment sous leur propre poids, tout particulièrement en période d'éruption. À Hawaii, cette déformation co-éruptive est en majeure partie expliquée par un plan de décollement à la base des édifices, dont le glissement serait associé à la force de poussée des intrusions dans les «rift zones» (i.e. concentration de dykes subverticaux dans les zones de faiblesse de l'édifice). Cependant, cette explication n'est pas valable pour beaucoup d'autres volcans basaltiques, où l'existence d'un décollement est peu probable. Nous avons profité de l'incision intense du Piton des Neiges (La Réunion) par l'érosion pour observer la structure interne d'un volcan basaltique, et comprendre, par le terrain et la modélisation numérique, comment la déformation d'un tel édifice s'articule avec son activité magmatique. Notre étude structurale révèle que trois populations d'intrusions perpendiculaires (deux subverticales et une subhorizontale) coexistent, et que les principales zones de faiblesses sont des «sill zones» (i.e. concentrations d'intrusions subhorizontales), Parallèlement, notre étude des déformations, essentiellement cassantes, révèle que deux extensions perpendiculaires dominent dans l'édifice, avec l'apparition de régimes localement décrochants et même compressifs à proximité des sill zones. Les directions de déformations et les directions d'intrusions sont compatibles et coïncident aussi avec la direction d'écoulement des grandes avalanches de débris qui ont affectée le Piton des Neiges au cours de son histoire. À partir de ces données de terrain, nous proposons un modèle de déformation du Piton des Neiges où les intrusions dans l'édifice génèrent des cycles de permutations de contraintes. Le stade ultime de chaque cycle serait la mise en place de sills en régime compressif. En testant numériquement l'effet de telles injections sur la déformation d'un édifice, nous montrons que les sills peuvent être un facteur majeur d'instabilité, capable de conduire à des déstabilisations de flanc telles que les avalanches observées. Notre modèle conceptuel, déduit du terrain et quantifié par la modélisation, constitue ainsi une alternative au modèle de déformation hawaiien, applicable sur des édifices tels que le Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion), Tenerife (Canaries) et Fernandina (Galapagos). Notre étude démontre enfin l'intérêt essentiel d'étudier les systèmes anciens pour mieux comprendre les volcans actifs. / Basaltic shield volcanoes deform under their own weight, especially during eruptive periods. In Hawaii, this co-eruptive deformation is mainly explained by slip events on a basal decollement plane, related to the forceful intrusion of magma into “rift zones”(i.e. high concentration of subvertical dikes in weakness areas). However, this explanation is not valid on many other basaltic shields where the existence of basal decollements is unlikely. We used the deep incision of Piton des Neiges volcano (La Réunion) to observe the internalstructure of a basaltic shield.By coupling a field work and a numerical study, we aimed at understand how deformation interacts with magmatic activity on such an edifice. Our structural study reveals that three populations of perpendicular intrusions coexist and that the main weakness areas are “sill zones” (i.e. high concentration of low-­dipping intrusions). In parallel, our study of brittle deformation structures shows that two perpendicular extensional stress fields dominate in the edifice and that strike-­slip and compressional regimes appear near sill zones. The directions of deformation are compatible with the orientations of intrusions and are also consistent with the directions of emplacement of large debris avalanches, which occurred on Piton des Neiges during its evolution. From these field data, we propose a deformation model of Piton des Neiges volcano where magma intrusion in the edifice generates cycles of stress permutations. The ultimate stage of each cycle consists in sill intrusion under a compressional regime. The numerical simulations, testing the influence of such injections on edifice deformation, reveal that sills can be major instability factors, capable of triggering large flank collapses. Our conceptual model, inferred from field work and quantified by numerical models, thus constitutes an alternative to the Hawaiian model of deformation, applicable on edifices like Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion), Tenerife (Canary) or Fernandina (Galapagos). Our study finally demonstrates the essential interest of studying old eroded systems to understand active volcanoes.