On October 8th 2005 the villages surrounding Chinati bazaar in Bagh district of Pakistani-administered Kashmir (PaK) were hit by an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale that affected the lives of more than 3.5 million people in PaK and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. In this thesis I attempt to understand, through the stories and narratives of the people of Chinati bazaar, how they lived through, made sense of, and dealt with the earthquake and its aftermath. I use participant observation and conversations to tell the stories of those affected by the earthquake in their own voices as much as possible. The storytellers of the bazaar lived through two types of events: the earthquake itself and the post-earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction process. The latter brought with it both positive and negative impacts: if, on the one hand, it brought progress and a new hope that life could be ‘Built Back Better', on the other hand, it brought a different type of suffering – one that led to a loss of honour and dignity, resulted in social upheavals, and led to the exclusion and marginalization of certain groups. In this thesis I focus on both these ‘events'. Through these stories I build an argument about post-disaster discourses of change. I argue that while the narratives of the storytellers of Chinati bazaar posit the earthquake as a point of rupture in their confabulated stories, from which the collective memory of the bazaar dates its movement towards becoming modern and global, these changes have their origins instead in ‘bigger' stories of modernisation and globalisation that predate the earthquake and that highlight and emphasise more continuous processes of change that have been occurring over a longer period of time. In this thesis I analyse how these two competing discourses of rupture and dramatic change on the one hand, and slow, continuous change on the other, play out in the lives of the storytellers of Chinati Bazaar.

The West Crater-Soda Peaks area covering about 100 km is located 35 km southeast of Mount St. Helens in southern Washington State. It is one of several Quaternary monogenetic High Cascade volcanic centers overlying the Ohaaapecosh Formation of the Western Cascade Group and interstratified glacial till.These volcanic centers are the most westerly of the range.

Graduation date: 2002 / Best scan available for black and white figures.

The advent of Global Positioning System (GPS) has revolutionized geodesy with high accuracy, fast speed, simple use, and low cost. This dissertation investigates three topics on volcano and earthquake-related deformation using GPS measurements and models to demonstrate the power of the new generation of geodetic methods. The three topics include the 2002-2003 continued episodic inflation at Long Valley Caldera in eastern California, the coseismic and postseismic response of the energetic 2008 MW 6.4 Achaia-Elia Earthquake in northwest Peloponnese, Greece, and the interseismic megathrust coupling and forearc sliver transport near the Nicoya Peninsula in northwest Costa Rica.

Inaug.-diss.--Munich. / Lebenslauf. "Literatur": p. 79.

The south-west portion of the main caldera was mapped and a stratigraphy for the caldera-fill was constructed. The exact timing of formation of the main caldera is unclear; However, caldera collapse either predates or was synchronous with the eruption of the Campagnola Tuff. The proximal facies of the Campagnola Tuff exists as a complex relation of ignimbrite, lithic breccia and pyroclastic surge deposits. Overlying this the Galluccio Tuff a compound ignimbrite, ~6 km3 D.R.E, forms the base of the exposed caldera fill. Caldera lakes then became well established and following activity was predominantly phreatomagmatic. Pyroclastic surge deposits possess sand wave structures of several types and their migration direction was apparently controlled by the velocity/flow regime of the surge rather than the moisutre content. The morphology of juvenile clasts from phreatomagmatic deposits indicates that the eruptions were driven by a combination of vesiculation and magma/water interaction. The uppermost pyroclastic deposits are thought to represent the early phase of dome building where water still had access to the vent. The construction of the lava domes brought activity to a close within the main caldera. The Galluccio Tuff on the flanks of the volcano may be divided into three compositionally distinct eruptive units. The Lower Galluccio Tuff, correlated with the bulk of the Galluccio Tuff filling the main caldera. The Middle Galluccio Tuff commenced with the eruption of pumice-rich pyroclastic flows followed by flows enriched in both the size and amount of lithic fragments forming lithic-rich ignimbrite and co-ignimbrite lithic breccias of which several types exist. The Upper Galluccio Tuff is composed of lithic-rich ignimbrite which possess dense pumice fragments and are thought to be the product of a combination of both vesiculation and magma water interaction. Field relations indicate that pyroclastic flows were sometimes generated in quick succession and may have overrun earlier slower moving flows. Occasionally internal shear may have caused the overriding of portions of the same flow, these often coincide with lithic breccias and represent the climax of the eruptive phases. The grading of lithic fragments indicates that the expansion and fluidization decreased and yield strength increased with time in a pyroclastic flow.

A 5km swath-width SeaMARC I sidescan sonar survey, conducted over the zone of overlap between the southern rift zone of Axial Volcano and the northern tip of the Vance spreading segment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (between 45°24'N and 45°50'N latitude), was analyzed to locate the present position of the Juan de Fuca spreading axis, and to determine the tectonic and volcanic structure of the seafloor. Sidescan data were processed in concert with the ship's Loran-C navigation to construct navigated, orthorectified mosaics of the sidescan imagery. In order to navigate the sidescan swaths, a simple numerical model was developed to describe the tracking behavior of the towed sidescan vehicle. Successive positions and orientations of the sidescan towfish were estimated, and were used to assign latitude/longitude values to individual sidescan pixels. Navigated sidescan pixels were mapped by computer onto an absolute (latitude/longitude) reference grid, and the resulting sidescan mosaic was compared directly to existing high-resolution SeaBeam bathymetry in order to discriminate the effects of large- and small-scale roughness on the observed backscatter distribution. The Juan de Fuca spreading axis between 45°25'N and 45°39'N is located within the axial valley of the Vance segment. Relative age relationships, based on crosscutting and superposition principles, indicate that the most recent volcanism within the axial valley has occurred along the valley's central ridge, and that the most recent resolvable extension within the axial valley has been concentrated between the central ridge and west valley wall. The Vance segment terminates at 45°39'N, and is not associated with a transform fault. The south rift zone of Axial volcano is a constructional volcanic feature that is not faulted, and a discrete axis of spreading over the south flank of Axial volcano is not resolvable in the sidescan imagery; however, the spreading locus north of 45°39'N is constrained to a zone between 130°06'W and 129°54'W. The lack of a well-defined spreading axis north of 45°39'N indicates that the physical manifestation of the divergent plate boundary has been modified or masked by hotspot volcanic processes associated with Axial volcano such that a definitive locus of spreading is not expressed in the surface morphology. / Graduation date: 1989

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1986. / Bibliography: leaves 361-395. / Photocopy. / xviii, 395 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Includes appendix on CD-ROM (p. 157). / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-175). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xiv, 175 leaves, bound ill. (some col., one folded), maps (some col.) 29 cm. +

Using the controlled-source electromagnetic technique, resistivity soundings were obtained at 49 •locations around the summit caldera and upper rift zones of Kilauea volcano. Each sounding consisted of vector measurements of the magnetic field induced by a large-moment horizontal loop current source at discrete frequencies between 0.04 and 8 Hz. The source-to-sensor distances ranged from 2.5 to 13 km. The data have been computer-inverted to produce a best-fitting horizontally layered earth model. Although each sounding's interpretation is different in detail, the volcano’s structure appears simple and can be represented by four, subhorizontal layers. The surface layer is highly resistive and coincid.es with. the dry, basaltic overburden. At a depth of 500 to 1000 m, resistivities decrease abruptly to between 30 and 50 ohm-m, marking the top of the water-saturated zone. The third layer occurs between 2 and 3 km depth and has a resistivity of less than 10 ohm-m and a total conductance of about 200 mhos. This layer is underlain everywhere by highly resistive rock to a depth of at least 6 km, the estimated limit of penetration by this study. Pockets of low resistivity (less than 20 ohm--m) occur irregularly within the high-resistivity basement. Because of its widespread occurrence, 'the shallower conductive layer (layer 3) is probably water-saturated rock at high, temperature; however, the possibility of thin, intruded sills of magma contributing to the low resistivities cannot be refuted, The pockets of low resistivity within layer 4 occur at a depth of 5 km and are believed to be magma chamber 2 to 3 km deeper than models derived from earthquake hypocenter location and surface deformation studies. / ill