The Rem, Rem2, Rad, and Gem/Kir GTPases, comprise a novel subfamily of the small Ras-related GTP-binding proteins known as the RGK GTPases, and have been shown to function as potent negative regulators of high voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ channels upon overexpression. HVA Ca2+ channels modulate Ca2+ influx in response to membrane depolarization to regulate a wide variety of cellular functions and they minimally consist of a pore-forming α1 subunit, an intracellular β subunit, and a transmembrane complex α2/δ subunit. While the mechanisms underlying RGK-mediated Ca2+ channel regulation remain poorly defined, it appears that both membrane localization and the binding of accessory Ca2+ channel β subunits (CaVβ) are required for suppression of Ca2+ channel currents. We identified a direct interaction between Rem and the L-type Cavα1 C-terminus (CCT), but not the CCT from CaV3.2 T-type channels. Deletion mapping studies suggest that the conserved CB-IQ domain is required for Rem:CCT association, a region known to contribute to both Ca2+-dependent channel inactivation and facilitation through interactions of Ca2+-bound calmodulin (CaM) with the proximal CCT. Furthermore, both Rem2 and Rad GTPases display similar patterns of CCT binding, suggesting that CCT represents a common binding partner for all RGK proteins. While previous studies have found that association of the Rem C-terminus with the plasma membrane is required for channel inhibition, it is not required for CaVβ- subunit binding. However, Rem:CCT association is well correlated with the plasma membrane localization of Rem and more importantly, Rem-mediated channel inhibition upon overexpression. Moreover, co-expression of the proximal CB-IQ containing region of CCT (residues 1507-1669) in HIT-T15 cells partially relieves Rem blockade of ionic current. Interestingly, Ca2+/CaM disrupts Rem:CCT association in vitro. Moreover, CaM overexpression partially relieves Rem-mediated L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition and Rem overexpression alters the kinetics of calcium-dependent inactivation. Together, these data suggest that the association of Rem with the CCT represents a crucial molecular determinant for Rem-mediated L-type Ca2+ channel regulation and provides new insights into this novel channel regulatory process. These studies also suggest that instead of acting as complete Ca2+ channel blockers, RGK proteins may function as endogenous regulators for the channel inactivation machinery.

O peptídeo idêntico ao C-terminal da proteína S100A9 murina (pS100A9mH92-G110) inibe a hiperalgesia inflamatória induzida pela carragenina. Em adição, este peptídeo inibe a hiperalgesia inflamatória induzida por tripsina, uma serino protease capaz de ativar receptores ativados por protease do tipo 2 (PAR2). O objetivo inicial deste trabalho foi caracterizar a relação estrutura/ efeito do pS100A9m, a fim de determinar a menor seqüência peptídica dotada de atividade antinociceptiva. Ainda, como parte dos objetivos, neste trabalho foram investigados os mecanismos envolvidos no efeito antinociceptivo do pS100A9m e da menor seqüência ativa sobre a hiperalgesia induzida pela ativação de PAR2. Diferentes seqüências peptídicas homólogas ao pS100A9m foram sintetizadas e avaliadas em ratos submetidos ao modelo de hiperalgesia mecânica induzida por carragenina. Dentre todas as seqüências peptídicas investigadas, o peptídeo denominado AcE97-G102 foi determinado como a menor seqüência ativa com efeito semelhante ao pS100A9m. Com relação aos estudos sobre a ativação de PAR2, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o pS100A9m bem como o AcE97-G102 inibem a hiperalgesia térmica e mecânica decorrentes da ativação de PAR2 (induzida por um peptídeo agonista deste receptor ? PAR2AP). A análise por imuno-histoquímica demonstrou que a ativação de PAR2 aumenta a expressão da proteína Egr-1 em neurônios nociceptivos, sendo o pS100A9m capaz de inibir este efeito. Em adição, ambos pS100A9m e AcE97-G102 inibiram o influxo de cálcio induzido por PAR2AP ou tripsina, em neurônios sensoriais do gânglio da raiz dorsal da medula espinhal (DRG). Por outro lado, nenhum dos peptídeos apresentou efeito sobre a mobilização de cálcio em células HEK-293, que naturalmente expressam PAR2, ou em células KNRK transfectadas com este tipo de receptor, sugerindo que o efeito tanto do pS100A9m quanto do AcE97-G102, sobre a ativação de PAR2, seja específico para neurônios sensoriais. O pS100A9m e o AcE97-G102 inibiram o influxo de cálcio nos neurônios DRG estimulados com bradicinina, capsaicina ou KCl. Ainda, o pS100A9m inibiu a liberação de substância P induzida por PAR2. Os resultados obtidos com o tratamento de neurônios DRG com tapsigaragina ou com ionóforo de cálcio sugerem um efeito direto do pS100A9m sobre os canais de cálcio. Desta forma, foi avaliada atividade do pS100A9m e do AcE97-G102 sobre culturas de células HEK-tsA transfectadas com canais de cálcio dependente de voltagem do tipo N ou do tipo L. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ambos peptídeos inibirem o influxo de cálcio em células transfectadas com receptores do tipo N. Em conjunto, os dados aqui obtidos demonstram que o efeito do C-terminal da proteína S100A9 murina sobre a nocicepção experimental é devido a uma inibição de canais de cálcio do tipo N, por uma ação direta em neurônios sensoriais. Ainda, a seqüência responsável por este efeito está localizada na porção E97-G102 do domínio C-terminal da proteína S100A9 murina. / Peptide identical to the C-terminus of S100A9 protein (mS100A9pH92-G110) inhibits inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan and trypsin, a serine protease that activates protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2). The aim of this work was to characterize the relationship between structure and function of mS100A9p in order to identify the shortest peptide sequence endowed with antinociceptive effect. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved on the antinociceptive effect of both mS100A9p and the shortest homologous sequence on PAR2-induced hyperalgesia were also evaluated. Different peptide sequences homologous to mS100A9p were synthesized and evaluated in rats submitted to the carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia model. Among all evaluated sequences, the peptide AcE97-G102 was found to be the shortest sequence that showed an antinociceptive effect similar to that induced by mS100A9p. In regard to PAR2 activation, data obtained herein demonstrated that both mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 inhibit PAR2-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, induced by the selective agonist peptide ? PAR2AP. Imunohistochemical evaluation demonstrated that PAR2 activation increased Egr-1 protein expression on sensory neurons and mS100A9p inhibited this effect. In addition, both mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 inhibited PAR2- and trypsin-induced calcium influx in dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRG). On the other hand, no effect on the calcium influx of the peptides were observed on HEK-293 cells or KNRK-PAR2 transfected cells, suggesting that the effects of mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 on PAR2 activation are specific for sensory neurons. Both mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 inhibited DRG calcium flux when cells were stimulated with bradykinin, capsaicin or KCl. Also, mS100A9p inhibited PAR2-induced substance P release in DRG. Treatment of DRG with either thapsigargin or calcium ionophore suggest a direct effect of mS100A9p on calcium channels. To evaluate this hypothesis the effects of mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 were evaluated on N-type or L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel transfected HEK-tsA cells. Both peptides inhibited calcium influx of N-type transfected cells. In conclusion, data presented herein demonstrate that the C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein inhibits experimental nociception through a block of N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, directly on sensory neurons. Also, the domain involved in this effect is localized on the sequence E97-G102 of the C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein.

O peptídeo idêntico ao C-terminal da proteína S100A9 murina (pS100A9mH92-G110) inibe a hiperalgesia inflamatória induzida pela carragenina. Em adição, este peptídeo inibe a hiperalgesia inflamatória induzida por tripsina, uma serino protease capaz de ativar receptores ativados por protease do tipo 2 (PAR2). O objetivo inicial deste trabalho foi caracterizar a relação estrutura/ efeito do pS100A9m, a fim de determinar a menor seqüência peptídica dotada de atividade antinociceptiva. Ainda, como parte dos objetivos, neste trabalho foram investigados os mecanismos envolvidos no efeito antinociceptivo do pS100A9m e da menor seqüência ativa sobre a hiperalgesia induzida pela ativação de PAR2. Diferentes seqüências peptídicas homólogas ao pS100A9m foram sintetizadas e avaliadas em ratos submetidos ao modelo de hiperalgesia mecânica induzida por carragenina. Dentre todas as seqüências peptídicas investigadas, o peptídeo denominado AcE97-G102 foi determinado como a menor seqüência ativa com efeito semelhante ao pS100A9m. Com relação aos estudos sobre a ativação de PAR2, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o pS100A9m bem como o AcE97-G102 inibem a hiperalgesia térmica e mecânica decorrentes da ativação de PAR2 (induzida por um peptídeo agonista deste receptor ? PAR2AP). A análise por imuno-histoquímica demonstrou que a ativação de PAR2 aumenta a expressão da proteína Egr-1 em neurônios nociceptivos, sendo o pS100A9m capaz de inibir este efeito. Em adição, ambos pS100A9m e AcE97-G102 inibiram o influxo de cálcio induzido por PAR2AP ou tripsina, em neurônios sensoriais do gânglio da raiz dorsal da medula espinhal (DRG). Por outro lado, nenhum dos peptídeos apresentou efeito sobre a mobilização de cálcio em células HEK-293, que naturalmente expressam PAR2, ou em células KNRK transfectadas com este tipo de receptor, sugerindo que o efeito tanto do pS100A9m quanto do AcE97-G102, sobre a ativação de PAR2, seja específico para neurônios sensoriais. O pS100A9m e o AcE97-G102 inibiram o influxo de cálcio nos neurônios DRG estimulados com bradicinina, capsaicina ou KCl. Ainda, o pS100A9m inibiu a liberação de substância P induzida por PAR2. Os resultados obtidos com o tratamento de neurônios DRG com tapsigaragina ou com ionóforo de cálcio sugerem um efeito direto do pS100A9m sobre os canais de cálcio. Desta forma, foi avaliada atividade do pS100A9m e do AcE97-G102 sobre culturas de células HEK-tsA transfectadas com canais de cálcio dependente de voltagem do tipo N ou do tipo L. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ambos peptídeos inibirem o influxo de cálcio em células transfectadas com receptores do tipo N. Em conjunto, os dados aqui obtidos demonstram que o efeito do C-terminal da proteína S100A9 murina sobre a nocicepção experimental é devido a uma inibição de canais de cálcio do tipo N, por uma ação direta em neurônios sensoriais. Ainda, a seqüência responsável por este efeito está localizada na porção E97-G102 do domínio C-terminal da proteína S100A9 murina. / Peptide identical to the C-terminus of S100A9 protein (mS100A9pH92-G110) inhibits inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan and trypsin, a serine protease that activates protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2). The aim of this work was to characterize the relationship between structure and function of mS100A9p in order to identify the shortest peptide sequence endowed with antinociceptive effect. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved on the antinociceptive effect of both mS100A9p and the shortest homologous sequence on PAR2-induced hyperalgesia were also evaluated. Different peptide sequences homologous to mS100A9p were synthesized and evaluated in rats submitted to the carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia model. Among all evaluated sequences, the peptide AcE97-G102 was found to be the shortest sequence that showed an antinociceptive effect similar to that induced by mS100A9p. In regard to PAR2 activation, data obtained herein demonstrated that both mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 inhibit PAR2-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, induced by the selective agonist peptide ? PAR2AP. Imunohistochemical evaluation demonstrated that PAR2 activation increased Egr-1 protein expression on sensory neurons and mS100A9p inhibited this effect. In addition, both mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 inhibited PAR2- and trypsin-induced calcium influx in dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRG). On the other hand, no effect on the calcium influx of the peptides were observed on HEK-293 cells or KNRK-PAR2 transfected cells, suggesting that the effects of mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 on PAR2 activation are specific for sensory neurons. Both mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 inhibited DRG calcium flux when cells were stimulated with bradykinin, capsaicin or KCl. Also, mS100A9p inhibited PAR2-induced substance P release in DRG. Treatment of DRG with either thapsigargin or calcium ionophore suggest a direct effect of mS100A9p on calcium channels. To evaluate this hypothesis the effects of mS100A9p and AcE97-G102 were evaluated on N-type or L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel transfected HEK-tsA cells. Both peptides inhibited calcium influx of N-type transfected cells. In conclusion, data presented herein demonstrate that the C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein inhibits experimental nociception through a block of N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, directly on sensory neurons. Also, the domain involved in this effect is localized on the sequence E97-G102 of the C-terminus of murine S100A9 protein.

Dans les synapses chimiques, des canaux calciques voltage-dépendants (VDCC) provoquent la fusion des vésicules synaptiques (SV) au niveau de la zone active. L’efficacité et la rapidité de la transmission synaptique dépendent de la distribution relative entre les VDCCs et les SVs prêtes à fusion. Cependant, les modalités d’interaction entre les VDCCs et les SVs ne sont pas connues. Afin de localiser les VDCCs à l’échelle nanométrique j’ai developpé une nouvelle approche chez Caenorhabditis elegans combinant le marquage in vivo des VDCCs, grâce à l’expression d’un épitope extracellulaire, et la microscopie électronique (EM). J’ai généré un transgene GFP::unc-36 qui code la seule sous-unité α2-δ qui s’associe à fois avec les sous-unités formant le pore α1 neuronal (UNC-2) et musculaire (EGL-19) chez C.elegans. J'ai ensuite utilisé des quantum dots conjugués avec l’anticorps anti-GFP, fluorescents et denses au électrons, pour localiser des VDCCs à haute résolution au niveau de la jonction neuromusculaire (NMJ) par EM. En parallèle, j'ai utilisé la technique de CALM (complementation activated light microscopy) pour étudier la dynamique des VDCC dans des vers vivants. Nos résultats montrent que les VDCCs diffusent à l’échelle de nanodomaines sur la membrane musculaire. De plus leur diffusion est modulée en réponse à la tension musculaire. La dystrophine participe au couplage électro-mécanique au niveau du sarcolemme en modulant la taille du domaine de confinement des VDCCs. Enfin, nous avons mis en evidence le rôle de RIM/UNC-10 dans la régulation de la mobilité latérale des VDCCs dans les neurones, probablement via son interaction avec les VDCCs et les SVs. / At chemical synapse voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) trigger synaptic vesicles (SV) fusion at the active zone in response to depolarization stimuli. Intracellular Ca2+ influx forms a nanodomain around individual VDCC. Fast and efficient synaptic transmissions appear to be tightly coupled with the relative distribution between the VDCCs and SVs fusion sites. However, the connection between VDCCs and docked SVs at a few nanometer scales remain enigmatic. To localize VDCCs in nanometer resolution I developed a novel approach combining in vivo labeling of VDCCs via genetically-encoded extracellular epitope tags and electron microscopy (EM). I engineered a GFP/split-GFP tag fused at the extracellular N-terminal of UNC-36, the only C. elegans VDCC α2δ subunit associating with both neuronal (UNC-2) and muscular (EGL-19) VDCC pore-forming α1 subunit. I then used quantum dot (QD) conjugated antibodies as both fluorescent and electron dense probes to localize VDCCs at C. elegans neuromuscular junction (NMJ) by in vivo QD-antibodies labeling and EM. In parallel, I applied in vivo complementation activated light microscopy to study VDCC dynamics in live worms. I discovered that VDCCs diffuse within nanodomains at sarcomeric membrane and their nanoscale diffusion behavior is modulated in response to muscle tension. In addition, we found that dystrophin participates in electro-mechanical coupling at the sarcolemma by modulating the confinement size of VDCCs. Meanwhile, we discovered lateral mobility of N-type VDCC at NMJs, and that RIM/UNC-10 seems involved in regulation of VDCC dynamics via its interaction with VDCC and SVs.

No description available.