Marginalized and vulnerable groups have always existed in societies. Such groups have always needed protectors of their rights. In democratic countries institutions have had to be established to ensure that the rights of these groups are protected. National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) are part of these institutions. NHRIs are important and vital as they 'serve as independent bodies for the protection and promotion of human rights‘. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Ghana. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

My graduation thesis is engaged in vulnerable groups and human rights in Afghanistan. I defined women, children, handicapped and migrants as vulnerable groups. First of all I tried to describe contemporary situation and status of these vulnerable groups in Afghanistan. I tried to refer to all aspects of their vulnerability. In the next part I analyzed the roots of their vulnerability in detail. I concerned on environmental conditions, historic evolution, cultural background, economic development and development and stability of the state. In conclusion I tried to put forward a concept of solution, which should improve the situation of vulnerable groups and human rights in Afghanistan. The main actor of my analysis is a state, which from my point of view is the most important element of the development in Afghanistan. The important part of these questions is a collision of Western and Muslim culture or Afghan culture. This fact means a new very complicated dimension of vulnerable groups and human rights in Afghanistan.

Introdução: Até o ano de 2025, o Brasil será o sexto país com o maior número de pessoas idosas no mundo. A Bioética discute a vulnerabilidade porque a vulnerabilidade expõe os sujeitos à exploração, mas a exploração é moralmente inadequada, pois pressupõe uma relação onde uma parte encontra-se em desvantagem. Para o ano de 2050 estima-se que essa faixa etária represente 20% da população mundial, aproximadamente 2 bilhões de habitantes. Destes, mais de 60% estarão vivendo em países em desenvolvimento. Objetivos: Caracterizar a vulnerabilidade no contexto do envelhecimento, comparando grupos de idosos e adultos em diferentes situações de atendimento em hospital-geral e na comunidade. Métodos: A pesquisa se caracteriza como transversal, quantitativa e qualitativa (mixed-method) quando compara 3 grupos de idosos (1 – atendimento ambulatorial, 2 – unidade de internação, 3 – praticantes de atividade física) com 3 grupos de adultos (4 – atendimento ambulatorial, 5 – unidade de internação, 6 – praticantes de atividade física) avaliados pelos instrumentos: para avaliação da qualidade de vida (QDV), Desenvolvimento Psicológico-Mora (DPM)l, capacidade funcional (CF), coerção em pesquisa (CP) e assistência (CA). Qualitativamente, analisou-se a fala dos pacientes, conforme Bardin, por meio de uma entrevista semi-aberta. Resultados: A amostra foi composta, predominantemente, por mulheres em todos os grupos (p=0,002). O nível de escolaridade se mostrou mais alto nos grupos 3 e 6, sendo que o grupo 3 gozava de um nível de instrução ainda maior que o grupo 6. Tanto adultos quanto idosos apresentaram mediana compatível com o 5º nível de DPM e o nível de coerção na pesquisa apresentou diferença significativa no grupo 6 (p<0,001). A ocupação, quando comparou adultos e idosos apresentou predomínio de idosos aposentados (59,7%) e 28,6% de adultos trabalhadores não especializados (p<0,001). Ao compará-los nas três situações de coleta, apresentou diferença significativa entre os idosos com p=0,008. A capacidade funcional revela participantes independentes na sua maioria, sendo que nos grupos de pacientes (1,2,4 e 5) é onde encontramos os participantes com maior grau de dependência para AVD. A qualidade de vida apresentou média geral de 64,91 ± 13,35 em idosos e 62,30 ± 14,29, sem diferença significativa. O domínio com maior média para idosos foi o domínio psicológico e em adultos, a relação social. O domínio “meio ambiente” apresentou diferença significativa entre os grandes grupos, com p=0,002. Ao comparar idosos e adultos considerando o local de coleta, idosos praticantes de exercício físico e adultos da comunidade tiveram as maiores médias gerais, com p < 0,001 e p=0,019, respectivamente, em idosos e adultos. A pesquisa qualitativa extraiu da fala dos participantes categorias, cujas quatro categorias mais expressivas foram: 2 Saúde e doença– com 25% dos participantes; 8 Conduta– com 20%, 1 Autonomia – 17% e a categoria de número 7 Fragilidade – contando com 15% das inferências. Conclusão: O ambiente e a situação de saúde em que a amostra foi colhida, parece dizer mais respeito à vulnerabilidade do que o critério idade: a vulnerabilidade está mais relacionada com os agravos que o ser humano experimenta - que é dinâmico. O discurso dos participantes expressam a vulnerabilidade relacionada à doença ou falta de saúde, a um julgamento moral, à autonomia e fragilidade. / Introduction: By the year 2025, Brazil will be the sixth country with the highest number of older adult worldwide. Bioethics discusses the vulnerability because the vulnerability exposes the subject to exploitation, but exploitation is morally wrong once it presupposes a relationship where one party is facing disadvantage. For the year 2050 it is estimated that this age group represents 20% of world population, approximately 2 billion people. Of these, over 60% will be living in developing countries. Goals: Search for the characterization of vulnerability in the context of aging, comparing groups of elderly people and adults in different situations of care in general hospital and community. Methods: The research is characterized as transversal, quantitative and qualitative (mixed method) when comparing three groups of older people (1 -outpatient care, 2 - inpatient unit, 3 - physically active) with 3 adult groups (4 - outpatient care, 5 - inpatient, 6 - physically active) assessed by the instruments quality of life (QOL), Moral Psychological Development (MPD) , functional capacity (FC), research coercion (RC) and assistance coercion (AC) . Qualitatively, we analyzed the speech of patients according Bardin, through a semi-open interview. Results: The sample was composed predominantly of women in all groups (p = 0.002). The level of education revealed higher in groups 3 and 6, and the group 3 enjoyed a level of even greater statement that the group 6. Both adults and elderly achieved the 5th level of MPD and the level of coercion in research showed significant difference in group 6 (p <0.001). The occupation when compared adults and the elderly showed a higher proportion of retired (59.7%) and 28.6% of adult unskilled workers (p <0.001). When the sample was compared in the three situations, showed a significant difference between in older people, with p=0.008. The functional capacity reveals independent participants mostly, and in the groups of patients (1,2,4 and 5) is where we find participants with a greater degree of dependence for ADL. The quality of life showed overall average of 64.91 ± 13.35 in older adults and 62.30 ± in 14.29 in adults, with no significant difference. The area with the highest average for seniors was the psychological domain and for adults, the social relationship. The domain "environment" show significant differences between the large group, with p = 0.002. By comparing elderly and adults considering the collection site, elderly practitioners of physical exercise and community adults had the highest average overall, with p <0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively, in the elderly and adults. Qualitative research take out from the speech of participants categories, whose four most significant categories were: 2 Health and disease-with 25% of participants; 8 Behavior- with 20%, 1 Autonomy - 17% and 7 Fragility - totaling 15% of the inferences. Conclusion: The environment and the health situation in which the sample was taken, seems to say more about the vulnerability of the age criterion: the vulnerability is more related to injuries that the human being experiences - that is dynamic. The participants express the vulnerability related to the disease or health, to a moral judgment, autonomy and frailty.

Introdução: Até o ano de 2025, o Brasil será o sexto país com o maior número de pessoas idosas no mundo. A Bioética discute a vulnerabilidade porque a vulnerabilidade expõe os sujeitos à exploração, mas a exploração é moralmente inadequada, pois pressupõe uma relação onde uma parte encontra-se em desvantagem. Para o ano de 2050 estima-se que essa faixa etária represente 20% da população mundial, aproximadamente 2 bilhões de habitantes. Destes, mais de 60% estarão vivendo em países em desenvolvimento. Objetivos: Caracterizar a vulnerabilidade no contexto do envelhecimento, comparando grupos de idosos e adultos em diferentes situações de atendimento em hospital-geral e na comunidade. Métodos: A pesquisa se caracteriza como transversal, quantitativa e qualitativa (mixed-method) quando compara 3 grupos de idosos (1 – atendimento ambulatorial, 2 – unidade de internação, 3 – praticantes de atividade física) com 3 grupos de adultos (4 – atendimento ambulatorial, 5 – unidade de internação, 6 – praticantes de atividade física) avaliados pelos instrumentos: para avaliação da qualidade de vida (QDV), Desenvolvimento Psicológico-Mora (DPM)l, capacidade funcional (CF), coerção em pesquisa (CP) e assistência (CA). Qualitativamente, analisou-se a fala dos pacientes, conforme Bardin, por meio de uma entrevista semi-aberta. Resultados: A amostra foi composta, predominantemente, por mulheres em todos os grupos (p=0,002). O nível de escolaridade se mostrou mais alto nos grupos 3 e 6, sendo que o grupo 3 gozava de um nível de instrução ainda maior que o grupo 6. Tanto adultos quanto idosos apresentaram mediana compatível com o 5º nível de DPM e o nível de coerção na pesquisa apresentou diferença significativa no grupo 6 (p<0,001). A ocupação, quando comparou adultos e idosos apresentou predomínio de idosos aposentados (59,7%) e 28,6% de adultos trabalhadores não especializados (p<0,001). Ao compará-los nas três situações de coleta, apresentou diferença significativa entre os idosos com p=0,008. A capacidade funcional revela participantes independentes na sua maioria, sendo que nos grupos de pacientes (1,2,4 e 5) é onde encontramos os participantes com maior grau de dependência para AVD. A qualidade de vida apresentou média geral de 64,91 ± 13,35 em idosos e 62,30 ± 14,29, sem diferença significativa. O domínio com maior média para idosos foi o domínio psicológico e em adultos, a relação social. O domínio “meio ambiente” apresentou diferença significativa entre os grandes grupos, com p=0,002. Ao comparar idosos e adultos considerando o local de coleta, idosos praticantes de exercício físico e adultos da comunidade tiveram as maiores médias gerais, com p < 0,001 e p=0,019, respectivamente, em idosos e adultos. A pesquisa qualitativa extraiu da fala dos participantes categorias, cujas quatro categorias mais expressivas foram: 2 Saúde e doença– com 25% dos participantes; 8 Conduta– com 20%, 1 Autonomia – 17% e a categoria de número 7 Fragilidade – contando com 15% das inferências. Conclusão: O ambiente e a situação de saúde em que a amostra foi colhida, parece dizer mais respeito à vulnerabilidade do que o critério idade: a vulnerabilidade está mais relacionada com os agravos que o ser humano experimenta - que é dinâmico. O discurso dos participantes expressam a vulnerabilidade relacionada à doença ou falta de saúde, a um julgamento moral, à autonomia e fragilidade. / Introduction: By the year 2025, Brazil will be the sixth country with the highest number of older adult worldwide. Bioethics discusses the vulnerability because the vulnerability exposes the subject to exploitation, but exploitation is morally wrong once it presupposes a relationship where one party is facing disadvantage. For the year 2050 it is estimated that this age group represents 20% of world population, approximately 2 billion people. Of these, over 60% will be living in developing countries. Goals: Search for the characterization of vulnerability in the context of aging, comparing groups of elderly people and adults in different situations of care in general hospital and community. Methods: The research is characterized as transversal, quantitative and qualitative (mixed method) when comparing three groups of older people (1 -outpatient care, 2 - inpatient unit, 3 - physically active) with 3 adult groups (4 - outpatient care, 5 - inpatient, 6 - physically active) assessed by the instruments quality of life (QOL), Moral Psychological Development (MPD) , functional capacity (FC), research coercion (RC) and assistance coercion (AC) . Qualitatively, we analyzed the speech of patients according Bardin, through a semi-open interview. Results: The sample was composed predominantly of women in all groups (p = 0.002). The level of education revealed higher in groups 3 and 6, and the group 3 enjoyed a level of even greater statement that the group 6. Both adults and elderly achieved the 5th level of MPD and the level of coercion in research showed significant difference in group 6 (p <0.001). The occupation when compared adults and the elderly showed a higher proportion of retired (59.7%) and 28.6% of adult unskilled workers (p <0.001). When the sample was compared in the three situations, showed a significant difference between in older people, with p=0.008. The functional capacity reveals independent participants mostly, and in the groups of patients (1,2,4 and 5) is where we find participants with a greater degree of dependence for ADL. The quality of life showed overall average of 64.91 ± 13.35 in older adults and 62.30 ± in 14.29 in adults, with no significant difference. The area with the highest average for seniors was the psychological domain and for adults, the social relationship. The domain "environment" show significant differences between the large group, with p = 0.002. By comparing elderly and adults considering the collection site, elderly practitioners of physical exercise and community adults had the highest average overall, with p <0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively, in the elderly and adults. Qualitative research take out from the speech of participants categories, whose four most significant categories were: 2 Health and disease-with 25% of participants; 8 Behavior- with 20%, 1 Autonomy - 17% and 7 Fragility - totaling 15% of the inferences. Conclusion: The environment and the health situation in which the sample was taken, seems to say more about the vulnerability of the age criterion: the vulnerability is more related to injuries that the human being experiences - that is dynamic. The participants express the vulnerability related to the disease or health, to a moral judgment, autonomy and frailty.

Introdução: Até o ano de 2025, o Brasil será o sexto país com o maior número de pessoas idosas no mundo. A Bioética discute a vulnerabilidade porque a vulnerabilidade expõe os sujeitos à exploração, mas a exploração é moralmente inadequada, pois pressupõe uma relação onde uma parte encontra-se em desvantagem. Para o ano de 2050 estima-se que essa faixa etária represente 20% da população mundial, aproximadamente 2 bilhões de habitantes. Destes, mais de 60% estarão vivendo em países em desenvolvimento. Objetivos: Caracterizar a vulnerabilidade no contexto do envelhecimento, comparando grupos de idosos e adultos em diferentes situações de atendimento em hospital-geral e na comunidade. Métodos: A pesquisa se caracteriza como transversal, quantitativa e qualitativa (mixed-method) quando compara 3 grupos de idosos (1 – atendimento ambulatorial, 2 – unidade de internação, 3 – praticantes de atividade física) com 3 grupos de adultos (4 – atendimento ambulatorial, 5 – unidade de internação, 6 – praticantes de atividade física) avaliados pelos instrumentos: para avaliação da qualidade de vida (QDV), Desenvolvimento Psicológico-Mora (DPM)l, capacidade funcional (CF), coerção em pesquisa (CP) e assistência (CA). Qualitativamente, analisou-se a fala dos pacientes, conforme Bardin, por meio de uma entrevista semi-aberta. Resultados: A amostra foi composta, predominantemente, por mulheres em todos os grupos (p=0,002). O nível de escolaridade se mostrou mais alto nos grupos 3 e 6, sendo que o grupo 3 gozava de um nível de instrução ainda maior que o grupo 6. Tanto adultos quanto idosos apresentaram mediana compatível com o 5º nível de DPM e o nível de coerção na pesquisa apresentou diferença significativa no grupo 6 (p<0,001). A ocupação, quando comparou adultos e idosos apresentou predomínio de idosos aposentados (59,7%) e 28,6% de adultos trabalhadores não especializados (p<0,001). Ao compará-los nas três situações de coleta, apresentou diferença significativa entre os idosos com p=0,008. A capacidade funcional revela participantes independentes na sua maioria, sendo que nos grupos de pacientes (1,2,4 e 5) é onde encontramos os participantes com maior grau de dependência para AVD. A qualidade de vida apresentou média geral de 64,91 ± 13,35 em idosos e 62,30 ± 14,29, sem diferença significativa. O domínio com maior média para idosos foi o domínio psicológico e em adultos, a relação social. O domínio “meio ambiente” apresentou diferença significativa entre os grandes grupos, com p=0,002. Ao comparar idosos e adultos considerando o local de coleta, idosos praticantes de exercício físico e adultos da comunidade tiveram as maiores médias gerais, com p < 0,001 e p=0,019, respectivamente, em idosos e adultos. A pesquisa qualitativa extraiu da fala dos participantes categorias, cujas quatro categorias mais expressivas foram: 2 Saúde e doença– com 25% dos participantes; 8 Conduta– com 20%, 1 Autonomia – 17% e a categoria de número 7 Fragilidade – contando com 15% das inferências. Conclusão: O ambiente e a situação de saúde em que a amostra foi colhida, parece dizer mais respeito à vulnerabilidade do que o critério idade: a vulnerabilidade está mais relacionada com os agravos que o ser humano experimenta - que é dinâmico. O discurso dos participantes expressam a vulnerabilidade relacionada à doença ou falta de saúde, a um julgamento moral, à autonomia e fragilidade. / Introduction: By the year 2025, Brazil will be the sixth country with the highest number of older adult worldwide. Bioethics discusses the vulnerability because the vulnerability exposes the subject to exploitation, but exploitation is morally wrong once it presupposes a relationship where one party is facing disadvantage. For the year 2050 it is estimated that this age group represents 20% of world population, approximately 2 billion people. Of these, over 60% will be living in developing countries. Goals: Search for the characterization of vulnerability in the context of aging, comparing groups of elderly people and adults in different situations of care in general hospital and community. Methods: The research is characterized as transversal, quantitative and qualitative (mixed method) when comparing three groups of older people (1 -outpatient care, 2 - inpatient unit, 3 - physically active) with 3 adult groups (4 - outpatient care, 5 - inpatient, 6 - physically active) assessed by the instruments quality of life (QOL), Moral Psychological Development (MPD) , functional capacity (FC), research coercion (RC) and assistance coercion (AC) . Qualitatively, we analyzed the speech of patients according Bardin, through a semi-open interview. Results: The sample was composed predominantly of women in all groups (p = 0.002). The level of education revealed higher in groups 3 and 6, and the group 3 enjoyed a level of even greater statement that the group 6. Both adults and elderly achieved the 5th level of MPD and the level of coercion in research showed significant difference in group 6 (p <0.001). The occupation when compared adults and the elderly showed a higher proportion of retired (59.7%) and 28.6% of adult unskilled workers (p <0.001). When the sample was compared in the three situations, showed a significant difference between in older people, with p=0.008. The functional capacity reveals independent participants mostly, and in the groups of patients (1,2,4 and 5) is where we find participants with a greater degree of dependence for ADL. The quality of life showed overall average of 64.91 ± 13.35 in older adults and 62.30 ± in 14.29 in adults, with no significant difference. The area with the highest average for seniors was the psychological domain and for adults, the social relationship. The domain "environment" show significant differences between the large group, with p = 0.002. By comparing elderly and adults considering the collection site, elderly practitioners of physical exercise and community adults had the highest average overall, with p <0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively, in the elderly and adults. Qualitative research take out from the speech of participants categories, whose four most significant categories were: 2 Health and disease-with 25% of participants; 8 Behavior- with 20%, 1 Autonomy - 17% and 7 Fragility - totaling 15% of the inferences. Conclusion: The environment and the health situation in which the sample was taken, seems to say more about the vulnerability of the age criterion: the vulnerability is more related to injuries that the human being experiences - that is dynamic. The participants express the vulnerability related to the disease or health, to a moral judgment, autonomy and frailty.

Africa is uniquely vulnerable to the occurrence of drought. A rise in temperatures over Southern Africa occurs at almost twice that of the global rate. South Africa has begun to experience an increase in the frequency of drought, particularly in the Western and Eastern Cape. Droughts are associated with several health effects. The direct and indirect risks of climate change to human health have become a global concern. The most recent systematic review available on the adverse health effects associated with drought was published in 2013, and as such, an up-to-date review focusing on Africa is needed to inform a Cape Town specific health vulnerability index. This study aims to provide a review of available research exploring the association between drought and adverse health effects in Africa. The rationale for this study is to provide a solid research foundation from which a drought-specific health vulnerability index for Cape Town can be developed. A narrative review of original studies and published reviews was conducted. An extensive electronic literature search was performed using a combination of keywords, Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms and free text words. The Critical Appraisal Toolkit (CAT) was used to assess the quality of included studies. A total of 1922 publications were identified, of which twenty-four articles were included in this review. The main drought-related health effects that emerged were divided into 4 main categories: (1) drought and nutritional health including malnutrition, poor childhood health outcomes (wasting, stunting and underweight), mortality, anaemia, and nutritionrelated disability; (2) drought and food consumption including micronutrient deficiencies and motor neuron diseases; (3) drought and water-borne, water-washed and water- related diseases including cholera outbreaks, diarrhoeal diseases, protozoa parasite transmission, scabies outbreaks, trachoma, vector-borne disease outbreaks and malaria-related mortality; and (4) drought and health behaviours including health perceptions and health-seeking behaviours, HIV prevention and care behaviours and family planning practices. There was generally limited evidence in all health categories with several limitations. These limitations include studies with methodological weaknesses (e.g. a lack of comparison to a non-drought period), the singularity of published studies on health effects associated with drought and studies which did not account for potential confounders. While the evidence from the included studies is limited, this study highlights gaps in literature to encourage further research into understanding the direct and indirect impacts of drought on health, particularly in vulnerable groups. Furthermore, the results of this study emphasized the contextual factors which lower an individual's adaptive capacity and identified key indicators that can be used to begin to develop a broad framework for a vulnerability index

Magister Legum - LLM / The Cape Flats is known for poverty, gangsterism, over population and a general lack of basic necessities. What is often overlooked is where this negative perception emanates from. Generational poverty is an existent issue and has been influential in shaping the Cape Flats to what it is today. What this study aims to do, is to provide a background on a possible theory for this typecast that accompanies the areas broadly known as the Cape Flats. The study will show how the Apartheid era created a ripple effect for future generations, and how this may be the cause of these vulnerable groups of children being failed by a system which have long forgotten about them. The study demonstrates how vulnerable groups on the Cape Flats, struggling and pleading for State intervention in the delivery of basic human rights, have fallen on deaf ears. The study further reveals that the State has not fulfilled its constitutional mandate, neither has it lived up to the enabling provisions contained in international instruments which has been adopted by the South African government, and confirms that all three spheres of government have lacked in the accomplishments it set out to achieve upon the adoption of various pieces of legislation, notwithstanding the proclamation of domestic laws to help the State realise its socioeconomic rights obligations. The study was a particularly challenging task to undertake, as research topics on the issue of socioeconomic rights realisation on the Cape Flats is not a well-studied subject. The intention behind the study is to make an important contribution towards awareness of the issue under discussion, paving the way for future knowledge sharing and an open dialogue focusing on the role of the State in the realisation of socioeconomic rights of children on the Cape Flats.

<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate how the daily press, morning and evening papers respectively, describe homeless people and their situation from a number of chosen articles. Was there a possibility to make clear if the public opinion of homelessness has changed from a media perspective during the last five years? In order to meet the purpose of the study, the authors have used discourse analysis of the chosen articles as well as the theory of social constructions and the theory of stigmatizing. The articles have been chosen from the two largest daily morning papers and the two largest evening papers. From each article many rich and close quotations are used, which subsequently have been analysed and interpreted. The quotations used are those considered best illustrating the questions to the articles. The result of the study showed certain differences between the morning and evening papers and how they describe the homeless and their problems. Differences were also noticed among the people interviewed in the various articles. Also the choice of words used by both the journalists and the interviewed will affect how the text in an article will be perceived by the reader.</p>

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the daily press, morning and evening papers respectively, describe homeless people and their situation from a number of chosen articles. Was there a possibility to make clear if the public opinion of homelessness has changed from a media perspective during the last five years? In order to meet the purpose of the study, the authors have used discourse analysis of the chosen articles as well as the theory of social constructions and the theory of stigmatizing. The articles have been chosen from the two largest daily morning papers and the two largest evening papers. From each article many rich and close quotations are used, which subsequently have been analysed and interpreted. The quotations used are those considered best illustrating the questions to the articles. The result of the study showed certain differences between the morning and evening papers and how they describe the homeless and their problems. Differences were also noticed among the people interviewed in the various articles. Also the choice of words used by both the journalists and the interviewed will affect how the text in an article will be perceived by the reader.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-28T18:29:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 elainecoelhocristovao.pdf: 14405925 bytes, checksum: 7ec0ed8454b605c34a83549ae90669f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-29T11:03:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 elainecoelhocristovao.pdf: 14405925 bytes, checksum: 7ec0ed8454b605c34a83549ae90669f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-29T11:03:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 elainecoelhocristovao.pdf: 14405925 bytes, checksum: 7ec0ed8454b605c34a83549ae90669f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / O trabalho trata de impactos ambientais da implantação de empreendimentos hidrelétricos, tendo como estudo de caso a Usina Hidrelétrica Barra do Braúna, instalada nos municípios de Leopoldina, Cataguases, Laranjal e Recreio, situados na Zona da Mata mineira. Embora a área de influência do empreendimento abranja os 04 (quatro) municípios citados, a ênfase do estudo será dada aos municípios de Laranjal e Palma, mais propriamente à comunidade de pescadores – enquadrada como do tipo vulnerável – a qual tende a sofrer a maior carga dos impactos ambientais, o que traz à baila a discussão sobre Conflito e Justiça Ambiental. Esta temática está inserida nas discussões acerca da implantação de grandes projetos, apoiando-se nos conceitos de Rede e Território, os quais nos auxiliam a compreender a dinâmica de implantação de certos empreendimentos, tal como àqueles hidrelétricos, os quais carregam a ideário da modernidade e do progresso, mas que no local podem ser portadores de contradições e desordem. Mais propriamente, a utilização do conceito de Rede técnica alude a uma conjuntura que pressupõe fluxos de todo o tipo – das mercadorias às informações – atrelados aos fixos, lugares de conexões, que constituem os nós, conforme Dias (2010). O conceito de Território utilizado é aquele concebido como uma apropriação simbólica e como um produto das relações de poder que incluem vários atores, tais como Estado, empresas e indivíduos, os quais através da construção de uma Rede dão forma a um território. Através de cartogramas temáticos, produzidos no ambiente Sistema de Informação Geográfica-SIG, a Zona da Mata é apresentada como um território produtivo, constituído de hidrelétricas dispostas em uma Rede técnica, mas que portam uma lógica estranha àquela existente nos locais de implantação e desencadeiam conflitos ambientais – territoriais – pelo uso e controle do recurso natural. Como uma evidência deste tipo de conflito, é apresentado o caso da população de pescadores atingida pelo empreendimento em tela, a qual ainda sofre pelo impacto da instalação e operação do empreendimento que alterou sua vida cotidiana e seu nicho de trabalho de forma a piorar sua condição de vida e, por essa razão, é alvo da maior carga de impactos ambientais, os quais ainda não foram minimizados, face às medidas de remediação já adotadas. Para o trato dessa questão utilizou-se da pesquisa qualitativa, ao lançar mão de uma revisão bibliográfica, consulta a documentos e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os pescadores, cuja fala e perspectiva a respeito do conflito ambiental pode ser ampliada e explicitada, norteando as conclusões desta pesquisa. Tais conclusões apontam para a influência da lógica do modo de produção capitalista no contexto apresentado, o qual através de uma rede técnica cria um território produtivo, permeado por relações desiguais de poder, que tende a causar degradação, alteração de modos de vida e, portanto, conflito e injustiça Ambiental. / The work deals with environmental impacts of the implementation of hydropower projects, with case study the hydroelectric power plant of Barra do Braúna, located in the cities of Leopoldina, Cataguases, Laranjal and Recreio, in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais. Although the area of influence of the project covering the 04 (four) cities mentioned, the emphasis of the study will be given to the cities of Laranjal and Palma, more exactly the fishing community – framed as such vulnerable -which tends to suffer the brunt of the environmental impacts, which brings up the discussion about Conflict and Environmental Justice. This theme is included in discussions about the implementation of major projects, relying on the concepts of Network and Territory, which help us understand the dynamics of implementation of certain projects, such as those in hydroelectric, which carry the ideals of modernity and progress, but that the site can be carriers of contradictions and disorder. More specifically, the use of the concept of technical Network alludes to an environment that assumes cash flows of all kinds-of goods to informationcoupled to fixed, places of connections that constitute the us as Dias (2010). The concept of Territory used is that intended as a symbolic appropriation and as a product of power relations, which include several actors, such as State, enterprises and individuals, which by building a network form a territory. Through thematic cartogram, produced in Geographic Information System Environment-SIG, the Zona da Mata is presented as a productive territory, consisting of hydroelectric plants arranged in a network technique, but that bear a strange logic to that existing in the deployment sites and that may trigger environmental disputes-use and control the territorial natural resource. As evidence of this type of conflict is presented the case of the population of fishermen affected by development in the screen, which still suffers from the impact of the installation and operation of the enterprise, which changed his everyday life and your work niche in order to worsen his condition of life and, for this reason, it is the biggest load of target environmental impacts, which have not yet been minimized due to the remediation measures already adopted. To deal with this issue we used qualitative research, to make use of a bibliographical revision, consultation documents and semi structured interviews with fishermen, whose speech and perspective regarding the environmental conflict can be expanded and clarified, guiding the conclusions of this research. Such findings point to the influence of the logic of the capitalist mode of production in the context presented, which through a technical network creates a productive territory, permeated by unequal power relations, which tends to cause degradation, changing lifestyles and therefore, conflict and environmental injustice.