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Introducing the Water Data Explorer Web Application and Python Library: Uniform Means for Data Discovery and Access from CUAHSI and the WMO WHOS SystemsRomero Bustamante, Elkin Giovanni 03 April 2021 (has links)
There has been a growing recognition in recent years of the need for a standardized means for sharing water data on the web. One response to this need was the development of the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science (CUAHSI) Hydrologic Information System (HIS) and its accompanying WaterOneFlow and WaterML protocols. To date, the primary means for accessing data shared using these protocols has been limited to the Microsoft Windows HydroDesktop software, the WaterML R package, and the web based CUAHSI HydroClient which serves as an access point to the CUAHSI HIS database. We recognized the need for a new web-based tool for accessing data from any system that supports WaterOneFlow web services and WaterML and that could be regionally customizable, giving access to the most locally relevant portions of the HIS database, and providing a means for international government agencies, research teams, and others to make use of the accompanying protocols on a locally managed web application. To fill this need, we developed the open source, lightweight, installable web application, Water Data Explorer (WDE) which supports any WaterOneFlow service and can be customized for different regions containing WaterOneFlow web services. The WDE supports data discovery, data visualization, and data download for the selected WaterOneFlow services. The WDE's structure consist of WaterOneFlow catalogs, servers, and individual measurement stations. The WDE provides a different User Interface for administrators and regular users. A server administrator can specify which datasets an individual instance of the WDE supports so that end users of the application can access data from the specified datasets. We modularized the core WaterOneFlow access code into a new open-source Python package called "Pywaterml" which provides the methods used by WDE to discover, visualize, and download data. This thesis presents the design and development of the WDE and the associated Pywaterml package, which was done in partnership with end-users from the WMO and was done in an iterative design-build process. We present two case studies which involve data discovery and visualization from the CUAHSI HIS and WMO Hydrological Observing System (WHOS). Both case studies demonstrate the regional customization of the WDE which allows creation of different custom versions of the same application to meet specific end-user needs. The WDE data discovery in both case studies focuses on discovering the different sites contained in a WaterOneFlow web service, and ontology-based data discovery for the different concept variables in each web service. The data visualization we present, focuses on the time series observation for the different sites in each system. Finally, we tested data downloading in data discovery and visualization by downloading the information of each site to the WDE database and allowing the user to download the time series data.
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中華民國在聯合國專門機構席位喪失之研究(1971-1972) / The study on the Republic of China's loss of seats in the Specialized Agencies of the United States (1971-1972)石君灝, Shih, Chun Hao Unknown Date (has links)
本論文以中央研究院近代史研究所所典藏的「外交部檔案」為主,輔以聯合國年鑑與相關聯合國專門機構的資料,首先整理出中華民國喪失各專門機構席位的時序與過程,接著探討中華民國政府是否有何事前的應對策略,並嘗試探究中華民國政府在喪失聯合國中國代表權以後,面對專門機構席位問題的態度是否具彈性思維。
聯合國專門機構僅是一個代表性的名詞,本質上就是一個由各國政府代表組成的國際組織,一個國際組織與聯合國經濟暨社會理事會簽署合作協定後,就成為聯合國專門機構。兩者之間互不隸屬,是屬於合作的關係,意即一個國家若喪失聯合國的席位,並不代表同時喪失專門機構的席位,需再由專門機構討論之。現今聯合國共有19個專門機構,1971年時則是擁有13個專門機構。
中華民國在1971年喪失聯合國中國代表權之前,在13個聯合國專門機構中,除了聯合國糧食及農業組織(FAO)為觀察員外,其餘12個專門機構皆擁有會員國資格。而擁有會員國資格的專門機構中,除了4個金融性專門機構於1980年時才喪失席位,其餘8個專門機構則先後於1971年10月下旬至1972年5月下旬間陸續喪失席位,本研究探討的就是這一段時間。而由於資料與篇幅的限制,選擇世界衛生組織(WHO)、世界氣象組織(WMO)與國際電信聯盟(ITU)三個專門機構,深入探討中華民國喪失聯合國專門機構席位以及中華民國政府如何因應的過程。
由本文的討論可知道,聯合國大會396號決議案與2758號決議案與此議題息息相關,396號決議案決定了當一國政府的代表權發生爭議時,聯合國體系各組織應顧及聯合國大會的態度,而2758號則決定了聯合國中國代表權的歸屬。兩個決議案是專門機構處理中國席位問題的關鍵。而中華民國面對聯合國專門機構席位問題時,其態度是認為中華人民共和國的加入,並不能以排除中華民國為前提,但席位問題的屬性卻是聯合國中國代表權問題的延伸,也就是說,聯合國專門機構要處理的是機構內「誰來代表中國」的問題。事實上,在那段時間,立場較親近中華民國的國家曾推動類似於「兩個中國」或「一中一台」的提案,希望中華民國與中華人民共和國同時存在於聯合國專門機構之中,只是中華民國政府卻未主動與這些國家合作,使得相關議案未獲通過。
本論文另外發掘當時介於行政院與外交部之間的決策單位,此單位是由當時的行政院政務委員葉公超主持,邀請行政院各部會首長成立的跨部會小組,名為光華小組,運作時間起於1971年11月下旬,至1972年5月底結束,旨在因應中華民國喪失聯合國中國代表權後,所引發的後續外交鉅變效應,處理議題的內容亦包含專門機構的席位問題。
聯合國專門機構的席位議題,如同聯合國大會2758號決議案,只處理了「誰來代表中國」的問題,實際上台灣地位的議題並沒有被提及,留有彈性空間。而現今台灣的困局在於,要成為聯合國專門機構正式會員的條件必須是個國家,所以目前首要處理的,仍是國家定位的問題。從本研究中可知道,中華民國在聯合國專門機構的會籍問題,本質就是中國代表權問題,如果使用中華民國名義申請加入聯合國專門機構,無疑是抵觸1971年至1972年間各個專門機構的決議,這些決議已闡明「China」席位的歸屬,如此一來,其阻力只有更大而已。
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