Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of sink and sensors. Sensors transmit data to sink through wireless network after collecting data. Because multi-hop routing and forwarding may be required on WSN, sensors closer to sink will consume more energy than other nodes due to hop-by-hop forwarding. In this Thesis, we propose pipelined forwarding for cluster-based WSN to solve these problems. First, we divide a WSN into several clusters such that the distance between sensors and sink is reduced and packet transmission delay can be decreased. However, since reducing the distance can increase the number of clusters significantly, multiple mobile sinks are embedded in the system to increase overall throughput. Second, we change the direction of pipelined forwarding to avoid from running out of energy of some sensors. We derive mathematical equations to analyze and validate the proposed scheme. From the analytical results, we prove that the proposed scheme can decrease packet transmission delay. The results also show that system throughput can be improved by increasing the length of pipeline and the number of mobile sinks. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme can increase energy throughput more efficiently than conventional non-pipelined forwarding scheme.

Le maintien des personnes à domicile est une perspective sérieusement envisagée dans le contexte actuel de vieillissement de la population. Selon les statistiques, près d'un habitant sur trois aurait plus de 60 ans en 2050, contre un sur cinq en 2005. Cependant, les solutions actuelles de téléassistance (bouton alarme sur un collier par exemple) ont montré leurs limites. La thèse consiste à étudier des applications du futur permettant de fournir à une personne maintenue à domicile ou à l’hôpital une meilleure solution alternative fondée sur les réseaux de capteurs, capable de mesurer certains de ses paramètres physiologiques et de transmettre des données importantes aux infirmières ou médecins. Ces applications doivent s’adapter aux besoins médicaux et avoir un coût économique faible. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur des solutions de type réseaux de capteurs qui ont un coût de développement et de mise en œuvre faibles. Ce type de réseaux de capteurs offre de nouveaux services tels que la surveillance médicale et l'amélioration de la sécurité par la propagation d'alertes d'urgence. Cependant, la forte mobilité et le changement rapide de la topologie du réseau présentent un verrou scientifique et social. En outre, l'interférence de différents capteurs augmente la difficulté d'implantation de ce genre de réseaux IEEE 802.15.4. Depuis ces dernières années, plusieurs solutions ont été étudiées, comme nous le verrons dans cette thèse. Nous nous intéressons à la fiabilité de transmission dans cette thèse, car un réseau de capteurs est très limité par la capacité de calcul, de stockage et de transfert. Nous nous interrogeons dans un premier temps sur la meilleure méthode pour la livraison des données. Nous avons sélectionné les protocoles unicast et multicast issus du domaine MANET dans le but de comparer leurs avantages et inconvénients dans le contexte des applications de surveillance médicale. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes de mise en place et au renforcement de la route dans chacun des protocoles. Les résultats de cette première étude montrent que les protocoles multicast s’adaptent mieux aux applications, car ils permettent de réduire le nombre de paquets transmis dans le réseau. Même si certains protocoles pourraient amener une meilleure performance (en ce qui concerne le débit utile) que d’autres, aucun protocole ne satisfait une application réelle. Nous travaillons sur l’exploitation d'un réseau hétérogène en distinguant les nœuds forts et les nœuds faibles. Dans ce cadre, nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche, HMR, qui permet de mieux assurer la performance du réseau par rapport aux solutions existantes. Une dernière problématique à étudier dans cette thèse est l’agrégation de données, car les données à transmettre dans le réseau sont souvent périodiquement générées avec des tailles très restreintes (quelques octets, par exemple). Nos études montrent que l’agrégation de données est une bonne solution. Cette thèse a donné lieu à deux publications en conférences internationales avec comité de lecture. / Keeping people at home is a perspective seriously considered in the current context of population aging. According to statistics, nearly one in three would have more than 60 years in 2050, against one in five in 2005. However, current solutions telecare (alarm button on a necklace, for example) have shown their limits. The thesis consists in studying future applications to provide, to a person kept at home or in the hospital, a better alternative solution based on sensor networks. A solution capable of measuring some of its physiological parameters and transmit important data nurses or doctors. These applications must adapt to the medical needs and have a low economic cost. We focused on solutions for sensor networks having a low-cost of development and implementation. This type of sensor networks offer new services such as medical monitoring and improving security by the propagation of emergency alerts. However, the high mobility and rapid change of the network topology present a scientific and social lock. Furthermore, interference of various sensors increases the difficulty of implantation of such networks IEEE 802.15.4. In recent years, several solutions have been studied, as discussed in this thesis. We are interested in the transmission reliability in this thesis, as a sensor network is very limited computing capacity, storage and transfer. We inquire in the first instance on the best method for data delivery. We selected unicast and multicast protocols from the field MANET in order to compare their advantages and disadvantages in the context of medical monitoring applications. We are interested in mechanisms of implementation and strengthening of the route in each of the protocols. The results of this first study show that the multicast protocols are better suited to these applications because they reduce the number of packets transmitted in the network. Although some protocols may lead to better performance (as regards the throughput) than others, no protocol satisfies a real application. We are working on the operation of a heterogeneous network distinguishing between strong and weak nodes. In this context, we proposed a new approach, HMR, to better ensure network performance over existing solutions. A final issue to consider in this thesis is the aggregation of data, because the data to be transmitted in the network are often periodically generated with very small size (a few bytes, for example). Our studies show that data aggregation is a good solution.

Presently, wireless sensor nodes are widely used and the lifetime of the system is becoming the biggest problem with using this technology. As more and more low power products have been used in WSN, energy harvesting technologies, based on their own characteristics, attract more and more attention in this area. But in order to design high energy efficiency, low cost and nearly perpetual lifetime micro energy harvesting system is still challenging. This thesis proposes a new way, by applying three factors of the system, which are the energy generation, the energy consumption and the power management strategy, into a theoretical model, to optimally design a highly efficient micro energy harvesting system in a real environment. In order to achieve this goal, three aspects of contributions, which are theoretically analysis an energy harvesting system, practically enhancing the system efficiency, and real system implementation, have been made. For the theoretically analysis, the generic architecture and the system design procedure have been proposed to guide system design. Based on the proposed system architecture, the theoretical analytical models of solar and thermal energy harvesting systems have been developed to evaluate the performance of the system before it being designed and implemented. Based on the model's findings, two approaches (MPPT based power conversion circuit and the power management subsystem) have been considered to practically increase the system efficiency. As this research has been funded by the two public projects, two energy harvesting systems (solar and thermal) powered wireless sensor nodes have been developed and implemented in the real environments based on the proposed work, although other energy sources are given passing treatment. The experimental results show that the two systems have been efficiently designed with the optimization of the system parameters by using the simulation model. The further experimental results, tested in the real environments, show that both systems can have nearly perpetual lifetime with high energy efficiency.

Wireless technology has been advancing a lot over the years and it has become mature enough to be used in industrial process control. Wireless sensor networks have overtaken the wired devices and are vastly adapted across the industry. Using wireless technologies in industrial process control results in easy installation and configuration of network and helps in reduction of overall cost. Applying wireless technologies has greater benefits but on the other hand it provides challenges due to harsh industrial environments. Nowadays, wireless sensor devices are smart enough to detect the problems within the network and are capable of producing health reports. To use the capabilities of these smart devices a centralized management is required.  A centralized network manager can manage these smart devices to improve the overall network. Network manager plays a pivotal role because it is a central part of the network and a bad network manager results in network performance degradation. This thesis work addresses the need of centralized network management and proposes a design for the network manager based on the WirelessHART standard. Several algorithms are developed based on the layered architecture of WirelessHART  and a user-friendly graphical user interface is designed for the network manager which is capable of displaying real-time performance and statistics of the network, adding and configuring the nodes, creating routes for the nodes, showing routing tables and neighbour tables and display the network topology. Any change in the network is reflected and displayed by the GUI at run time. The designed network manager is implemented and tested using both simulated packets and real hardware and the work is evaluated using Average Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to End Delay and by comparing the work to already designed network managers.

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technologies have been comprehensively developed and deployed during recent years. Since commercial WLAN and WSN products share the same free of license frequency band, the low power, low rate ZigBee based WSNs are vulnerable to the interference from Wi-Fi WLANs. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the performance of ZigBee WSNs that are subjected to interference generated by collocated Wi-Fi WLANs and to design effective counter-measuring techniques should performance improvement is needed. In this research, a versatile testbed for conducting various experiments is established and the ZigBee system’s performance with different clear channel assessment (CCA) modes and energy detection (ED) thresholds are evaluated through extensive experimental measurements in the testbed. It can be concluded from the results that CCA has significant impact on ZigBee’s performance. An existing theoretical analysis approach that is based on the collision time model between ZigBee and Wi-Fi packets is suitably modified to provide analytical evaluation means of the cases we examined. In order to mitigate the interference from the collocated Wi-Fi system, a novel and effective interference-aware adaptive CCA (IAACCA) scheme is proposed and implemented as firmware flashed into Crossbow motes. Experiments confirmed the ability of IAACCA to countermeasure effectively interference generated by Wi-Fi and thus improve the performance of ZigBee WSNs. Finally, a thorough statistical analysis is performed to understand the factors impacting the performance of ZigBee system and is used to further verify our experimental methods.

Las redes de sensores inalámbricos forman un reciente campo de investigación. Están formadas por una serie de nodos que realizan una determinada tarea. Los nodos suelen ser pequeños dispositivos electrónicos, autónomos, alimentados por baterías y con capacidad para comunicarse entre ellos inalámbricamente. Las características del tamaño y la alimentación con batería hacen que el consumo de energía sea un factor clave en su diseño. A partir de la necesidad de optimizar el consumo de energía aparecen nuevos tópicos de investigación como la recolección de energía y la optimización del consumo. Esta tesis se enmarca dentro de estos campos, tratando de estudiar, proponer soluciones e implementarlas. En la primera parte se estudiará el comportamiento y arquitecturas de los dispositivos y sistemas operativos más utilizados en el ámbito de las redes de sensores. El análisis se enfocará en los sistemas operativos TinyOS, MantisOS y Contiki y en los dispositivos Tmote Sky y MICAz. En la siguiente parte se estudiará el estado del arte de los modelos teóricos sobre el consumo de energía en redes de sensores desde diferentes perspectivas: el transceiver, un nodo completo, toda una red, etc. Después se propondrá una metodología para obtener modelos para mejorar el conocimiento sobre estado de carga de un nodo sensor, teniendo en cuenta factores tales como la temperatura o el desgaste de las baterías. Aplicando este método se propondrán varios modelos basados en regresiones lineales y redes neuronales que puedan ser ejecutados por un nodo final. Los resultados se validarán con medidas experimentales y comparativas con otros dispositivos hardware. Se propondrá una arquitectura de fuente de alimentación basada en recolección de energía solar. Además esta fuente permitirá reducir el desgaste de las baterías recargables mediante el empleo de supercondensadores. Para ello la fuente de alimentación cuenta con un sistema que automáticamente conmuta entre ambas fuentes y prioriza la del supercondensador respecto a la de la batería. El diseño permitirá operar a un nodo típico exclusivamente desde un supercondensador durante varios días, entrando la batería en funcionamiento únicamente cuando las condiciones climatológicas impiden obtener la suficiente energía del sol. Después se estudiará la posibilidad de utilizar otra fuente de recolección de energía: la energía proveniente de ondas de radio comerciales. Para ello se estudiarán diversos circuitos y se compararán sus resultados. Este método de obtención de energía, si bien proporciona poca corriente, puede ser suficiente para un nodo con un consumo extraordinariamente reducido, o como apoyo a otra fuente de energía, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que su disponibilidad no depende de condiciones climatológicas. En la última parte de la tesis se realizarán varias aplicaciones. En primer lugar se implementará un nodo inalámbrico para controlar sistemas de regadíos mediante electroválvulas. El nodo tendrá un sistema de alimentación y disparo de las electroválvula combinando condensadores y supercondensadores. Además se implementará un protocolo de acceso al medio que mantiene el sincronismo entre nodos adyacentes mediante un sistema hardware que permite reducir el consumo del nodo sin perder la temporización. La segunda aplicación será un sistema medidor de parámetros medioambientales que utilizará la fuente de alimentación diseñada anteriormente. Además el consumo de este nodo se aproxima a la energía que podría proporcionar un sistema de recolección mediante ondas de radio. Se podrá acceder a los parámetros medioambientales recogidos a través de internet. / Lajara Vizcaíno, JR. (2014). Modelado y optimización de energía en redes de sensores inalámbricas para la medida de parámetros medioambientales [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/39371 / TESIS

The advances in the technology and the emergence of low complexity intelligent devices result in the evolution of the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In most IoT application scenarios, billions of things are interconnected together using standard communication protocols to provide services for different applications in the healthcare industry, smart cities, transportation, and food supply chain. Despite their advantage of connecting things anywhere, anytime, and anyplace, IoT presents many challenges due to the heterogeneity, density, the power constraints of things, and the dynamic nature of the network that things might connect and disconnect at any time. All of these increase the communication delay and the generated data, and it is thereby necessary to develop resource management solutions for the applications in IoT. One of the most important resources is the wireless channel, which is a shared resource; thus, it is necessary for the nodes to have methods that schedule channel access. This thesis considers the problem of distributed sensing and channel access in the context of IoT systems, where a set of selfish nodes competes for transmission opportunities. In the channel access part, a memory-one channel access game is proposed to reduce the collision rate, to enhance the cooperation among the nodes, and to maximize their payoffs by optimizing their channel access probabilities, based on the channel state in the previous time step. To overcome the communication cost overhead in the network and to solve the problem efficiently, the nodes use distributed learning algorithms. Next, the problem is extended to include energy constraints on the transmission decisions of the nodes, where each one of them has a battery of finite capacity, which is replenished by an energy-harvesting process. This constrained problem is solved using energy-aware channel access games under different scenarios of perfect and imperfect information. In the distributed sensing part, a traffic-monitoring system, integrated into a WSN, is proposed as a potential application to implement the channel access solution. This system maximizes the privacy of the sensed traffic by using low-cost and low-power sensor devices that integrate passive infrared sensors (PIR) and ultrasonic range finders. To estimate the parameters required to solve the real-time monitoring problem (vehicle detection, classification, and speed estimation), the measurements of these sensors are analyzed using a set of optimized machine-learning algorithms. The selection of these algorithms is due to the continuous variation of the sensed environment over time, the lack of the system state dynamic models, and the limitation in the resources.

Wireless sensor networks enable inexpensive distributed monitoring systems that are the backbone of smart cities. In this dissertation, we are interested in wireless sensor networks for traffic monitoring and an emergency flood detection to improve the safety of future cities. To achieve real-time traffic monitoring and emergency flood detection, the system has to be continually operational. Accordingly, an energy source is needed to ensure energy availability at all times. The sun provides for the most inexpensive source of energy, and therefore the energy is provided here by a solar panel working in conjunction with a rechargeable battery. Unlike batteries, solar energy fluctuates spatially and temporally due to the panel orientation, seasonal variation and node location, particularly in cities where buildings cast shadows. Especially, it becomes scarce whenever floods are likely to occur, as the weather tends to be cloudy at such times when the emergency detection system is most needed. These considerations lead to the need for the optimization of the energy of the sensor network, to maximize its sensing performance. In this dissertation, we address the challenges associated with long term outdoor deployments along with providing some solutions to overcome part of these challenges. We then introduce the energy optimization problem, as a distributed greedy approach. Motivated by the flood sensing application, our objective is to maximize the energy margin in the solar powered network at the onset of the high rain event, to maximize the network lifetime. The decentralized scheme will achieve this by optimizing the energy over a time horizon T, taking into account the available and predicted energy over the entire routing path. Having a good energy forecasting scheme can significantly enhance the energy optimization in WSN. Thus, this dissertation proposes a new energy forecasting scheme that is compatible with the platform’s capabilities. This proposed prediction scheme was tested on real data and compared with state-of-theart forecasting schemes on on-node WSN platforms. Finally, to establish the relevance of the aforementioned schemes beyond theoretical formulations and simulations, all proposed protocols and schemes are subjected to hardware implementation.

This thesis deals with the issue of localization in wireless sensor networks. It focuses on the implementation Anchor-Free localization techniques to NS2 and evaluation of its effectiveness. In the theoretical introduction is summarized IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee technology. The following chapter describes the Anchor-Based and Anchor-Free localization methods. Furthermore, existing methods of measuring the distance of network nodes are described. Also pay attention NS2 environment, especially the inclusion of standard IEEE802.15.4. The section devoted to Anchor-Free algorithm describes how to search and select anchor modes. It also described the method of optimization by measuring the distance of neighboring nodes using the Mass-Spring Algorithm. Next chapter describe the inclusion of a new protocol called AFLOCAL into NS2 and detailed analysis of its function. Next described the process of localization and calculating the coordinates. Described was aslo a method of simulation and evaluation of results. In conclusion, the results are summarized and formulated the characteristics of designed protocol AFLOCAL.

Táto práca sa venuje probému prepojovania rôznych typov sietí, konkrétne sietí typu IEEE 802.15.4 a Ethernetu. Motivácia vychádza zo stále sa rozširujúceho využitia bezdrátových senzorických sietí, potreby zberu dát z nich a ich integrácie. To vyžaduje aby sieť obsahovala prvky schopné preniesť dáta z bezdrátovej siete do okolitého sveta a prípadne poskytnúť konfiguračné a riadiace informácie do vnútra siete. Z hľadiska protokolov a programového vybavenia sa prepojenie uskutočňuje na rôznej úrovni, od sieťovej až po aplikačnú vrstvu komunikačného modelu ISO/OSI, s podporou hardvéru na fyzickej a linkovej vrstve.