In the coming millennium, the establishment of virtual enterprises will become increasingly common. In the engineering sector, global competition will require corporations to create agile partnerships to use each other’s engineering resources in mutually profitable ways. The Internet offers a medium for accessing such resources in a globally networked environment. However, remote access of resources require a secure and mutually trustable environment, which is lacking in the basic infrastructure on which the Internet is based. Fortunately, efforts are under way to provide the required security services on the Internet. This thesis presents a model for making distributed engineering software tools accessible via the Internet. The model consists of an extensible clientserver system interfaced with the engineering software tool on the server-side. The system features robust security support based on public-key and symmetric cryptography. The system has been demonstrated by providing Web-based access to a .STL file repair program through a Java-enabled Web browser. / Master of Science

A World-Wide Web (WWW) tem se desenvolvido enormemente, facilitando o compartilhamento de informações. Muito rapidamente as aplicações do seu potencial educacional se tornaram aparentes, especialmente para a Educação à Distância (ED). Neste sentido, a WWW possui um maior apelo, devido a sua capacidade de exibição de documentos multimídia, capacidade de hipertexto/hipermídia e sua arquitetura cliente-servidor, possibilitando a interação entre aluno e professor em ED. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento da ferramenta Web Course, desenvolvida no IFSC-USP, que visa facilitar a criação de provas na WWW. A ferramenta também faz a correção automática das provas. Web Course é uma ferramenta baseada em templates, usando formulários HTML criados por programas CGI que são preenchidos pelos instrutores para a criação de provas. / The World-Wide Web (WWW) has been developed largely to facilitate sharing of information. Very quickly, potential educational applications of this technology became apparent, especially for Distance Education (DE). In this regard, WWW has more appeal, because of its capability to exhibit multimedia documents, its hypertext/hypermedia capability and its client-server architecture, making possible the interaction between students and instructors. This work presents the development of Web Course, a tool developed at IFSC-USP that facilitates the creation of tests on the WWW, providing also the automatic correction of them. Web Course is template based, using HTML forms created by CGI files that instructors simply fill in to create tests.

O presente trabalho tem como finalidade o estudo e a aplicação de mecanismos de avaliação para controlar a qualidade dos cursos à distância via WWW, de forma que possam ser aprimorados. São pesquisados ainda, os aspectos históricos da Educação à Distância (EAD), usando diversas tecnologias; a estrutura de um sistema de EAD; a utilização da Internet nesta área; a tecnologia WWW e seus aspectos educacionais e as avaliações de programas de EAD em instituições internacionais. Mecanismos de avaliação são adaptados e aplicados em teste piloto de um programa de EAD ? o Programa Educ@r, - através do curso de Física realizado numa escola estadual da cidade de Americana, Estado de São Paulo. Métodos de avaliação do curso à distância e análise dos dados, são sugeridos e aplicados durante o período. São realizadas avaliações formativas e finais através de questionários respondidos por alunos, professor presente e professor distante, cujos resultados estão, na escala Likert entre ?Bom? e ?Muito Bom?, para os alunos e ?Médio? e ?Muito Bom? para os professores. Também são apresentados os resultados de uma avaliação do curso de treinamento de instrutores, realizado no Centro de Divulgação Científica e Cultural da USP - São Carlos. Estes resultados estão na escala Likert, entre ?Bom? e ?Muito Bom?. / The purpose of the present work is the study and the application of evaluation mechanisms to highlight distance course strengths and weaknesses, allowing to control its quality and to accomplish improvements. They are also studied, the historical aspects of Distance Education (EAD), using several technologies; the structure of a system of EAD; the use of the Internet in this area; the technology WWW and its educational aspects and the evaluations of programs of EAD in international institutions. Evaluation mechanisms are adapted and applied in pilot test of a program of EAD - the ?Programa Educ@r?, - through Physics course offered in a public high school in Americana, State of São Paulo. Evaluation methods of distance course and data analysis, are suggested and applied during the period. Formative and final evaluations are administered through questionnaires answered by students, onsite teacher and distance teacher, whose results are, in the Likert scale between ?Good? and ?Very Good?, for the students and ?Average? and ?Very Good? for the teachers. The results of an evaluation of the instructors\' training course are also presented, conducted in the Center of Scientific and Cultural Divulgation in São Carlos, University of São Paulo. These results are in the Likert scale, between ?Good? and ?Very Good?.

O presente trabalho consistiu na proposta, desenvolvimento e teste de um ambiente computacional hierárquico que vise facilitar a criação, organização e gerenciamento de cursos para serem disponibilizados via Internet, inserido nos projetos de Educação a Distância conduzidos pelo CDCC (Centro de Divulgação Científica e Cultural da USP- São Carlos), tendo como objetivo inicial o treinamento e reciclagem de professores da rede pública, nas disciplinas de física e ciências. O ambiente possui um sistema especialista para o tratamento das dúvidas dos usuários, o Sistema Gerenciador de Dúvidas Online (SGDO) que se tornou uma ferramenta autônoma e hoje faz parte do Plantão de Dúvidas Online do CDCC/USP. O SGDO utiliza o conceito de Education Intelligence, através do uso de data mining, possibilitando ao instrutor selecionar dados, analisar informações, identificar tendência e tomar decisões no decorrer de um curso a distância. A ferramenta WebCourse é um ambiente hierárquico baseado na Web consistindo de quatro módulos: WebCourse Instrutor, WebCourse Monitor, WebCourse Aluno e WebCourse Administrador. Cada módulo possui ferramentas específicas, desenvolvidas para as necessidades dos agentes participantes do ambiente (instrutores, monitores, alunos e administradores). O ambiente é dito hierárquico porque algumas de suas ferramentas somente podem ser usadas por certos módulos. Cada módulo está altamente conectado aos outros e todas as ferramentas são baseadas em templates HTML, usando a linguagem script Lite, do banco de dados mSQL, para a geração de arquivos HTML dinâmicos. Todo o sistema é gerenciado através de um banco de dados mSQL, localizado num servidor web, onde os dados são armazenados e recuperados sob demanda. / The present work consisted on the proposal, development and test of a hierarchical computational environment to facilitate the creation, organization and management of courses to be available over the Internet, inserted on the projects of Distance Education conducted by CDCC (Center for Scientifical and Cultural Dissemination at the University of São Paulo at São Carlos). Its initial objective was training public school teachers of Physics and Sciences. The environment has a specialist system for the treatment of online doubts called Online Doubt Managing System (ODMS), which became an autonomous tool inside the Online Doubt Helping Center at CDCC/USP. ODMS utilizes the concept of Education Intelligence through the use of data mining, making it possible for instructors to select data, analyze informations, identify trends and take decisions during a course carried via Web. WebCourse is a hierarchical web-based tool for the creation and management of web-based courses which consists of four modules: WebCourse Instrutor (Instructor Module), WebCourse Monitor (Teacher Assistant Module), WebCourse Aluno (Student Module) and WebCourse Administrador (Administrator Module). Every module has a set of specific tools, developed to meet the necessities of the environment\'s participant agents (instructors, teacher assistants, students and administrators). The tool is said to be hierarchical since some of its tools can only be used by certain modules. Each module is highly connected to the others and every tool is template-based, using the mSQL database\'s Lite scripting facility in order to generate HTML files on-the-fly. All the system is managed through a mSQL database, located on a web server, where data is stored and recovered on demand.

A World-Wide Web (WWW) tem se desenvolvido enormemente, facilitando o compartilhamento de informações. Muito rapidamente as aplicações do seu potencial educacional se tornaram aparentes, especialmente para a Educação à Distância (ED). Neste sentido, a WWW possui um maior apelo, devido a sua capacidade de exibição de documentos multimídia, capacidade de hipertexto/hipermídia e sua arquitetura cliente-servidor, possibilitando a interação entre aluno e professor em ED. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento da ferramenta Web Course, desenvolvida no IFSC-USP, que visa facilitar a criação de provas na WWW. A ferramenta também faz a correção automática das provas. Web Course é uma ferramenta baseada em templates, usando formulários HTML criados por programas CGI que são preenchidos pelos instrutores para a criação de provas. / The World-Wide Web (WWW) has been developed largely to facilitate sharing of information. Very quickly, potential educational applications of this technology became apparent, especially for Distance Education (DE). In this regard, WWW has more appeal, because of its capability to exhibit multimedia documents, its hypertext/hypermedia capability and its client-server architecture, making possible the interaction between students and instructors. This work presents the development of Web Course, a tool developed at IFSC-USP that facilitates the creation of tests on the WWW, providing also the automatic correction of them. Web Course is template based, using HTML forms created by CGI files that instructors simply fill in to create tests.

<p>Syfte:</p><p>Vårt samhälle går igenom en stor förändring genom att industrisamhället alltmer ersätts med dagens informationssamhälle. Denna förändring lämnar ingen människa oberörd utan alla berörs på något sätt, endera privat eller i arbetslivet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att jag vill skapa en uppfattning hur IT utvecklingen har förändrat företagens sätt att bedriva handel och hur det i sin tur har påverkat revisionen och revisorernas metoder och arbetssätt.</p><p>Metod:</p><p>Då arbetet var tänkt att undersöka om denna IT utveckling har förändrat revisionen eller revisorns arbetssätt, har jag valt att undersöka detta utifrån en kvalitativ metod i den empiriska undersökningen för att på detta sätt få så uttömmande svar som möjligt. Mitt syfte med de respondenter som jag valde, var att se om de skiljde något i deras uppfattning beträffande metoder och arbetssätt i och med IT utvecklingen. Jag valde därför respondenter med snarlika förutsättningar. De arbetade alla inom stora revisionsbyråer med liknande arbetsuppgifter och med kunder inom både små och stora företag. Eftersom målsättningen inte varit att göra en kvantitativ undersökning gjordes valet av respondenter inte slumpmässigt.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats:</p><p>I min undersökning har jag kommit fram till att företagens förändrade handelssätt och IT utvecklingen varit en stor bidragande orsak till revisionens och revisorns förändring av arbetssätt. Men det är inte bara IT utvecklingen som har skapat dessa förändringar. Revision och revisorer påverkas mycket av lagar och regler, så dessa förändringar har även skapats på grund av att dessa har förändrats. Den största förändringen som framkom med revisionen var att pappersdokumenten harförsvunnit alltmer och ersatts med elektroniska dokument som idag inte skrivs ut som det gjordes tidigare, utan idag sparas dokumenten på olika optiska medium. En IT revision är ingen fristående revision utan den ingår i den traditionella revisionen. Det som granskas vid en IT revision är, att företagens operativsystem, nätverk och databaserfungerar på ett tillfredsställande sätt och det som är viktigt att granska är intern kontroll och IT säkerhet. För att granska detta så använder sig revisorn allt mer av olika datoriserade revisionsverktyg och standarder. Dagens affärssystem integreras med ehandel produktionsstyrning och resultatet är att systemen blir alltmer sammansatta. Så för att granska de komplexa systemen så har efterfrågan på särskilt utbildade IT revisorer ökat i branschen. I både teori och praktik så framkom det under arbetets gång,att om IT revision utförs av revisorer med en gedigen kunskap av IT system så ansågs det att det kommer att skapa en mer trovärdig revision och att revisionen kommer att genomföras på ett säkrare och mer effektivt sätt, vilket i sin tur gynnar hela samhället.</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning:</p><p>Ett skäl som framkom under arbetets gång till att marknaden efterfrågar en mer gedigen IT kompetens förutom IT systemens komplexitet var den lag som infördes i USA 2002 (Sarbanes Oxley Act). Denna lag infördes efter de uppmärksammade redovisningsskandalerna i USA och innebär hårdare redovisningskrav framförallt på revisorers oberoende och högre krav på den interna kontrollen. Lagen påverkar även Svenska företag som är registrerade på den amerikanska börsen fr.o.m. den 15 Juli 2005. I både teori och praktik så framkom det att troligtvis kan denna lag innebära att de Svenska företagen som är noterade på den amerikanska börsen kan komma att lyda under två regelverk. Det skulle vara intressant att undersöka hur denna lag kommer att påverka revisorernas arbetssätt.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag:</p><p>Internet uppfanns redan på 1960-talet och mycket har hänt sedan dess. Från början så fanns det inget vinstintresse med Internet, utan det var framförallt studenter från USA och runt om i världen som använde Internet eller ARPAnet som det kallades för att maximera den lilla dataprestanda som fanns på den tiden. Men i slutet av 1990-talet så hade sättet utvecklats hur man på nätet både kunde distribuera information och betjäna människor genom att utföra beställningar, läsa eller sända information dygnet runt. Detta har gjort att Internet har utvecklats till en stor och vinstdrivande marknadsplats. Som en följd av denna samhällsutveckling och den snabba IT utveckling som har skett, blir IT teknologin en allt viktigare framgångsfaktor i dagens affärsprocesser. För att företag ska kunna vara framgångsrika och överleva på dagens globala och konkurrensutsatta marknad bör de hänga med i denna utveckling. För att klara Internet och e-handel så måste företagen investera i olika former av affärssystem.Ett affärssystem är en programvara som används för att styra olika processer t.ex. inom försäljning, e-handel eller ekonomi. Dessa system utvecklas till att blir alltmer komplexa, detta leder i sin tur till att det ställs allt högre krav på kompetensen både inom företaget samt på revisorerna som ska granska dessa IT system.</p> / <p>Aim:</p><p>Our community is going through a huge change because nowadays information community is replacing the industrial community. This change leaves no human untouched, every one is affected somehow either private or in operational life.The aim with this study has been to create an understanding for my self and the reader how IT development has change the audit and auditors methods and their way of work.</p><p>Method:</p><p>Since the aim with this study was to investigate and to get such a full picture of the subject as possible if the IT development has change the audit and the auditors methods and way of work have I chosen to investigate this subject based on quality method in the practical search. My arrangement with the respondents that I choused was to see if there opinion differs from each other if IT development has change there methods and way of work. I choose auditor in similar situations. They all worked in big accounting firms with similar tasks and their customers were both from small and big firms. The plan with this study wasn’t to make a quantity investigation, therefore the respondents wasn’t chosen by random.</p><p>Result & Conclusions:</p><p>In this study I have skilled that the IT development has strongly contributed to change the working situation for the audits and the way they work. But it’s not only the IT development that has contributed to these changes. Laws and rules have also have a large affect on the audit and Auditors. The biggest change I discovered in the auditors way of work was that documentation on paper is less common nowadays. Today documentation is done on optical media and it’s not printed out like it used to do. An IT audit is not an isolated audit; it is a part of the traditional audit. The things that are highlighted in an IT audit are that the operating systems, networks and databases all work in a god manner. Another things that are important to look into will be matter such as internal control and security regarding IT. To review these areas use the auditors more often nowadays-special data auditor tools. In today’s business systems ecommerce is integrated with processing controls, which results in more complex systems. To audit this complex systems the market demands for specially educated IT auditors have increased. In both theory and practice it came to light during the work process, that if the IT audit is preformed by auditors with a genuine knowledge of the systems that they are auditing it will accomplish an audit with high credibility. And the audit will be preformed safer and more efficient, which is a benefit for all of society.</p><p>Suggestions for future research:</p><p>One of the reasons that emerge during the research to why the market demands a genuine IT knowledge, other than the complexity of the systems, is the law how become active in USA 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley Act. This law was activated after the audit scandals in USA and involve higher demands when it comes to the auditor’s independence and internal control. This law also affects Swedish company’s who is registered on the US stock exchange from 15 July 2005, witch means that they have to take consideration to two different laws. It would be interesting to study how this law will affect the auditors work procedures.</p><p>Contributions of the thesis:</p><p>Internet was invented in the sixties and much has happened since then. In the beginning profit was not the motivation with Internet, the users was students in the U.S. and around the world, and their target was to maximize the little computer recourses that was available in those days. At the end of the ninetieth methods has been developed how to use the Internet for distributing information and offer customer services such as ordering, reading and send information around the clock. This has created Internet to expand into a big and profitable marketplace. As a direct consequence of the fast IT growth and the development in the society, the IT technologies are playing a bigger part as a way to success in today’s business processes. If a company wants to survive and make progress in today’s global and highly competitive state of affairs they must keep up with this development. To be able to work with Internet and e-business, must the companies invest in different kinds of information-systems. An information-system is software that is used to control different types of processes for example selling, e-business or finance. These systems are constantly under development and getting more and more complex, for this reason demands on competence of the people who handle these systems are constantly getting higher, both inside the company and on the auditor who will verify these IT systems.</p>

Syfte: Vårt samhälle går igenom en stor förändring genom att industrisamhället alltmer ersätts med dagens informationssamhälle. Denna förändring lämnar ingen människa oberörd utan alla berörs på något sätt, endera privat eller i arbetslivet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att jag vill skapa en uppfattning hur IT utvecklingen har förändrat företagens sätt att bedriva handel och hur det i sin tur har påverkat revisionen och revisorernas metoder och arbetssätt. Metod: Då arbetet var tänkt att undersöka om denna IT utveckling har förändrat revisionen eller revisorns arbetssätt, har jag valt att undersöka detta utifrån en kvalitativ metod i den empiriska undersökningen för att på detta sätt få så uttömmande svar som möjligt. Mitt syfte med de respondenter som jag valde, var att se om de skiljde något i deras uppfattning beträffande metoder och arbetssätt i och med IT utvecklingen. Jag valde därför respondenter med snarlika förutsättningar. De arbetade alla inom stora revisionsbyråer med liknande arbetsuppgifter och med kunder inom både små och stora företag. Eftersom målsättningen inte varit att göra en kvantitativ undersökning gjordes valet av respondenter inte slumpmässigt. Resultat &amp; slutsats: I min undersökning har jag kommit fram till att företagens förändrade handelssätt och IT utvecklingen varit en stor bidragande orsak till revisionens och revisorns förändring av arbetssätt. Men det är inte bara IT utvecklingen som har skapat dessa förändringar. Revision och revisorer påverkas mycket av lagar och regler, så dessa förändringar har även skapats på grund av att dessa har förändrats. Den största förändringen som framkom med revisionen var att pappersdokumenten harförsvunnit alltmer och ersatts med elektroniska dokument som idag inte skrivs ut som det gjordes tidigare, utan idag sparas dokumenten på olika optiska medium. En IT revision är ingen fristående revision utan den ingår i den traditionella revisionen. Det som granskas vid en IT revision är, att företagens operativsystem, nätverk och databaserfungerar på ett tillfredsställande sätt och det som är viktigt att granska är intern kontroll och IT säkerhet. För att granska detta så använder sig revisorn allt mer av olika datoriserade revisionsverktyg och standarder. Dagens affärssystem integreras med ehandel produktionsstyrning och resultatet är att systemen blir alltmer sammansatta. Så för att granska de komplexa systemen så har efterfrågan på särskilt utbildade IT revisorer ökat i branschen. I både teori och praktik så framkom det under arbetets gång,att om IT revision utförs av revisorer med en gedigen kunskap av IT system så ansågs det att det kommer att skapa en mer trovärdig revision och att revisionen kommer att genomföras på ett säkrare och mer effektivt sätt, vilket i sin tur gynnar hela samhället. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett skäl som framkom under arbetets gång till att marknaden efterfrågar en mer gedigen IT kompetens förutom IT systemens komplexitet var den lag som infördes i USA 2002 (Sarbanes Oxley Act). Denna lag infördes efter de uppmärksammade redovisningsskandalerna i USA och innebär hårdare redovisningskrav framförallt på revisorers oberoende och högre krav på den interna kontrollen. Lagen påverkar även Svenska företag som är registrerade på den amerikanska börsen fr.o.m. den 15 Juli 2005. I både teori och praktik så framkom det att troligtvis kan denna lag innebära att de Svenska företagen som är noterade på den amerikanska börsen kan komma att lyda under två regelverk. Det skulle vara intressant att undersöka hur denna lag kommer att påverka revisorernas arbetssätt. Uppsatsens bidrag: Internet uppfanns redan på 1960-talet och mycket har hänt sedan dess. Från början så fanns det inget vinstintresse med Internet, utan det var framförallt studenter från USA och runt om i världen som använde Internet eller ARPAnet som det kallades för att maximera den lilla dataprestanda som fanns på den tiden. Men i slutet av 1990-talet så hade sättet utvecklats hur man på nätet både kunde distribuera information och betjäna människor genom att utföra beställningar, läsa eller sända information dygnet runt. Detta har gjort att Internet har utvecklats till en stor och vinstdrivande marknadsplats. Som en följd av denna samhällsutveckling och den snabba IT utveckling som har skett, blir IT teknologin en allt viktigare framgångsfaktor i dagens affärsprocesser. För att företag ska kunna vara framgångsrika och överleva på dagens globala och konkurrensutsatta marknad bör de hänga med i denna utveckling. För att klara Internet och e-handel så måste företagen investera i olika former av affärssystem.Ett affärssystem är en programvara som används för att styra olika processer t.ex. inom försäljning, e-handel eller ekonomi. Dessa system utvecklas till att blir alltmer komplexa, detta leder i sin tur till att det ställs allt högre krav på kompetensen både inom företaget samt på revisorerna som ska granska dessa IT system. / Aim: Our community is going through a huge change because nowadays information community is replacing the industrial community. This change leaves no human untouched, every one is affected somehow either private or in operational life.The aim with this study has been to create an understanding for my self and the reader how IT development has change the audit and auditors methods and their way of work. Method: Since the aim with this study was to investigate and to get such a full picture of the subject as possible if the IT development has change the audit and the auditors methods and way of work have I chosen to investigate this subject based on quality method in the practical search. My arrangement with the respondents that I choused was to see if there opinion differs from each other if IT development has change there methods and way of work. I choose auditor in similar situations. They all worked in big accounting firms with similar tasks and their customers were both from small and big firms. The plan with this study wasn’t to make a quantity investigation, therefore the respondents wasn’t chosen by random. Result &amp; Conclusions: In this study I have skilled that the IT development has strongly contributed to change the working situation for the audits and the way they work. But it’s not only the IT development that has contributed to these changes. Laws and rules have also have a large affect on the audit and Auditors. The biggest change I discovered in the auditors way of work was that documentation on paper is less common nowadays. Today documentation is done on optical media and it’s not printed out like it used to do. An IT audit is not an isolated audit; it is a part of the traditional audit. The things that are highlighted in an IT audit are that the operating systems, networks and databases all work in a god manner. Another things that are important to look into will be matter such as internal control and security regarding IT. To review these areas use the auditors more often nowadays-special data auditor tools. In today’s business systems ecommerce is integrated with processing controls, which results in more complex systems. To audit this complex systems the market demands for specially educated IT auditors have increased. In both theory and practice it came to light during the work process, that if the IT audit is preformed by auditors with a genuine knowledge of the systems that they are auditing it will accomplish an audit with high credibility. And the audit will be preformed safer and more efficient, which is a benefit for all of society. Suggestions for future research: One of the reasons that emerge during the research to why the market demands a genuine IT knowledge, other than the complexity of the systems, is the law how become active in USA 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley Act. This law was activated after the audit scandals in USA and involve higher demands when it comes to the auditor’s independence and internal control. This law also affects Swedish company’s who is registered on the US stock exchange from 15 July 2005, witch means that they have to take consideration to two different laws. It would be interesting to study how this law will affect the auditors work procedures. Contributions of the thesis: Internet was invented in the sixties and much has happened since then. In the beginning profit was not the motivation with Internet, the users was students in the U.S. and around the world, and their target was to maximize the little computer recourses that was available in those days. At the end of the ninetieth methods has been developed how to use the Internet for distributing information and offer customer services such as ordering, reading and send information around the clock. This has created Internet to expand into a big and profitable marketplace. As a direct consequence of the fast IT growth and the development in the society, the IT technologies are playing a bigger part as a way to success in today’s business processes. If a company wants to survive and make progress in today’s global and highly competitive state of affairs they must keep up with this development. To be able to work with Internet and e-business, must the companies invest in different kinds of information-systems. An information-system is software that is used to control different types of processes for example selling, e-business or finance. These systems are constantly under development and getting more and more complex, for this reason demands on competence of the people who handle these systems are constantly getting higher, both inside the company and on the auditor who will verify these IT systems.

L’expérience ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus), collaboration de plus de 3000 scientifiques dans le monde, mène des recherches auprès du grand collisionneur de hadron (LHC). Celui-ci a produit des collisions de faisceaux de protons à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 7 TeV en 2011 et 8 TeV en 2012, période appelée Run1 et représentant 20.3 fb−1 de luminosité intégrée, puis en 2015 et 2016 à 13 TeV pour le Run 2 avec 36.1 fb−1. Le détecteur généraliste ATLAS a un riche potentiel de mesures précises du Modèle Standard (SM) et de recherche de phénomènes de nouvel physique. Deux analyses de physiques sont ici présentées. La première consiste à rechercher dans les données Run 1 la production de tri-bosons, W±W±W∓, se désintégrant totalement ou partiellement en leptons et à étudier le couplage de jauge quartique anormal (aQGC). Le nombre d’événements observés est en accord avec les prédictions du SM. La limite supérieure observée à 95% CL sur la section efficace W±W±W∓ SM est de 730 fb avec une limite attendue de 560 fb en l’absence de production W±W±W∓. La deuxième analyse présentée est la recherche du boson de Higgs doublement chargé effectuée sur les données du Run 2. Ce boson est prédit par un modèle qui prolonge le SM pour permettre des neutrinos massif. Ce modèle introduit plusieurs bosons de Higgs dont l'un est le H±±. Le cas où ce dernier se désintègre en bosons W avec un état final à deux leptons de même charge est plus particulièrement étudié. Le bruit de fond total estimé est en accord avec les données et aucun excès significatif n’est observé. Des limites supérieures sont déduites et le modèle considéré est exclus à 95% CL pour MH±± < 220 GeV. / The ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) experiment, a collaboration of more than 3,000 scientists worldwide, is conducting research at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It produced proton beam collisions at an energy in the center of mass of 7 TeV in 2011 and 8 TeV in 2012, period called Run1 and representing 20.3 fb-1 of integrated luminosity, then in 2015 and 2016 at 13 TeV for Run 2 with 36.1 fb-1. The ATLAS general purpose detector has a rich potential for accurate Standard Model (SM) measurements and the search for new physics phenomena. Two physics analyzes are presented here. The first is to search the Run 1 data for tri-bosons production, W ± W ± W∓, totally or partially decayed into leptons and to study abnormal quartic gauge coupling (aQGC). The number of observed events is consistent with the SM predictions. The observed upper limit at 95% CL on the W ± W ± W∓ SM cross section is 730 fb with an expected limit of 560 fb in the absence of W ± W ± W∓ production. The second analysis presented is the search for the doubly charged Higgs boson carried out on the Run 2 data. This boson is predicted by a model that extends the SM to allow massive neutrinos. This model introduces several Higgs bosons, one of which is the H ±±. The case where this latter decays in bosons W with a final state with two leptons of the same charge is more particularly studied. The estimated total background is in agreement with the data and no significant excess is observed. Upper limits are deduced and the model considered is excluded at 95% CL for MH ±± <220 GeV.

O presente trabalho consistiu na proposta, desenvolvimento e teste de um ambiente computacional hierárquico que vise facilitar a criação, organização e gerenciamento de cursos para serem disponibilizados via Internet, inserido nos projetos de Educação a Distância conduzidos pelo CDCC (Centro de Divulgação Científica e Cultural da USP- São Carlos), tendo como objetivo inicial o treinamento e reciclagem de professores da rede pública, nas disciplinas de física e ciências. O ambiente possui um sistema especialista para o tratamento das dúvidas dos usuários, o Sistema Gerenciador de Dúvidas Online (SGDO) que se tornou uma ferramenta autônoma e hoje faz parte do Plantão de Dúvidas Online do CDCC/USP. O SGDO utiliza o conceito de Education Intelligence, através do uso de data mining, possibilitando ao instrutor selecionar dados, analisar informações, identificar tendência e tomar decisões no decorrer de um curso a distância. A ferramenta WebCourse é um ambiente hierárquico baseado na Web consistindo de quatro módulos: WebCourse Instrutor, WebCourse Monitor, WebCourse Aluno e WebCourse Administrador. Cada módulo possui ferramentas específicas, desenvolvidas para as necessidades dos agentes participantes do ambiente (instrutores, monitores, alunos e administradores). O ambiente é dito hierárquico porque algumas de suas ferramentas somente podem ser usadas por certos módulos. Cada módulo está altamente conectado aos outros e todas as ferramentas são baseadas em templates HTML, usando a linguagem script Lite, do banco de dados mSQL, para a geração de arquivos HTML dinâmicos. Todo o sistema é gerenciado através de um banco de dados mSQL, localizado num servidor web, onde os dados são armazenados e recuperados sob demanda. / The present work consisted on the proposal, development and test of a hierarchical computational environment to facilitate the creation, organization and management of courses to be available over the Internet, inserted on the projects of Distance Education conducted by CDCC (Center for Scientifical and Cultural Dissemination at the University of São Paulo at São Carlos). Its initial objective was training public school teachers of Physics and Sciences. The environment has a specialist system for the treatment of online doubts called Online Doubt Managing System (ODMS), which became an autonomous tool inside the Online Doubt Helping Center at CDCC/USP. ODMS utilizes the concept of Education Intelligence through the use of data mining, making it possible for instructors to select data, analyze informations, identify trends and take decisions during a course carried via Web. WebCourse is a hierarchical web-based tool for the creation and management of web-based courses which consists of four modules: WebCourse Instrutor (Instructor Module), WebCourse Monitor (Teacher Assistant Module), WebCourse Aluno (Student Module) and WebCourse Administrador (Administrator Module). Every module has a set of specific tools, developed to meet the necessities of the environment\'s participant agents (instructors, teacher assistants, students and administrators). The tool is said to be hierarchical since some of its tools can only be used by certain modules. Each module is highly connected to the others and every tool is template-based, using the mSQL database\'s Lite scripting facility in order to generate HTML files on-the-fly. All the system is managed through a mSQL database, located on a web server, where data is stored and recovered on demand.

O presente trabalho tem como finalidade o estudo e a aplicação de mecanismos de avaliação para controlar a qualidade dos cursos à distância via WWW, de forma que possam ser aprimorados. São pesquisados ainda, os aspectos históricos da Educação à Distância (EAD), usando diversas tecnologias; a estrutura de um sistema de EAD; a utilização da Internet nesta área; a tecnologia WWW e seus aspectos educacionais e as avaliações de programas de EAD em instituições internacionais. Mecanismos de avaliação são adaptados e aplicados em teste piloto de um programa de EAD ? o Programa Educ@r, - através do curso de Física realizado numa escola estadual da cidade de Americana, Estado de São Paulo. Métodos de avaliação do curso à distância e análise dos dados, são sugeridos e aplicados durante o período. São realizadas avaliações formativas e finais através de questionários respondidos por alunos, professor presente e professor distante, cujos resultados estão, na escala Likert entre ?Bom? e ?Muito Bom?, para os alunos e ?Médio? e ?Muito Bom? para os professores. Também são apresentados os resultados de uma avaliação do curso de treinamento de instrutores, realizado no Centro de Divulgação Científica e Cultural da USP - São Carlos. Estes resultados estão na escala Likert, entre ?Bom? e ?Muito Bom?. / The purpose of the present work is the study and the application of evaluation mechanisms to highlight distance course strengths and weaknesses, allowing to control its quality and to accomplish improvements. They are also studied, the historical aspects of Distance Education (EAD), using several technologies; the structure of a system of EAD; the use of the Internet in this area; the technology WWW and its educational aspects and the evaluations of programs of EAD in international institutions. Evaluation mechanisms are adapted and applied in pilot test of a program of EAD - the ?Programa Educ@r?, - through Physics course offered in a public high school in Americana, State of São Paulo. Evaluation methods of distance course and data analysis, are suggested and applied during the period. Formative and final evaluations are administered through questionnaires answered by students, onsite teacher and distance teacher, whose results are, in the Likert scale between ?Good? and ?Very Good?, for the students and ?Average? and ?Very Good? for the teachers. The results of an evaluation of the instructors\' training course are also presented, conducted in the Center of Scientific and Cultural Divulgation in São Carlos, University of São Paulo. These results are in the Likert scale, between ?Good? and ?Very Good?.