<p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong></p><p><em>Syfte och frågeställningar</em></p><p>Syftet var att studera sambandet mellan GIH:s Gångtest och bestämd maximal syreupptagningsförmåga (VO_2max). En av frågeställningarna var om GIH:s Gångtest är ett alternativt test för att försöka predicera maximal syreupptagningsförmåga hos friska fysiskt aktiva unga vuxna.</p><p><em>Metod</em></p><p>I studien ingick 45 fysiskt aktiva personer (26 kvinnor och 19 män) i åldrarna 19-28 år. De två genomförda testerna är GIH:s Gångtest (ett 6-minuters gångtest) och bestämning av maximal syreupptagningsförmåga med löpning på ett motordrivet rullband.</p><p>GIH:s gångtest är ett shytteltest där testpersonen (Tp) går fram och tillbaka på en 50 meter lång sträcka och runda två koner. Tp får gå denna sträcka så många gånger som möjligt under 6 minuter. Vid testets slut mättes maximal gångsträcka, puls och ansträngningsgrad.</p><p>Testet för att bestämma maximal syreupptagningsförmåga utfördes med löpning på ett motordrivet rullband. Under testets första 2 minuter var lutningen på bandet 1 grad. Därefter höjdes lutningen med 1 grad per minut till dess att testpersonen nått sin maximala syreupptagningförmåga, varpå testet avbryts. Var 15 sekund registrerades testpersonens hjärtfrekvens, VO₂ (l/min), VCO₂ (l/min), kroppsvikt/min (ml/kg/min) med hjälp av ett syreupptagningsmätningssystem.</p><p><em>Resultat</em></p><p>Korrelationen mellan gångsträcka och VO_2max för samtliga 45st testpersoner i studien visade <em>r</em> = 0.16. Detta innebär att korrelationen mellan GIH:s Gångtest och maximal syreupptagningsförmåga inte är nämnvärd för detta material på friska fysiskt aktiva unga vuxna mellan 19-28 år. GIH:s Gångtest är således inte ett alternativ för att predicera syreupptagningsförmågan hos denna målgrupp.</p><p><em>Slutsats</em></p><p>GIH:s Gångtest uppvisar en mycket svag korrelation med bestämd maximal syreupptagningsförmåga, för friska fysiskt aktiva unga vuxna.</p> / <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>Aim</em></p><p>The aim was to correlate the result on GIH:s walk test with the determined maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max). The question was if GIH:s walk test can be used as an alternative to estimate maximum oxygen uptake in healthy physical active young adults?</p><p><em>Methods</em></p><p>In this study 45 physical active persons (26 women and 19 men) at the age of 19-28 years participated. The two tests that have been carried out are GIH:s walk test ( a 6-minute walk test) and determined maximum oxygen uptake during running on a treadmill.</p><p>GIH:s walk test is a shuttle test in which the participant (P) walks a 50 meters long distance back and forth between two cones. P shall walk this distance as many times as possible during 6 minutes. At the end of the test, maximum walk distance, pulse and rank of effort were measured.</p><p>The test to determine maximum oxygen uptake was performed running on a treadmill. During the first 2 minutes the treadmill was elevated 1 degree. The elevation increased 1 degree every minute until the participant reached her maximum oxygen uptake, whereupon the test was interrupted. Every 15 second the participants heart rate, VO₂(l/min), VCO₂ (l/min), bodyweight/min (ml/kg/min) was registered by means of an online system.</p><p><em>Results</em></p><p>The correlation coefficient between walked distance and VO_2max for all 45 participants in this study was 0.16. This means that the correlation between GIH:s walk test and maximum oxygen uptake is very weak in the present material of healthy physical active young adults between 19-28 years. Thus GIH:s walk test is not an alternative to use for determination of maximum oxygen uptake capacity in this group of persons. </p><p><em>Conclusion</em></p><p>GIH:s walk test prove to have a weak correlation with maximum oxygen uptake, for healthy physical active younger adults.</p>

The transition fundions for the correlated random walk with two absorbing boundaries are derived by means of a combinatorial construction which is based on Krattenthaler's Theorem for counting lattice paths with turns. Results for walks with one boundary and for unrestricted walks are presented as special cases. Finally we give an asymptotic formula, which proves to be useful for computational purposes. (author's abstract) / Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik

The past few years have seen the rapid rise of all things “social” on the web from the growth of online social networks like Facebook, to real-time communication services like Twitter, to user-contributed content sites like Flickr and YouTube, to content aggregators like Digg. Beyond these popular Web 2.0 successes, the emer- gence of Social Information Systems is promising to fundamentally transform what information we encounter and digest, how businesses market and engage with their customers, how universities educate and train a new generation of researchers, how the government investigates terror networks, and even how political regimes interact with their citizenry. Users have moved from being passive consumers of information (via querying or browsing) to becoming active participants in the creation of data and knowledge artifacts, actively sorting, ranking, and annotating other users and artifacts. This fundamental shift to social systems places new demands on providing de- pendable capabilities for knowing whom to trust and what information to trust, given the open and unregulated nature of these systems. The emergence of large-scale user participation in Social Information Systems suggests the need for the development of user-centric approaches to information quality. As a step in this direction this research proposes an interaction-based approach for modeling the notion of user im- portance. The interaction-based model is centered around the uniquely social aspects of these systems, by treating who communicates with whom (an interaction) as a core building block in evaluating user importance. We first study the interaction characteristics of Twitter, one of the most buzzworthy recent Social Web successes, examining the usage statistics, growth patterns, and user interaction behavior of over 2 million participants on Twitter. We believe this is the first large-scale study of dynamic interactions on a real-world Social Information System. Based on the anal- ysis of the interaction structure of Twitter, the second contribution of this thesis research is an exploration of approaches for measuring user importance. As part of this exploration, we study several different approaches that build on the inherent interaction-based framework of Social Information Systems. We explore this model through an experimental study over an interaction graph consisting of 800,000 nodes and about 1.9 million interaction edges. The user importance modeling approaches that we present can be applied to any Social Information System in which interactions between users can be monitored.

This dissertation consists of three sections. In the first section, we discuss the generation of arbitrary two-qubit entangled states and present three generation methods. The first method is based on the interaction of an atom with classical and quantized cavity fields. The second method is based on the interaction of two coupled two-level atoms with a laser field. In the last method, we use two spin-1/2 systems which interact with a tuned radio frequency pulse. Using those methods we have generated two qubit arbitrary entangled states which is widely used in quantum computing and quantum information. In the second section, we discuss a possible experimental implementation of quantum walk which is based on the passage of an atom through a high-Q cavity. The chirality is determined by the atomic states and the displacement is characterized by the photon number inside the cavity. Our scheme makes quantum walk possible in a cavity QED system and the results could be widely used on quantum computer. In the last section, we investigate the properties of teleporting an arbitrary superposition of entangled Dicke states of any number of atoms (qubits) between two distant cavities. We also studied teleporting continuous variables of an optical field. Teleportation of Dicke states relies on adiabatic passage using multiatom dark states in each cavity and a conditional detection of photons leaking out of both cavities. In the continuous variables teleportation scheme we first reformulate the protocol of quantum teleportation of arbitrary input optical field states in the density matrix form, and established the relation between the P-function of the input and output states. We then present a condition involving squeeze parameter and detection efficiency under which the P-function of the output state becomes the Q function of the input state such that any nonclassical features in the input state will be eliminated in the teleported state. Based on the research in this section we have made it possible of arbitrary atomic Dicke states teleportation from one cavity to another, and this teleortation will play an essential role in quantum communication. Since quantum properties is so important in quantum communication, the condition we give in this section to distinguish classical and quantum teleportation is also important.

Designingenjörsstudenten Matilda Kälström har på Tibroköks uppdrag utvecklat ett sortiment för walk-in-closets där målgruppen för projektet är företagets befintliga kundkrets. Under projektets gång har en grundläggande förstudie gjorts för att bland annat ta reda på projektets förutsättningar, kartlägga konkurrenter och ta reda på vad kunder har för krav och önskemål. Exempel på krav och önskemål från kundernas sida var att produkten skall ge en överblick över innehållet och samla all klädvård på ett gemensamt ställe.  En litteraturstudie gjordes där det lästes om förvaring, människans relation till hemmet och om arkitektur. Information som framkom var bland annat att det är väldigt viktigt för människan att kunna utforma sitt hem efter egna behov och en bra riktlinje att strukturera förvaring på är efter var på kroppen kläderna används. En central del i projektet är Kansei Engineering, vilket är ett koncept för att koppla människor uppfattningar till produkters utformning. Det har använts i enkäter för att ta reda på vad kunder vill uppleva, det har använts till idégenerering och för att sedan ta reda på om resultatet gav de uppfattningar som eftersträvades. I enkäterna framkom det att det bland annat är önskvärt att en walk-in-closet är lyxig, klassisk, stilren och bekväm. Dessa ords betydelser togs fram från Nationalencyklopedin och användes för att göra mood boards som sedan användes till idégenerering. Idégenereringen skedde i tre olika idéstadier som byggde både på olika metoder och på varandra. Efter varje idéstadie utvärderades koncepten och resultaten följde med till nästa idéstadie. Metoder som användes var bland annat personas, scenarion, funktionsträd och morfologisk tabell. Utvärderingarna gjordes tillsammans med företaget och till hjälp användes metoden PNI och en viktningmatris. Resultatet blev ett sortiment bestående av tolv moduler som kunderna kan kombinera ihop till sina egna walk-in-closets. Fyra olika skåpsmoduler, två olika förvaringsöar, två sittplatser, ett sminkbord, en smyckesbyrå, en skohylla och en spegelhylla. För att till sist ta reda på om resultatet ger de uppfattningar och upplevelser som det strävats efter under projektets gång så gjordes en utvärdering med tolv personer, främst studenter på Högskolan i Skövde. Två olika montage av modulerna i form av en ”kvinnlig” och en ”manlig” walk-in-closets visades för deltagarna och de fick med egna ord beskriva vad de fick för intryck av bilderna och berätta vad de tyckte att dessa walk-in-closets har för egenskaper. Deltagarnas svar stärkte projektets resultat och bekräftade att det gav de uppfattningar och upplevelser som var önskvärda. / The Design Engineering student Matilda Kälström has developed a range of storage solutions for walk-in closets where the target group for the project is the company’s existing customer base. During the project a basic feasibility study was done to determine the project requirements, identify competitors and find out what demands and requests the customers have. Example of demand was that the product should provide an overview of the content of the walk-in-closet. A literature study was done to gather information about storage, man's relationship to its home and architecture. Identified information was that it's very important for the human to be able to design their home according to their needs and a good guideline to structure storage is to place the clothes according to where on the body they are used. A central part of the project is Kansei engineering, which is a concept of connecting peoples’ perceptions to products' design. It has been used in surveys to find out what the customers want to experience, it has been used for idea generation and it has been used to find out if the results gave desirable experiences. The survey results revealed that desirable experiences of a walk-in closet is luxurious, classic, stylish and comfortable. The meaning of these words were used from the National Encyclopedia to make mood boards which then were used to generate ideas. The development of ideas were made in three stages with different methods. After each stages the concepts were evaluated and the results were used in the next stage. The methods that were used was for example personas, scenarios, function trees and morphological table. The evaluations was performed with the company, the method PNI and a weighting matrix. The result is a collection of twelve modules that customers can combine in their own way of walk-in closets. Four different cabinet modules, two different “storage islands”, two seats, a dressing table, a chest of drawers for jewelries, a shoe rack and a mirror shelf. To finally find out if the result gives the perceptions and experiences that is desirable an evaluation was done with twelve people, mostly students at the University of Skövde. Two different mounting of the modules in the form of a "female" and "male" walk-in-closets were shown. With their own words they were about to describe what impressions they had of the pictures and tell what they thought of these walk-in-closets. The participants' response strengthened the project's results and confirmed that the impressions and experiences were desirable.

SA actor Tony Kgoroge admits to having struggled portraying Walter Sisulu as a young man

It is widely believed that the scaling limit of the self-avoiding walk (SAW) is given by Schramm's SLE₈/₃. In fact, it is known that if SAW has a scaling limit which is conformally invariant, then the distribution of such a scaling limit must be given by SLE₈/₃. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between SAW and SLE₈/₃, mainly through the use of restriction measures; conformally invariant measures that satisfy a certain restriction property. Restriction measures are stochastic processes on randomly growing fractal subsets of the complex plane called restriction hulls, though it turns out that SLE₈/₃ measure is also a restriction measure. Since SAW should converge to SLE₈/₃ in the scaling limit, it is thought that many important properties of SAW might also hold for restriction measures, or at the very least, for SLE₈/₃. In [DGKLP2011], it was shown that if one conditions an infinite length self-avoiding walk in half-plane to have a bridge height at y-1, and then considers the walk up to height y, then one obtains the distribution of self-avoiding walk in the strip of height y. We show in this paper that a similar result holds for restriction measures ℙ(α), with α ∈ [5/8,1). That is, if one conditions a restriction hull to have a bridge point at some z ∈ ℍ, and considers the hull up until the time it reaches z, then the resulting hull is distributed according to a restriction measure in the strip of height Im(z). This relies on the fact that restriction hulls contain bridge points a.s. for α ∈ [5/8,1), which was shown in [AC2010]. We then proceed to show that a more general form of that result holds for restriction hulls of the same range of parameters α. That is, if one conditions on the event that a restriction hull in ℍ passes through a smooth curve γ at a single point, and then considers the hull up to the time that it reaches the point, then the resulting hull is distributed according to a restriction hull in the domain which lies underneath the curve γ. We then show that a similar result holds in simply connected domains other than ℍ. Next, we conjecture the existence of an object called the infinite length quarter-plane self-avoiding walk. This is a measure on infinite length self-avoiding walks, restricted to lie in the quarter plane. In fact, what we show is that the existence of such a measure depends only on the validity of a relation similar to Kesten's relation for irreducible bridges in the half-plane. The corresponding equation for irreducible bridges in the quarter plane, Conjecture 4.1.19, is believed to be true, and given this result, we show that a measure on infinite length quarter-plane self-avoiding walks analogous to the measure on infinite length half-plane self-avoiding walks (which was proven to exist in [LSW2002] exists. We first show that, given Conjecture 4.1.19, the measure can be constructed through a concatenation of a sequence of irreducible quarter-plane bridges, and then we show that the distributional limit of the uniform measure on finite length quarter-plane SAWs exists, and agrees with the measure which we have constructed. It then follows as a consequence of the existence of such a measure, that quarter-plane bridges exist with probability 1. As a follow up to the existence of the measure on infinite length quarter-plane SAWs, and the a.s. existence of quarter-plane bridge points, we then show that quarter plane bridge points exist for restriction hulls of parameter α ∈ [5/8,3/4), and we calculate the Hausdorff measure of the set of all such bridge points. Finally, we introduce a new type of (conjectured) scaling limit, which we are calling the fixed irreducible bridge ensemble, for self-avoiding walks, and we conjecture a relationship between the fixed irreducible bridge ensemble and chordal SLE₈/₃ in the unit strip {z ∈ ℍ : 0 < Im(z) < 1}.

Given p independent, symmetric random walks on d-dimensional integer lattice that are the domain of attraction for a stable distribution, we calculate the moderate deviation of the intersection of ranges of the random walks in the case where the walks intersect infinitely often as time goes to infinity. That is to say, we establish a weak law convergence of intersection of ranges to intersection local time of stable processes and use this convergence as a link to establish deviation results.

This study concludes two parts. In the first part, we establish the model of the interaction between two cell populations following the concept of the random-walk, and assume the cell movement is constrained by space limitation primarily. In the other part, the interaction model is deduced from the concept of the flux motion, and the movement is constrained by space limitation, too. Furthermore, we analyze two models to obtain the behavior of two cell populations as time is close to the initial state and far into the future. / This study concludes two parts. In the first part, we establish the model of the interaction between two cell populations following the concept of the random-walk, and assume the cell movement is constrained by space limitation primarily. In the other part, the interaction model is deduced from the concept of the flux motion, and the movement is constrained by space limitation, too. Furthermore, we analyze two models to obtain the behavior of two cell populations as time is close to the initial state and far into the future.

The ever increasing use of computer systems in society brings emergent challenges to companies and system designers. The reliability of software and hardware can be financially critical, and lives can depend on it. The growth in size and complexity of software, and increasing concurrency, compounds the problem. The potential for errors is greater than ever before, and the stakes are higher than ever before. Formal methods, particularly model checking, is an approach that attempts to prove mathematically that a model of the behaviour of a product is correct with respect to certain properties. Certain errors can therefore be proven never to occur in the model. This approach has tremendous potential in system development to provide guarantees of correctness. Unfortunately, in practice, model checking cannot handle the enormous sizes of the models of real-world systems. The reason is that the approach requires an exhaustive search of the model to be conducted. While there are exceptions, in general model checkers are said not to scale well. In this thesis, we deal with this scaling issue by using a guiding technique that avoids searching areas of the model, which are unlikely to contain errors. This technique is based on a process of model abstraction in which a new, much smaller model is generated that retains certain important model information but discards the rest. This new model is called a heuristic. While model checking using a heuristic as a guide can be extremely effective, in the worst case (when the guide is of no help), it performs the same as exhaustive search, and hence it also does not scale well in all cases. A second technique is employed to deal with the scaling issue. This technique is based on the concept of random walks. A random walk is simply a `walk' through the model of the system, carried out by selecting states in the model randomly. Such a walk may encounter an error, or it may not. It is a non-exhaustive technique in the sense that only a manageable number of walks are carried out before the search is terminated. This technique cannot replace the conventional model checking as it can never guarantee the correctness of a model. It can however, be a very useful debugging tool because it scales well. From this point of view, it relieves the system designer from the difficult task of dealing with the problem of size in model checking. Using random walks, the effort goes instead into looking for errors. The effectiveness of model checking can be greatly enhanced if the above two techniques are combined: a random walk is used to search for errors, but the walk is guided by a heuristic. This in a nutshell is the focus of this work. We should emphasise that the random walk approach uses the same formal model as model checking. Furthermore, the same heuristic technique is used to guide the random walk as a guided model checker. Together, guidance and random walks are shown in this work to result in vastly improved performance over conventional model checking. Verification has been sacrificed of course, but the new technique is able to find errors far more quickly, and deal with much larger models.