flexibles Wandsystem mit Makrolonscheiben zum Schutz vor weggeschleuderten Bauteilen beim Probebetrieb von Prüfanlagen ; dynamische Simulation eines Aufpralls auf die Schutzwand ; Aufbau des Simulationsmodells, Modalanalysen, dynamische Analysen im Zeitbereich ; Ermittlung des zeitlichen Verlaufs von Spannungen, Verformungen, Schraubenbetriebskräften und Versagensindizes nach dem Aufprall

Brick veneer / steel stud curtain wall systems have become a popular alternative in the ever competitive construction market. However, the application of such systems has preceded any formal scientific investigation into its long term serviceability and safety. Of particular interest to many parties is the performance of the wall system under typical winter conditions as would be encountered in cold climate countries such as Canada. In this study, an experimental investigation of three types of brick veneer / steel stud curtain walls was performed with a specially built apparatus used to impose air pressure, temperature and vapour pressure differentials across test specimens. In all, five wall specimens were tested for air leakage, thermal performance and moisture accumulation. An analytical investigation was also carried out with a simple, custom made finite difference computer program specially suited to determine temperature profiles in walls with a steel stud framing system. Six types of walls are evaluated with the model. A significant part of the research involved the design, construction and improvement of the test apparatus. Since the apparatus is unique, a chapter is devoted to its description. The conclusions presented indicate that certain wall designs perform poorly and that even small construction flaws can lead to serviceability problems. Conversely, care in choice and placement of the air barrier, vapour barrier and thermal insulation in the wall system can lead to a wall system that can sustain a small degree of construction errors and at the same time perform satisfactorily. It is furthermore concluded that the apparatus built for this study has real potential as a cost effective test tool suitable for adaptation for a standard test method to evaluate the environmental performance of wall systems in general. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of material and geometric nonlinearities occurring in beams, columns and walls of RC frame-wall structural systems when undergoing severe ground excitations. For this purpose, a low-rise RC building is considered with and without walls, and the joining beams and columns are designed with the strong-column weak-beam concept. The dimensions, material properties and the reinforcement amounts are calculated in accordance with the values suggested in design codes. Each structure is analyzed for various levels of applied vertical force and change in wall stiffness / where the effect of geometric nonlinearity is considered for each case. Force formulation frame elements with spreading inelasticity over the span are used for the modelling of each beam, column and wall. The coupling of the section forces is obtained by the fibre discretization of the section into several material points. Each section is divided into confined and unconfined regions and appropriate material properties are used for concrete and steel for cyclic loading. Both static pushover and dynamic analyses are performed in order to replicate the worst case scenario for a possible earthquake. From this study, it is concluded that the beams and columns of a frame-wall structural system should be designed carefully for load redistributions resulting from the yielding of the wall in the case of a strong earthquake, thus the design codes should address this situation for both in the retrofit of existing frame buildings with walls and in the construction of new frame-wall type buildings.

As energy certification programs and mandatory governmental building codes demand better building energy performance, the development of durable, highly insulated wall systems has become a top priority. Wood framed walls are the most common form of residential wall in North America and the materials used are vulnerable to moisture damage. This damage typically occurs first at the wall sheathing in the form of mould, fungal growth and rot. Increased thermal resistance can lead to two potential issues related to moisture durability: 1) increased potential for air leakage condensation at the sheathing and 2) decreased ability of the wall to dry after a wetting event. A natural exposure experimental study was performed at the University of Waterloo’s BEGHUT test facility to evaluate the hygrothermal performance of exterior insulated wall systems utilizing 3 different insulation types. These walls had approximately 2/3 of their total thermal resistance interior to the sheathing and 1/3 exterior to the sheathing. These walls were compared to a standard construction wall and a highly insulated double stud wall system. The test walls were evaluated during as-built conditions and during imposed wetting conditions. Moisture was introduced into the walls in two phases. The air injection wetting phase was designed to evaluate air leakage condensation potential during winter conditions, and the wetting mat wetting phase simulated an exterior rain leak and was used to evaluate the drying potential of the test walls. Hourly temperature, relative humidity and moisture content measurements were taken at multiple locations within each test wall. This data was analyzed to determine the air leakage condensation potential and the drying capability of each test wall. Results showed that the effective thermal resistance of the polyisocyanurate (PIC) insulation was significantly less than its nominal R-value rating under cold and moderate temperature conditions, and slightly higher under hot conditions. The effective thermal resistance of the extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation was slightly less than its rated value under cold and moderate temperature conditions and significantly less under hot conditions. The rockwool (RW) insulation performed slightly above its rated thermal resistance under cold and moderate conditions and slightly less under hot conditions. Results also showed that only the double stud wall was vulnerable to winter-time interstitial condensation during the as-built (air-sealed) condition. This was a result of the hygroscopic nature of the cellulose insulation and a large temperature gradient across the insulation cavity. During the air leakage wetting phase, all of the exterior insulated walls showed a significantly decreased risk of air leakage condensation compared to the Datum and Double stud walls. During and following the wetting mat wetting phase, the PIC and XPS walls showed significantly reduced drying capability, while the RW wall showed a small reduction in drying capacity compared to the Datum and Double stud walls. It was concluded that adding insulation exterior to the wall sheathing can be an effective method to minimize air leakage condensation. The minimum ratio of exterior to interior insulation, however, must be suitable for the local climate and interior humidity conditions. Exterior insulation materials with low vapour permeability can significantly reduce the drying capacity of a wall system, but may be appropriate where exterior solar vapour drive is a concern or sufficient drying to the interior is available. Exterior insulation materials with high vapour permeability facilitate drying to the exterior and dry nearly as well as wall systems with no exterior insulation.

The master thesis is dealing with the constructure of a house with nursing care. It’s four floor cellarless building with flat roof. The strucutural system is a wall system of brick blogs. Ceilings are solved as reinforced concrete floating slab with circuit reinforcing beam.

flexibles Wandsystem mit Makrolonscheiben zum Schutz vor weggeschleuderten Bauteilen beim Probebetrieb von Prüfanlagen ; dynamische Simulation eines Aufpralls auf die Schutzwand ; Aufbau des Simulationsmodells, Modalanalysen, dynamische Analysen im Zeitbereich ; Ermittlung des zeitlichen Verlaufs von Spannungen, Verformungen, Schraubenbetriebskräften und Versagensindizes nach dem Aufprall

Orientador: Maria Solange Gurgel de Castro Fontes / Resumo: O jardim vertical é todo sistema que permite o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da vegetação em superfícies verticalizadas. A parede viva é o tipo de jardim vertical que demanda maior tecnologia de produção e instalação e o seu modelo “parede viva contínua” é constituída por camadas (perfis metálicos, placas estruturantes, feltro, substrato e vegetação) que junto com uma cavidade de ar existente entre o jardim e a edificação funciona como uma proteção contra radiação solar incidente. A influência térmica da parede viva ocorre pela ação de quatro mecanismos que atuam em conjunto: sombreamento, isolamento térmico, barreira de vento e resfriamento evapotranspirativo. O mecanismo de sombreamento ocorre pela ação do sistema de jardim vertical que sombreia a superfície da parede e impede a incidência solar direta, sendo um dos mais importantes na influência térmica do jardim. Além disso, por meio do mecanismo evapotranspirativo, o jardim também influencia o microclima do seu entorno imediato. Assim, o presente projeto objetivou identificar o impacto de um jardim vertical de tipologia “parede viva contínua” na redução das temperaturas superficiais de uma parede e nos microclimas do seu entorno imediato (temperatura do ar, umidade absoluta e temperatura radiante média), em diferentes condições de tempo. Para isso, foi construída um jardim experimental, com delimitação de uma parcela controle. Os resultados mostraram influência significativa do jardim sobre as temperaturas superficiais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The vertical garden is any system that allows the growth and development of vegetation on vertical surfaces. The living wall is the typology of vertical garden that demands the most production and installation technology and its “continuous living wall” model consists of layers (metal profiles, structural plates, felt, substrate and vegetation) that together with an air cavity between the garden and the building acts as a protection against solar radiation. The thermal influence of the living wall occurs through the action of four mechanisms that act together: shading, thermal insulation, wind barrier and evapotranspiration cooling. The shading mechanism occurs by the action of the vertical garden system that shades the wall surface and prevents direct sunlight, being one of the most important in the thermal influence of the vertical garden. In addition, through the evapotranspiration mechanism, the vertical garden also influences the microclimate of its immediate surroundings. Thus, the present project aimed to identify the impact of a vertical garden of “continuous living wall” typology in the reduction of the surface temperatures of a wall and in the microclimates of its immediate surroundings (air temperature, absolute humidity and average radiant temperature), in different weather conditions. For this, an experimental garden was built, with delimitation of a control plot. The results showed a significant influence of the vertical garden on the surface temperatures and th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The theme of the bachelor thesis is a new building of an administrative building with a storage hall, which will primarily serve for storage in the village of Troubsko. This work is aimed at elaborating project documentation for construction work. The building is non-basement with three above-ground floors. The construction is designed from the Porotherm system with prefabricated ceilings made of prestressed Spiroll panels. The storage hall will be made of a steel skeleton, single-skinned with sandwich panels. The roof is on the top of 2.NP flat single-layer with top layer on parts of concrete pavement on rectifiable targets and vegetation parts. Above the 3rd floor there is a flat single-layer roof with a top vegetation layer and above the storage hall there will be a flat roof with a classical layout of layers with a top layer of PVC foil. The object is functionally divided into 2 parts. The administrative part is primarily used as a base for employees of the production hall in the 1st floor, in the 2nd floor and 3rd floor there are offices. The storage hall will then serve mainly for storage purposes and dispatch preparation.

Diploma thesis solves the creation of layout study and creation of documentation for the realization new fire station. It is an object amenities used to perform the fire protection services unit of the population of the professional fire category JPO I. The type of fire station is P2. The building layout consists of three interconnected buildings arranged in a U. Structurally the building is divided into two systems. The middle part of the building consists of reinforced concrete skeleton, which has two floors. On the ground floor is garage, on the second floor are located facilities for firefighters. The side buildings connected to the skeleton are build of ceramic bricks, it is a wall system. The main entrance to the building is in the south building at the level of the first floor, where is situated the administrative and operational part of building. This building has two floors. From the northern side, the technical background of the fire station and the workshop are connected to the middle part of the buildin The building is basementless and is roofed by flat roofs only. The object is located on the edge of the Kaplice town, the terrain is slightly sloping. The solved area contains a few related objects.

The building construction industry has seen the emergence of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as a renewable replacement for structural application of steel, concrete, and masonry. However, CLT has not been researched extensively as a nonstructural component of the building envelope/facade. In the presented research, the application of CLT is introduced in the form of lightweight CLT (CLT-L) panels and presents a framework to evaluate the opportunities and application of CLT-L panels as an alternative construction method for non-load-bearing exterior wall systems. Since exterior walls as part of the enclosure system have a significant role in energy consumption and human comfort level, the research evaluates application opportunities of the CLT panels for US climates, by conducting a life cycle environmental analysis, and a thermal evaluation of CLT-L systems for Phoenix, Arizona, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The life cycle analysis was conducted to assess the environmental impact of a typical CLT wall system as compared to three conventional panelized wall systems. The results of the analysis have shown that CLT wall systems exhibit the lowest cumulative life cycle environmental impact indicators, including acidification potential, fossil fuel consumption, global warming potential, and human health particulate when compared to other wall systems. These results suggest that CLT wall systems could be a viable alternative to conventional panelized exterior wall systems from an environmental impact perspective. In the next step, a parametric study was conducted to determine the optimal configuration of a CLT-L wall system for enhanced thermal performance. This was achieved through dynamic thermal simulations by employing the conduction transfer algorithm and analyzing various thicknesses and locations of the thermal insulation layer. Through analysis of the annual thermal transmission load and decrement factor, the optimum insulation thicknesses for CLT wall systems in two climate regions were determined. The results showed that the exterior insulation location yields better thermal efficiency. The results of this phase were employed in the development of the CLT wall system model and conduction of a comparative parametric study on the thermal mass behavior of CLT and CMU wall systems via finite difference algorithm. One significant outcome of the simulation data analysis was the heat transfer dynamics within the CLT and CMU wall system when exterior insulation is applied. The analysis revealed that in the presence of exterior insulation, the CLT layer continues to be the primary contributor to the reduced thermal transmission of the wall. However, in the CMU mass wall configuration, the insulation layer assumes a dominant role in the reduced thermal transmission of the wall. The findings of this research present CLT as a potential environmentally efficient envelope alternative for framed buildings and provide insights into the thermal performance of CLT wall systems, which can lead to the opening of a new market for CLT panel application in the U.S. / Doctor of Philosophy / The construction industry has witnessed a notable shift with the advent of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), presenting itself as a renewable substitute for conventional materials like steel, concrete, and masonry in structural applications. However, the potential of CLT as a building component, particularly as a component of building exteriors wall, remains relatively underexplored. This research endeavors to fill this gap by introducing lightweight CLT (CLT-L) panels, which are three-layer CLT panels, and exploring their viability as an alternative construction method for non-load-bearing exterior wall systems. Non-load bearing exterior wall panels do not carry any structural support for the building. Recognizing the significant influence of exterior walls on both energy consumption and human comfort levels, the study assesses the applicability of CLT panels across diverse climates in the United States including states Minnesota and Arizona which show exterior temperature swings. The investigation began by conducting a comprehensive life cycle environmental analysis, comparing the environmental impact of a typical CLT wall system with three conventional panelized wall systems. Results revealed that CLT wall systems exhibit the lowest cumulative life cycle environmental impact indicators suggesting their potential as a sustainable alternative. The environmental indicators included acidification potential, fossil fuel consumption, global warming potential, and human health particulates. Subsequently, a parametric study delved into optimizing the thermal performance of CLT-L wall systems through dynamic thermal simulations. The dynamic simulation considered the exterior temperature changes during the day. By varying insulation thicknesses and locations, the study identifies optimal configurations for different climate regions. Notably, the analysis underscores the efficacy of exterior insulation placement in enhancing thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the study investigated the thermal mass behavior of CLT compared to concrete block (CMU) wall systems under different scenarios. Findings revealed that while CLT retains its significance as a primary contributor to thermal mass, particularly with exterior insulation, CMU configurations see a shift in thermal mass dynamics towards the insulation layer. These findings collectively underscored the potential of CLT as an environmentally efficient envelope alternative for framed buildings, shedding light on its thermal performance and paving the way for broader adoption in the US construction industry.