Scania CV AB is a leading company within development and production of buses, trucks as well as industrial and marine engines. New environmental and safety legislations continuously demand higher quality from the products. An upcoming European legislation, Euro 6, implies that gas leakages from truck engines should be detected while driving. If the source of the leakage is not only detected, but also isolated, that is separated from other faults, the adjustments in the workshop goes faster since there is no need for leakage localisation. A faster reparation increases the up-time, i.e. the amount of time that the truck can be used. This master thesis work uses current methods developed at Scania for residual generation to perform model-based leakage diagnosis. In this work, measurements are gathered for dierent sensor faults and two leakages. The measurements are used to evaluate the actual performance of the resulting diagnosis system. The result, based on the residuals generated by the method, shows that leakages on the boost-side and the exhaust-side can be detected, and isolated from faults in the pressure sensors on the boost-side and the exhaust-side. The isolation of these four faults is considered the hardest to achieve among sensor faults and leakages why the full isolation performance is promising. Further measurements are needed to determine the full isolation performance of the diagnosis system. The resulting system is reasoned to be suitable for execution in real time on-board the truck. / Scania CV AB är en ledande koncern inom utveckling och produktion av bussar, lastbilar samt industri- och marinmotorer. Nya lagkrav för miljö och säkerhet ställer ständigt högre krav på de tillverkade produkterna. Ett nära förestående lagkrav för lastbilar, Euro 6, innebär att gasläckage från motorn ska detekteras under körning. Om läckaget förutom att detekteras också kan isoleras, det vill säga särskiljas från andra fel, går reparationen i verkstaden snabbare då man slipper lokalisera läckaget. En snabbare reparation ökar up-time, det vill säga tiden som lastbilen kan användas på åkeriet. I detta exjobb används befintliga metoder för residualgenerering framtagna på Scania för att åstadkomma modelbaserad läckagediagnos. Arbetet tar även fram mätdata för olika givarfel samt för två läckage i motorn. Denna mätdata används för att utvärdera det erhållna diagnossystemets faktiska prestanda. Resultatet, som bygger på residualerna som metoden genererat, visar att läckage går att detektera, och att läckagen går att isolera från fel på tryckgivarsensorer på laddluftssidan och avgassidan. Denna isolering anses vara den svåraste att uppnå av alla sensorfel samt läckage varvid övrig isoleringsprestande verkar lovande. Däremot behövs mer mätdata för att säkert kunna fastställa övrig isoleringsprestanda. Diagnosmetoden lämpar sig troligen för exekvering i realtid ombord på lastbilen.

Compressed air has in the past been considered as a free resource in heavy vehicles.The recent years work to minimize fuel consumption has however made airconsumption an interesting topic for the manufactures to investigate further. Compressed air has many different applications in heavy vehicles. One importantconsumer of compressed air is the brake system, which would not work at allwithout compressed air. The compressed air is produced by a compressor attachedto the engine. A leakage in the system will force the compressor to work longer,which leads to an increased fuel consumption. It is of large interest to have a diagnosis system that can detect leakages, and ifpossible also provide information about where in the system the leakage is present.This information can then be used to repair the leakage at the next service stop. The diagnosis system that is developed in this thesis is based on model baseddiagnosis and uses a recursive least mean square method to estimate the leakagearea. The results from the validation show that the algorithm works well forleakages of the size 1-10 litres/minute. The innovative isolation algorithm givesfull fault isolation for a five circuit system with only three pressure sensors. / Tryckluft i lastbilar har tidigare ansetts vara en fri resurs. Den senaste tidens försökatt minimera bränsleförbrukningen har dock lett fram till att även användandetav tryckluft har börjat ses över. Tryckluft används i dagens lastbilar av flera olika förbrukare. En viktig förbrukareav tryckluft är bromsarna som inte fungerar överhuvudtaget utan tryckluft.Tryckluften produceras av en kompressor som sitter kopplad på förbränningsmotorn.Om det finns ett läckage i tryckluftsystemet leder detta till att kompressornmåste arbeta oftare vilket i sin tur leder till en ökad bränsleförbrukning. Det finns stort intresse av att kunna detektera dessa läckage och om möjligtäven avgöra var i systemet som läckaget finns. Informationen kan sedan användasvid nästa servicetillfälle för att laga läckaget. Diagnossystemet som utvecklats i detta examensarbete bygger på modellbaseraddiagnos och använder en rekursiv implementering av minstakvadratmetodenför att skatta läckagets storlek. Resultat från validering av algoritmen visar attdiagnossystemet fungerar bra för läckage i storleksordningen 1-10 liter/minut. Deninnovativa isoleringsalgoritmen ger full felisolerbarhet för ett system med fem kretsarmen bara tre tryckgivare.

As energy certification programs and mandatory governmental building codes demand better building energy performance, the development of durable, highly insulated wall systems has become a top priority. Wood framed walls are the most common form of residential wall in North America and the materials used are vulnerable to moisture damage. This damage typically occurs first at the wall sheathing in the form of mould, fungal growth and rot. Increased thermal resistance can lead to two potential issues related to moisture durability: 1) increased potential for air leakage condensation at the sheathing and 2) decreased ability of the wall to dry after a wetting event. A natural exposure experimental study was performed at the University of Waterloo’s BEGHUT test facility to evaluate the hygrothermal performance of exterior insulated wall systems utilizing 3 different insulation types. These walls had approximately 2/3 of their total thermal resistance interior to the sheathing and 1/3 exterior to the sheathing. These walls were compared to a standard construction wall and a highly insulated double stud wall system. The test walls were evaluated during as-built conditions and during imposed wetting conditions. Moisture was introduced into the walls in two phases. The air injection wetting phase was designed to evaluate air leakage condensation potential during winter conditions, and the wetting mat wetting phase simulated an exterior rain leak and was used to evaluate the drying potential of the test walls. Hourly temperature, relative humidity and moisture content measurements were taken at multiple locations within each test wall. This data was analyzed to determine the air leakage condensation potential and the drying capability of each test wall. Results showed that the effective thermal resistance of the polyisocyanurate (PIC) insulation was significantly less than its nominal R-value rating under cold and moderate temperature conditions, and slightly higher under hot conditions. The effective thermal resistance of the extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation was slightly less than its rated value under cold and moderate temperature conditions and significantly less under hot conditions. The rockwool (RW) insulation performed slightly above its rated thermal resistance under cold and moderate conditions and slightly less under hot conditions. Results also showed that only the double stud wall was vulnerable to winter-time interstitial condensation during the as-built (air-sealed) condition. This was a result of the hygroscopic nature of the cellulose insulation and a large temperature gradient across the insulation cavity. During the air leakage wetting phase, all of the exterior insulated walls showed a significantly decreased risk of air leakage condensation compared to the Datum and Double stud walls. During and following the wetting mat wetting phase, the PIC and XPS walls showed significantly reduced drying capability, while the RW wall showed a small reduction in drying capacity compared to the Datum and Double stud walls. It was concluded that adding insulation exterior to the wall sheathing can be an effective method to minimize air leakage condensation. The minimum ratio of exterior to interior insulation, however, must be suitable for the local climate and interior humidity conditions. Exterior insulation materials with low vapour permeability can significantly reduce the drying capacity of a wall system, but may be appropriate where exterior solar vapour drive is a concern or sufficient drying to the interior is available. Exterior insulation materials with high vapour permeability facilitate drying to the exterior and dry nearly as well as wall systems with no exterior insulation.

The need for efficient, sustainable, and planned utilization of resources is ever more critical. In the U.S. alone, buildings consume 34.8 Quadrillion (1015) BTU of energy annually at a cost of $1.4 Trillion. Of this energy 58% is utilized for heating and air conditioning. Several building energy analysis tools have been developed to assess energy demands and lifecycle energy costs in buildings. Such analyses are also essential for an efficient HVAC design that overcomes the pitfalls of an under/over-designed system. DOE-2 is among the most widely known full building energy analysis models. It also constitutes the simulation engine of other prominent software such as eQUEST, EnergyPro, PowerDOE. Therefore, it is essential that DOE-2 energy simulations be characterized by high accuracy. Infiltration is an uncontrolled process through which outside air leaks into a building. Studies have estimated infiltration to account for up to 50% of a building’s energy demand. This, considered alongside the annual cost of buildings energy consumption, reveals the costs of air infiltration. It also stresses the need that prominent building energy simulation engines accurately account for its impact. In this research the relative accuracy of current air infiltration calculation methods is evaluated against an intricate Multiphysics Hygrothermal CFD building envelope analysis. The full-scale CFD analysis is based on a meticulous representation of cracking in building envelopes and on real-life conditions. The research found that even the most advanced current infiltration methods, including in DOE-2, are at up to 96.13% relative error versus CFD analysis. An Enhanced Model for Combined Heat and Air Infiltration Simulation was developed. The model resulted in 91.6% improvement in relative accuracy over current models. It reduces error versus CFD analysis to less than 4.5% while requiring less than 1% of the time required for such a complex hygrothermal analysis. The algorithm used in our model was demonstrated to be easy to integrate into DOE-2 and other engines as a standalone method for evaluating infiltration heat loads. This will vastly increase the accuracy of such simulation engines while maintaining their speed and ease of use characteristics that make them very widely used in building design.

This thesis is focused on detecting air leakage in serial production of pneumatic linear actuators. Testing for air leakage is an important part of the production process in which the manufacturer ensures that the product satisfies quality requirements and works correctly. The thesis was created in collaboration with the Czech manufacturing plant of SMC Industrial Automation CZ s.r.o., which produces pneumatic actuators. Goal of the design part of the thesis is to select the most effective method for testing and finding universal principle for testing in specified conditions. The principle is then applied to design a testing device for the CQ2 cylinders. The testing device consists of three parts - pneumatic circuit, control circuit and electric circuit. Thesis conclusion contains comparison of the newly designed testing device with the device currently in use.

The purpose of this work is to contribute to a process formaking buildings with good function and to avoid prematurefaults. The design, construction and installation of low-slopedroofs are important parts of creating a durable building. Mostof the leakages in low-sloped roofs occur where materials withdifferent thermomechanical properties are joined together. Withbetter knowledge about these joints, the expected service lifecould better be estimated. Common roofing materials onlow-sloped roofs are roof membranes. To avoid damages and to minimise energy consumption thedetection of air and water leaks is essential. It can bedifficult to localise a leak in e.g. a roof since water canflow far within the construction. Leakage detection can beapplied both as a quality assurance method after installationof low-sloped roofs and as field inspection methods. Theleakage detection can also be extended to terrace slabs and thewhole building envelope. To investigate the strength of jointsbetween sheet metaland roofing membranes, several small-scale tests and somelarge-scale tests were performed. The test methods weredeveloped to match the loads that can be expected on this kindof joints. A number of water leak-detection methods were evaluatedthrough application on test roofs. Some of the methods todetect leaks on low-sloped roofs can also be used to detect airleakage in other parts of the building envelope. To develop andevaluate air leak-detection procedures, selected methods wereused in two case studies. The circumstances regarding welding of the material jointswere found to have great impact on the strength. The roofshould be designed so no long-term strain will appear since acomparatively low stress may damage the joint over time. The performance of the leak-detection methods depends on theroofing material. All methods tested were an improvementcompared to visual inspections. Different recommendedapproaches for leakage detection and quality control is given.The case studies show that air leakage detection could beperformed with good accuracy. The potential difference methodcould without doubt be a tool for leakage localisation inwaterproofing layers both on roofs and in terrace slabs. <b>Keywords:</b>Roofing, roof membrane, durability,waterproofing, leakage, wind-load, non-destructive testing,NDT, BSL4, BSL3, air leakage, building envelope

<p>The purpose of this work is to contribute to a process formaking buildings with good function and to avoid prematurefaults.</p><p>The design, construction and installation of low-slopedroofs are important parts of creating a durable building. Mostof the leakages in low-sloped roofs occur where materials withdifferent thermomechanical properties are joined together. Withbetter knowledge about these joints, the expected service lifecould better be estimated. Common roofing materials onlow-sloped roofs are roof membranes.</p><p>To avoid damages and to minimise energy consumption thedetection of air and water leaks is essential. It can bedifficult to localise a leak in e.g. a roof since water canflow far within the construction. Leakage detection can beapplied both as a quality assurance method after installationof low-sloped roofs and as field inspection methods. Theleakage detection can also be extended to terrace slabs and thewhole building envelope.</p><p>To investigate the strength of jointsbetween sheet metaland roofing membranes, several small-scale tests and somelarge-scale tests were performed. The test methods weredeveloped to match the loads that can be expected on this kindof joints.</p><p>A number of water leak-detection methods were evaluatedthrough application on test roofs. Some of the methods todetect leaks on low-sloped roofs can also be used to detect airleakage in other parts of the building envelope. To develop andevaluate air leak-detection procedures, selected methods wereused in two case studies.</p><p>The circumstances regarding welding of the material jointswere found to have great impact on the strength. The roofshould be designed so no long-term strain will appear since acomparatively low stress may damage the joint over time.</p><p>The performance of the leak-detection methods depends on theroofing material. All methods tested were an improvementcompared to visual inspections. Different recommendedapproaches for leakage detection and quality control is given.The case studies show that air leakage detection could beperformed with good accuracy. The potential difference methodcould without doubt be a tool for leakage localisation inwaterproofing layers both on roofs and in terrace slabs.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Roofing, roof membrane, durability,waterproofing, leakage, wind-load, non-destructive testing,NDT, BSL4, BSL3, air leakage, building envelope</p>

Mountain biking is a sport where riders bike on trails, varying in slope and difficulty. Mountain bikes are generally equipped with suspension on the front wheel and often also on the rear. Some types of rear shocks use pressurized air for a spring action instead of the traditional metal coil. Air is sealed inside the shock’s air can by means of X-ring seals, providing a spring force on the wheel. It is of great importance that the sealing system performs as intended so the air spring does not quickly lose pressure during use. An experimental plan is conducted in an attempt to estimate the effects of seal dimension, lubrication and surface roughness on air leakage for more robust shocks. Accelerated tests were performed in a dynamometer, believed to repeatedly cause significant wear on the shock’s air seal within 24 hours. Nineteen tests were carried out, for a duration up to 72 hours, with variations to test parameters such as stroke length and frequency. The expected failure modes did not occur in any of them. Eleven tests showed no signs of failure while the other eight failed due to unexpected components breaking or wearing out. The shock’s main seal was found to wear out faster than the air seal, causing leakage within the air spring, between its positive and negative air chambers. This unforeseen failure needs further examination with tests conducted on more shock types. / Mountainbike är en sport där utövare åker på stigar med varierande lutning och svårighet. Terrängcyklar är generellt utrustade med stötdämpare eller fjädrar på framhjulet och ofta också på bakhjulet. Vissa terrängcyklar har stötdämpare bak som använder trycksatt luft för att dämpa istället för att använda traditionella stålfjädrar. Luften är sluten inuti stötdämparen med hjälp av X-rings tätningar, vilket ger en fjäderkraft på hjulet. Det är viktigt att tätningen fungerar så att luftfjädern inte snabbt tappar trycket när den används. En experimentplan skapades i ett försök att uppskatta effekten av tätningsdimension, smörjning och ytjämnhet på luftläckage för mer robusta stötdämpare. Accelererade tester gjordes i en dynamometer, som troddes kunna skapa signifikant slitage på en stötdämpares tätning inom 24 timmar upprepade gånger. 19 test gjordes med en körtid på upp till 72 timmar med variation av testparametrar som slaglängd och frekvens. De förväntade felkällorna uppstod inte i något av testerna. 11 tester visade inga tecken på fel medan 8 tester misslyckades på grund av att oväntade komponenter slets ut eller gick sönder. Stötdämparens huvudtätning visade sig slitas fortare än lufttätningen, vilket resulterade i läckage inuti luftfjädern mellan dess positiva och negativa kammare. Detta oförutsedda fel behöver vidare undersökning med tester på fler olika typer av stötdämpare.

Den beräknad mängd energi en byggnad gör av med på ett år visar huruvida den bidrar till ett hållbart samhälle eller inte. AB Gavlegårdarna arbetar inte enbart med att projektera fram förslag till lösningar för framtidens bostäder utan riktar även in sig på sitt nuvarande bestånd när det kommer till energianvändning i flerbostadshus. Gävle Strand Etapp 1 stod klart 2008 med ett bestånd av tolv byggnader som är gestaltade på fyra olika sätt. Alla med olika förutsättningar där främst brukarnas beteende såsom förbrukad mängd tappvarmvatten och hushållsel varierar kraftigt. Under projekteringsfasen anlitades en konsult för att beräkna den köpta energin som dessa bostäder skulle använda och kom fram till en energianvändning på 92 kWh/m2,år. Gavlegårdarnas egna beräkningar som utgick ifrån de verkliga värden som uppmättes för varje lägenhet visade i september 2009 ett medelvärde för hela beståndet som låg på 114 kWh/m2,år. AB Gavlegårdarna vill gå till botten med de problem och den extra kostnad som Gävle Strand Etapp 1 har gett upphov till genom ökad energianvändning, vilket medför att de vill utföra exakta beräkningar på varje byggnads energianvändning. Problemställningen blev därför följande: Hur mycket påverkar FTX-systemets verkningsgrad den totala energiförbrukningen i ett flerbostadshus om systemet inte fungerar som det är tänkt? Kan ett hus bland olika geometriskt utformade hus i ett bestånd anses vara representativ för beståndet, ur energianvändningssynpunkt? Examensarbetet går ut på att genom ett antal U-värdes– och areaberäkningar, ventilations- och luftotäthetsbedömningar, tappvarmvattenanvändning och energibrukarbeteende hos de boende, komma fram till hur mycket en utvald byggnad använder med avseende på specifik energianvändning, med enheten kWh/m2,år. Till författarens hjälp har ett energisimuleringsprogram använts som heter BV2 2010. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av byggnaderna belägna på Gävle Strand Etapp 1 har en högre energianvändning än vad konsultens grundfall visar. Detta på grund av flera faktorer men de främsta orsakerna till den höga energianvändningen i bostäderna är den dåliga temperaturverkningsgraden i FTX-systemets värmeväxlare och brukarbeteendet med en i vissa fall relativt hög användning av tappvarmvatten. / The estimated amount of energy that a building consumes during one year indicates whether it contributes to a sustainable society or not. The communal company, AB Gavlegårdarna , that rents out apartments, works not only with designing proposals for solutions for the future housing , they also work with improving their stock when it comes to energy consumption. The multi-family buildings of Gävle Strand Phase 1 were completed in 2008 with a population of twelve buildings that are shaped in four ways.   During the planning phase a consultant was hired to calculate the how much energy these buildings would have to purchase and came up with an energy use of 92 kWh/m2,year. Gavlegårdarna’s own calculations are based on the actual values obtained for each apartment and in September 2009 and they showed a mean value for the whole stock, which was 114 kWh/m2,year.   AB Gavlegårdarna want to find a solution to the problem and reduce the extra cost that Gävle Strand Phase 1 has given rise through increased use of energy. They want to perform precise calculations on each building's energy use. The problem can be formulated as follows: How much influence does the malfunction of a heat exchanger in a balanced ventilation system have on the total energy consumption in apartment buildings? Can a house among the various geometrically designed houses of a stock be considered to be representative when calculating the energy use of the stock as a whole? The report deals with a number of U-value and area calculations, ventilation and air leakage assessments, domestic hot water use and energy user behavior of the residents, to work out how much a simulated building uses in terms of specific energy, with unit kWh/m2,year. An building simulation program called BV2 2010was utilized. The results show that the majority of the buildings located in Gävle Strand Phase 1 have higher energy consumption than the consultant's basic case. This is due to several factors but the main causes of the high residential energy use is the low temperature efficiency in the FTX-system heat exchanger, the residents’ behavior and in some cases relatively high usage of hot water.

Les emballages thermiques, fabriqués à partir de matériaux isolants et associés à des matériaux à changement de phase, constituent une solution à la problématique de la conservation de produits thermosensibles tout au long de la chaîne de distribution. Cependant, l'optimisation des configurations représente un défi, compte tenu du nombre de paramètres en jeu, et la voie expérimentale demeure coûteuse en temps et en ressources. C'est pourquoi un modèle numérique simplifié a été développé dans le cadre de cette thèse. La thèse comporte un volet expérimental sur la détermination de la perméabilité des emballages ainsi que l'observation de la répartition des températures au sein d'un modèle d'emballage, et un volet numérique. Le volet expérimental a permis de déterminer les coefficients de perméabilité de deux types d'emballages pour différentes configurations, montrant des différences notables selon le modèle de caisse considéré. Les fuites d'air sont principalement dues à l'ouverture de la porte, d'où l'importance du type de joint utilisé et du système de fermeture. Le corps de la caisse, de par sa méthode de manufacture, présente lui aussi des fuites, rendant impossible l'éventualité d'une caisse totalement imperméable. L'observation des températures au sein d'un emballage met en évidence une certaine stratification des températures intérieures, pouvant être diminuée par la présence d'un volume d'air suffisamment important pour permettre des mouvements de convection. Un test avec simulation d'ensoleillement a permis d'observer l'impact important du flux solaire sur le comportement thermique de la caisse, tout en mettant en évidence l'efficacité des matériaux à changement de phase pour l'absorption des variations de température. Le modèle développé est basé sur une méthode nodale. Le programme a été construit de manière à pouvoir simuler un grand nombre de configuration en faisant varier l'agencement des éléments et leur nature. La simulation d'un certain nombre de ces configurations a permis de déterminer la sensibilité du système à divers paramètres. Ainsi il a été montré que la nature du chargement (caractérisée par les valeurs de conductivité, densité et capacité thermique) constitue un paramètre influent sur le système, et donc la connaissance des produits transportés s'avère indispensable à la définition d'une configuration optimale. De la même manière, la nature des matériaux à changement de phase, et en particulier la température de fusion, a une importance notable sur le comportement du système. En revanche, la température d'introduction des MCP a peu d'influence, du moment que le matériau est introduit dans la bonne phase correspondant à son application. La perméabilité de l'emballage quant à elle montre peu d'incidence sur les résultats à long terme, mais des effets de sursaut de température ponctuels dus à des variations brusques de pression extérieure peuvent être observés localement. / Thermal packaging made from insulating materials and associated with phase change materials are a solution to the problem of preservation of temperature sensitive products throughout the distribution chain. However, optimizing configurations is challenging, given the number of parameters involved, and experimentally remains costly in time and resources. This is why a simplified numerical model was developed as part of this thesis. The thesis includes an experimental part on determining the permeability of packaging as well as observation of the temperature distribution within a packaging model, and a digital component. The experimental component made it possible to determine permeability coefficients of two types of packaging for different configurations, showing significant differences in the packaging considered. Air leaks are primarily due to the opening of the door, hence the importance of the type of seal used and the closure system. The body of the box, due to its manufacturing method, presents leaks, making impossible the possibility of a completely impermeable case. The observation of the temperatures within a package highlights some stratification of internal temperatures, which can be reduced by the presence of a sufficiently large volume of air to allow convection movements. A test with sunlight simulation allowed to observe the impact of the solar flux on the thermal behavior of the fund, while highlighting the effectiveness of phase change materials to absorb temperature changes. The developed model is based on a nodal method, associating with each node a wall thickness, which are solved for the associated heat balance equations. Treatment of the phase change is by a method called "equivalent heat capacity". The program was constructed to be able to simulate a large number of configuration by varying the arrangement of the elements and their nature. Simulating a number of these configurations enabled to determine the sensitivity of the system to various parameters. Thus it has been shown that the nature of the load (characterized by the values ​​of conductivity, density and thermal capacity) is a parameter influencing the system, and therefore knowledge of the transported products is essential to the definition of an optimal configuration . Similarly, the nature of phase change materials, and in particular the melting temperature, has a significant importance on the system behavior. In contrast, the PCM introduction temperature has little influence as long as the material is fed in the proper phase corresponding to its application. The permeability of the packaging shows little impact on long-term results, but occasional startle temperature effects due to the rapid changes in external pressure can be observed locally.