No description available.

The aims of this thesis were to evaluate how Skanska Hus Norr works with energy audits in housing projects and provide improvement suggestions in that area. The evaluation was conducted through interviews with two property management companies in Uppsala. We also interviewed managers and energy engineers at Skanska to review the use of internal resources and evaluated if these resources can be used more efficiently. The results show that Skanska Hus Norr fulfill all the necessary prerequisites to perform thorough energy audits in housing projects. The study also shows that one of the problems is lack of time for project and production managers. The conclusions of the thesis recommend Skanska Hus Norr to schedule follow-up meetings regarding energy and to hire a person who can act as energy coordinator.

The Swedish legislation for energy efficiency in buildings established in 2006 presents maximum limits for annual energy use in new buildings. To fulfill these goals the property developer is required to perform an energy calculation beforehand. The regulations also include an independent follow-up of energy use within two years after commissioning of the building. Significant discrepancies between calculated and actual results appear and need to be reduced. In this case study the energy consumption inoperation has been compared to the energy simulations in VIP Energy from the planning phase for a property consisting of four apartment buildings located in Uppsala, Sweden. The property uses a combination of geothermal heating and district heating. A wide approach to identify possible causes was applied, ranging from review of input parameters in the simulation files to evaluation of impact from deviating operation parameters and residential behavior. Furthermore, the thesis highlights the possible impact of the working process with energy calculations and follow-up of energy use in operation. The process was compared to a Swedish industry standard called Sveby, which defines a work plan for energy management in building projects. In the case study the energy use in operation exceeds the simulated results with approximately 63 % for two of the buildings and 44 % for the remaining two. The property uses more district heating than predicted. Possible causes have been identified, for example poor functioning of the heat pump and excluded heat losses in the simulation, but more detailed onsite measuring is needed to confirm the causes. An industry wide systematic approach to extend the monitoring of energy usage inoperation may reduce the deviations in future projects.

Den beräknad mängd energi en byggnad gör av med på ett år visar huruvida den bidrar till ett hållbart samhälle eller inte. AB Gavlegårdarna arbetar inte enbart med att projektera fram förslag till lösningar för framtidens bostäder utan riktar även in sig på sitt nuvarande bestånd när det kommer till energianvändning i flerbostadshus. Gävle Strand Etapp 1 stod klart 2008 med ett bestånd av tolv byggnader som är gestaltade på fyra olika sätt. Alla med olika förutsättningar där främst brukarnas beteende såsom förbrukad mängd tappvarmvatten och hushållsel varierar kraftigt. Under projekteringsfasen anlitades en konsult för att beräkna den köpta energin som dessa bostäder skulle använda och kom fram till en energianvändning på 92 kWh/m2,år. Gavlegårdarnas egna beräkningar som utgick ifrån de verkliga värden som uppmättes för varje lägenhet visade i september 2009 ett medelvärde för hela beståndet som låg på 114 kWh/m2,år. AB Gavlegårdarna vill gå till botten med de problem och den extra kostnad som Gävle Strand Etapp 1 har gett upphov till genom ökad energianvändning, vilket medför att de vill utföra exakta beräkningar på varje byggnads energianvändning. Problemställningen blev därför följande: Hur mycket påverkar FTX-systemets verkningsgrad den totala energiförbrukningen i ett flerbostadshus om systemet inte fungerar som det är tänkt? Kan ett hus bland olika geometriskt utformade hus i ett bestånd anses vara representativ för beståndet, ur energianvändningssynpunkt? Examensarbetet går ut på att genom ett antal U-värdes– och areaberäkningar, ventilations- och luftotäthetsbedömningar, tappvarmvattenanvändning och energibrukarbeteende hos de boende, komma fram till hur mycket en utvald byggnad använder med avseende på specifik energianvändning, med enheten kWh/m2,år. Till författarens hjälp har ett energisimuleringsprogram använts som heter BV2 2010. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av byggnaderna belägna på Gävle Strand Etapp 1 har en högre energianvändning än vad konsultens grundfall visar. Detta på grund av flera faktorer men de främsta orsakerna till den höga energianvändningen i bostäderna är den dåliga temperaturverkningsgraden i FTX-systemets värmeväxlare och brukarbeteendet med en i vissa fall relativt hög användning av tappvarmvatten. / The estimated amount of energy that a building consumes during one year indicates whether it contributes to a sustainable society or not. The communal company, AB Gavlegårdarna , that rents out apartments, works not only with designing proposals for solutions for the future housing , they also work with improving their stock when it comes to energy consumption. The multi-family buildings of Gävle Strand Phase 1 were completed in 2008 with a population of twelve buildings that are shaped in four ways.   During the planning phase a consultant was hired to calculate the how much energy these buildings would have to purchase and came up with an energy use of 92 kWh/m2,year. Gavlegårdarna’s own calculations are based on the actual values obtained for each apartment and in September 2009 and they showed a mean value for the whole stock, which was 114 kWh/m2,year.   AB Gavlegårdarna want to find a solution to the problem and reduce the extra cost that Gävle Strand Phase 1 has given rise through increased use of energy. They want to perform precise calculations on each building's energy use. The problem can be formulated as follows: How much influence does the malfunction of a heat exchanger in a balanced ventilation system have on the total energy consumption in apartment buildings? Can a house among the various geometrically designed houses of a stock be considered to be representative when calculating the energy use of the stock as a whole? The report deals with a number of U-value and area calculations, ventilation and air leakage assessments, domestic hot water use and energy user behavior of the residents, to work out how much a simulated building uses in terms of specific energy, with unit kWh/m2,year. An building simulation program called BV2 2010was utilized. The results show that the majority of the buildings located in Gävle Strand Phase 1 have higher energy consumption than the consultant's basic case. This is due to several factors but the main causes of the high residential energy use is the low temperature efficiency in the FTX-system heat exchanger, the residents’ behavior and in some cases relatively high usage of hot water.

When an energy simulation is performed for buildings it generates in lower energy consumption than what is later measured. This can often be a problem because of the building regulations which have requirements on the specific energy consumption. What distinguishes the newly built care and nursing accommodation Furugården, the building that the study deals with, is that it is differs from the normal case by having a lower measured energy consumption than what was originally planned. This study aims to find out which parts of the building's technical systems and residents' behavior that contributes to the low energy demand by means of the building energy simulation program BV2, a survey and monitored energy consumption. It can be concluded that the users' behavior has a great impact on the building's low energy consumption. Their behaviors were determined by surveys. It is mainly the low hot tap water usage that contributes to the low energy.

För att uppnå Boverkets och Miljöbyggnads energi- och miljökrav finns ett intresse av att förstå fastigheters energianvändning. Fastighetsföretaget Humlegården har uppfört ett nytt huvudkontor för bankföretaget Swedbank: kv. Cirkusängen i Sundbyberg, Stockholm och Humlegården har ett intresse av långsiktig driftförvaltning och optimering av fastighetens energisystem. Detta examensarbete undersöker den manuella (statiska) och dynamiska energiberäkningen av kv. Cirkusängen med fokus på den dynamiska modellen i energi- och inomhusklimatsimuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE. Syftet med examensarbetet är att definiera kv. Cirkusängens Energisignatur för att senare kunna användas som underlag vid driftförvaltning. En byggnads Energisignatur kan definieras av uppmätt energianvändning och/eller av den dynamiska modellen i IDA ICE och kan användas vid långtidsmätning och energianalys samt för realtidsvisualisering av byggnadens energiprestanda. Genom modifiering av IDA-modellen har parametrars påverkan på energianvändningen analyserats i syfte att optimera och skapa en representativ IDA-modell och därmed en väldefinierad Energisignatur. Målet med detta examensarbete är att ge en god förståelse för hur IDA ICE kan användas för att definiera kv. Cirkusängens Energisignatur.    Detta examensarbete vänder sig främst till engagerade parter inom byggsektorn; driftförvaltare, energiingenjörer, hyresgäster och myndigheter. / To fulfill the building codes of Boverket – The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning and receive the environmental certificate from SGBC – Swedish Green Building Council there is an interest in energy consumption predictions and energy monitoring. The Swedish real estate company Humlegården has constructed a new headquarter for the banking business Swedbank: kv. Cirkusängen in Sundbyberg, Stockholm, Sweden and Humlegården has an interest in long-term energy management and optimization of the property´s energy system. This Master thesis investigates the static and dynamic energy calculations of kv. Cirkusängen focusing on the dynamical model in Indoor Climate and Energy simulation software IDA ICE. The purpose of the thesis is to define the Energy Signature of kv. Cirkusängen to be used as basis for the energy management. A building´s Energy Signature can be defined by measured energy consumption and/or by the dynamical model in IDA ICE and can be used for long-term measurement and energy analysis and real-time visualization of consumed energy. The IDA model of kv. Cirkusängen has been modified to investigate the impact of certain parameters on the energy consumption. The aim has been to optimize and create a representative IDA model and thereby create a well-defined Energy Signature. Furthermore, the aim of the thesis is to give a good understanding of how IDA ICE can be used to define the Energy Signature of kv. Cirkusängen.