Superhydrophobic surfaces are able to entrap gas pockets in-between surface roughness elements when submerged in water. These entrapped gas pockets give these surfaces the potential to reduce drag due to the overlying flow being able to locally slip over the gas pockets, resulting in a mean slip at the surface. This thesis investigates the different effects that slip and the texturing of the surface have on turbulence over superhydrophobic surfaces. It is shown that, after filtering out the texture-induced flow, the background, overlying turbulence experiences the surface as a homogeneous slip boundary condition. For texture sizes, expressed in wall units, up to $L^+ \lesssim 20$ the only effect of the surface texture on the overlying flow is through this surface slip. The direct effect of slip does not modify the dynamics of the overlying turbulence, which remains canonical and smooth-wall-like. In these cases the flow is governed by the difference between two virtual origins, the virtual origin of the mean flow and the virtual origin experienced by the overlying turbulence. Streamwise slip deepens the virtual origin of the mean flow, while spanwise slip acts to deepen the virtual origin perceived by the overlying turbulence. The drag reduction is then proportional to the difference between the two virtual origins, reminiscent of drag reduction using riblets. The validity of slip-length models to represent textured superhydrophobic surfaces can resultantly be extended up to $L^+ \lesssim 20$. However, for $L^+ \gtrsim 25$ a non-linear interaction with the texture-coherent flow alters the dynamics of the background turbulence, with a reduction in coherence of large streamwise lengthscales. This non-linear interaction causes an increase in Reynolds stress up to $y^+ \lesssim 25$, and decreases the obtained drag reduction compared to that predicted from homogeneous slip-length models.

This work presents the mathematical and computational aspects of a smooth dissipative particle dynamics with dynamic virtual particle allocation method (SDPD-DV) for modeling and simulation of mesoscopic fluids in wall-bounded domains. The SDPD-DV method is realized with fluid particles, boundary particles and dynamically allocated virtual particles near solid boundaries. The physical domain in SDPD-DV contains external and internal solid boundaries, periodic inlets and outlets, and the fluid region. The solid boundaries of the domain are represented with boundary particles which have an assigned position, wall velocity, and temperature upon initialization. The fluid domain is discretized with fluid particles placed in a global index. The algorithm for nearest neighbor particle search is based on a combination of the linked-cell and Verlet-list approaches and utilizes large rectangular cells for computational efficiency. The density model of a fluid particle in the proximity of a solid boundary includes the contribution from the virtual particles in its truncated support domain. The thermodynamic properties of a virtual particle are identical to those of the corresponding fluid particle. A periodic boundary particle allocation method is used at periodic inlets and outlets. Models for the conservative and dissipative forces on a fluid particle in the proximity of a solid boundary are presented and include the contributions of the virtual particles in its truncated support domain. The integration of the fluid particle position and momentum equations is accomplished with an implementation of the velocity-Verlet algorithm. The integration is supplemented by a bounce-forward algorithm in cases where the virtual particle force model is not able to prevent particle penetration. The integration of the entropy equation is based on the Runge-Kutta scheme. In isothermal simulations, the pressure of a fluid particle is obtained by an artificial compressibility formulation for liquids and the ideal gas law for compressible fluids. Sampling methods used for particle properties and transport coefficients in SDPD-DV are presented. The self-diffusion coefficient is obtained by an implementation of the generalized Einstein and the Green-Kubo relations. Field properties are obtained by sampling SDPD-DV outputs on a post-processing grid that allows harnessing the particle information on desired spatio-temporal scales. The isothermal (without the entropy equation) SDPD-DV method is verified and validated with simulations in bounded and periodic domains that cover the hydrodynamic and mesoscopic regimes. Verification is achieved with SDPD-DV simulations of transient, Poiseuille, body-force driven flow of liquid water between plates separated. The velocity profiles from the SDPD-DV simulations are in very good agreement with analytical estimates and the field density fluctuation near solid boundaries is shown to be below 5%. Additional verification involves SDPD-DV simulations of transient, planar, Couette liquid water flow. The top plate is moving and separated from the bottom stationary plate. The numerical results are in very good agreement with the analytical solutions. Additional SDPD-DV verification is accomplished with the simulation of a body-force driven, low-Reynolds number flow of water over a cylinder of radius R=0.02m. The SDPD-DV field velocity and pressure are compared with those obtained by FLUENT. An extensive set of SDPD-DV simulations of liquid water and gaseous nitrogen in mesoscopic periodic domains is presented. For the SDPD-DV simulations of liquid water the mass of the fluid particles is varied between 1.24 and 3.3e-7 real molecular masses and their corresponding size is between 1.08 and 323 physical length scales. For SDPD-DV simulations of gaseous nitrogen the mass of the fluid particles is varied between 6.37e3and 6.37e6 real molecular masses and their corresponding size is between 2.2e2 and 2.2e3 physical length scales. The equilibrium states are obtained and show that the particle speeds scale inversely with particle mass (or size) and that the translational temperature is scale-free. The self-diffusion coefficient for liquid water is obtained through the mean-square displacement and the velocity auto-correlation methods for the range of fluid particle masses (or sizes) considered. Various analytical expressions for the self-diffusivity of the SDPD fluid are developed in analogy to the real fluid. The numerical results are in very good agreement with the SDPD-fluid analytical expressions. The numerical self-diffusivity is shown to be scale dependent. For fluid particles approaching asymptotically the mass of the real particle the self-diffusivity is shown to approach the experimental value. The Schmidt numbers obtained from the SDPD-DV simulations are within the range expected for liquid water. The SDPD-DV method (with entropy) is verified and validated with simulations with an extensive set of simulations of gaseous nitrogen in mesoscopic, periodic domains in equilibrium. The simulations of N2(g) are performed in rectangular domains. The self-diffusion coefficient for N2(g) at equilibrium states is obtained through the mean-square displacement for the range of fluid particle masses (or sizes) considered. The numerical self-diffusion is shown to be scale dependent. The simulations show that self-diffusion decreases with increasing mass ratio. For a given mass ratio, increasing the smoothing length, increases the self-diffusion coefficient. The shear viscosity obtained from SDPD-DV is shown to be scale free and in good agreement with the real value. We examine also the effects of timestep in SDPD-DV simulations by examining thermodynamic parameters at equilibrium. These results show that the time step can lead to a significant error depending on the fluid particle mass and smoothing length. Fluctuations in thermodynamic variables obtained from SDPD-DV are compared with analytical estimates. Additional verification involves SDPD-DV simulations of steady planar thermal Couette flow of N2(g). The top plate at temperature T1 =330K is moving at Vxw =30m/s and is separated by 10-4 m from the bottom stationary plate at T2=300K. The SDPD-DV velocity and temperature fields are in excellent agreement with those obtained by FLUENT.

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To quantify primary side aerosol retention, an Eulerian/Lagrangian approach was used to investigate aerosol transport in a compressible, turbulent, adiabatic, internal, wall-bounded flow. The ARTIST experimental project (Phase I) served as the physical model replicated for numerical simulation. Realizable k-ε and standard k-ω turbulence models were selected from the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT, to provide the Eulerian description of the gaseous phase. Flow field simulation results exhibited: a) onset of weak secondary flow accelerated at bend entrance towards the inner wall; b) flow separation zone development on the convex wall that persisted from the point of onset; c) centrifugal force concentrated high velocity flow in the direction of the concave wall; d) formation of vortices throughout the flow domain resulted from rotational (Dean-type) flow; e) weakened secondary flow assisted the formation of twin vortices in the outflow cross section; and f) perturbations induced by the bend influenced flow recovery several pipe diameters upstream of the bend. These observations were consistent with those of previous investigators. The Lagrangian discrete random walk model, with and without turbulent dispersion, simulated the dispersed phase behavior, incorrectly. Accurate deposition predictions in wall-bounded flow require modification of the Eddy Impaction Model (EIM). Thus, to circumvent shortcomings of the EIM, the Lagrangian time scale was changed to a wall function and the root-mean-square (RMS) fluctuating velocities were modified to account for the strong anisotropic nature of flow in the immediate vicinity of the wall (boundary layer). Subsequent computed trajectories suggest a precision that ranges from 0.1% to 0.7%, statistical sampling error. The aerodynamic mass median diameter (AMMD) at the inlet (5.5 μm) was consistent with the ARTIST experimental findings. The geometric standard deviation (GSD) varied depending on the scenario evaluated but ranged from 1.61 to 3.2. At the outlet, the computed AMMD (1.9 μm) had GSD between 1.12 and 2.76. Decontamination factors (DF), computed based on deposition from trajectory calculations, were just over 3.5 for the bend and 4.4 at the outlet. Computed DFs were consistent with expert elicitation cited in NUREG-1150 for aerosol retention in steam generators.

A comprehensive experimental study has been conducted using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) for a wide array of ventilation schemes and mining configurations for the purpose of examining ventilation characteristics in dead end mine headings. Flow behaviors in two basic mining sequences of box and slab cuts for 30 ft and 60 ft deep cuts were studied. The present thesis discusses the effect for various geometric and flow parameters including the variation of inlet flow velocities, entry heights, face zone widths and curtain widths on the flow behavior. The Reynolds number Re considered for this study ranges from 1 105 to 3 106 based on curtain width and exit velocity. The variation of the face zone and the curtain widths considerably affected the flow behavior, resulting in recirculation regions in the face area for critical combinations. Jet spreading angles and virtual origins have been calculated for the different geometries showing that an optimum range of face and curtain widths exists. A detailed discussion employing various scenarios for exhaust ventilation systems has also been made. Full-size measurements and comparison of the experimental data with numerical simulations is presented. Implementation of machine-mounted scrubbers in the blowing system are discussed for different values of the ventilation ratios (Qs/Qin) ranging from 14% to 53%. The scrubber system, typically introduced for dust collection, is also shown to be a useful tool in providing adequate ventilation to the immediate face area.

The complicated turbulence structures in wall-bounded flows require accurate subgrid scale, SGS, modelling and realistic inlet boundary conditions for Large Eddy Simulation, LES. The present study focused on the investigation and development of transport equation SGS models and on the development of inlet conditions generation algorithms specialised for LES of wall-bounded flows. The investigation of SGS models has been carried out in two stages. In the first stage, models based on resolved scales and models based on subgrid scales were tested on a series of channel flow cases. Among the second group of models, there was a new SGS model whose development was based on the concept of dissipation calculated from the energy spectrum. The results indicated the superiority of the models based on subgrid scales, with the new model providing the most accurate flow field in general. (Continues...).

Karhunen-Lo`{e}ve decomposition is a well established tool, in areas such as signal processing, data compression and low-dimensional modeling. In computational fluid mechanics (CFD) too, KL decomposition can be used to achieve reduced storage requirements, or construction of relatively low-dimensional models. These relatively low-dimensional models, can be used to investigate the dynamics of the flow field in a qualitative manner. Employment of these reduced models is beneficial, as the they can be studied with even stringent computing resources. In addition, these models enable the identification and investigation of interactions between flowlets of different nature (the flow field is decomposed into these flowlets). However, one should not forget that, the reduced models do not necessarily capture the entire dynamics of the original flow, especially in the case of turbulent flows. In the presented study, a KL basis is used to construct reduced models of Navier-Stokes equations in the case of wall-bounded turbulent flow, using Galerkin projection. The resulting nonlinear dynamical systems are then used to investigate the dynamics of transition to turbulence in plane Poiseuille flow in a qualitative fashion. The KL basis used, is extracted from a flow filed obtained from a direct numerical simulation of plane Poiseuille flow.

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It has been shown in many studies that turbulent flows are highly dependent on their initial conditions. This thesis explores turbulent flow using direct numerical simulation (DNS) in a variety of situations, and culminates in the development of physically realizable initial conditions. The reaction of isotropic homogeneous turbulent flow to the instantaneous insertion of a wall is investigated using two-point correlations. A model with which to predict the behavior of the two-point correlations is also proposed. The proposed model utilizes a reflection technique that with a linear operation, it accurately predicts the behavior of the non-linear two point correlations. The model works exceedingly well for correlations involving wall-perpendicular velocities, but does not predict correlations involving only wall-parallel velocities as well. A vorticity approach is covered, in an effort to highlight which parts of the correlation decomposition are important to the prediction of the correlations after wall imposition. The vorticity study also helps highlight why the proposed linear model predicts the flow. The impact of the initial conditions on axisymmetric contraction flow of turbulent flow is examined, and as a consequence new initial conditions are developed based off of a physically realizable flow condition. The development of the new-initial conditions and the resulting fields are covered, as well as a study on the value of the turbulent decay exponent associated with decay of isotropic turbulent velocity fields.