The first centuries BC and AD encompassed the first great period of Roman silverware production. Wall-paintings, surviving pieces, and textual references all testify to the importance of silverware, in particular the silver vessels and implements used in the preparation, service, and drinking of wine, during this period. Besides the functional aspects, possession of silverware served also as an indicator of one's wealth and status. In a number of wall-paintings with banqueting or related themes, primarily from Campania but also from Rome, silverware plays a prominent role. The painted vessels are often viewed, by modern scholars, as representative of the kinds of vessels then current in the Roman world, as if the painters were using actual pieces for models. This provides the point of departure for this dissertation, a detailed study of drinking silver in Romano-Campanian wall-painting. Such a study reveals more than just whether or not the painters were closely copying actual vessels; it is, in fact, argued here that such copying was not part of their usual procedure. The paintings also reveal what kinds of vessels were considered relevant in a banqueting context, and at times, how these vessels were used. Other areas onto which the paintings cast light include the working methods in general of the painters, the question of prototypes and their possible contents, and the role of the patron. The paintings studied in this dissertation cannot be divorced from Roman wall-paintings as a whole. The conclusions drawn here, therefore, have relevance for all Roman wall-paintings and, to some degree, for Roman art in general. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis considers the apse murals in the sixteenth-century Augustinian mission church of San Agusti­n de Acolman. These murals feature three horizontal rows of enthroned popes, bishops, cardinals, and friars. I connect these murals to contemporary conflicts between the regular and secular clergy in the New Spanish church, arguing that the Augustinians at Acolman used their apse to hierarchically position themselves within the New Spanish church.The figures in these murals will be identified as an allegory of the Roman Church. Comparisons will be drawn between the murals and the Sistine Chapel, suggesting that Acolman's allegorical image of the Church connoted papal power. I also highlight the position of the friars in the lowest level of the murals. Through a comparison with retablos, I demonstrate that these friars are the foundation of the Church. Finally, I reflect upon the implications of allegorizing the Church as a collection of Augustinians.

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Resume Title: Hellenistic wall painting Author: Danica Dekýšová Department: Institute for classical archeology, Charles University Supervisor: PhDr. Ladislav Stančo, PhD. Supervisor′s email: ladislav.stanco@ff.cuni.cz Abstract: The work focuses on monuments with preserved original Hellenistic paintings. It gives a description of these monuments and a detailed analysis of the extant murals. It also follows motivs used on paintings and it looks for parallels to these themes on older funerary monuments. Marginally the work deals with Roman copies of lost Hellenistic originals. Keywords: wall painting, Hellenistic tombs, Hellenistic grave stelai

Le contexte historique d'implantation du peuple des Bituriges Vivisques sur les pourtours de l'estuaire de la Garonne est relativement tardif, au lendemain de la conquête romaine, et pose de nombreuses questions quant à la réception de la culture romaine au sein d'une cité reconnue pour son identité culturelle forte. L'agglomération antique de Bordeaux, chef-lieu de la cité des Bituriges Vivisques, offre une grande diversité de décors peints fragmentaires entre le Ier siècle et le Ve siècle P.C. L'introduction de cet art et de modes ornementales typiquement italiennes dans la cité interroge alors sur le degré d'adhésion aux modèles romains. L'évolution des connaissances de la peinture murale antique et de la toichographologie permet désormais de répondre à des problématiques stylistiques, techniques et architecturales par le biais d'une approche pluridisciplinaire et de protocoles d'études raisonnés. Entre conservatisme et innovations, les décors de Burdigala traduisent une assimilation précoce du vocabulaire ornemental inspiré des schémas décoratifs italiens avec cependant quelques interprétations aboutissant parfois à des productions originales. Ce travail de synthèse régionale permet ainsi une meilleure connaissance et la classification des décors de la cité, en fonction du style, du cadre chronologique, du contexte architectural et socio-culturel. / The historical context of establishment of Bituriges Vivisques people on the circumferences of the estuary of the Garonne is relatively late, the shortly after the Roman conquest, and raises many questions as for the reception of the Roman culture within a city recognized for its strong cultural identity. The ancient agglomeration of Bordeaux, chief town of Bituriges Vivisques' city, offers a great diversity of fragmentary decorations painted between Ist century and Vth century PC. The introduction of this art and typically Italian decorative modes into city questions then on the degree of adhesion to the Roman models. The evolution of knowledge of the ancient mural and the toichographology makes it possible from now to answer architectural, stylistics and techniques problems by the means of a multi-field approach and protocol studies reasoned. Between conservatism and innovations, the decorations of Burdigala represent an early assimilation of the decorative vocabulary inspired of the Italian decorative diagrams with however some interpretations leading sometimes to original productions. This work of regional synthesis allows a better knowledge thus and the classification of the decorations within Bituriges Vivisques' city, according to the style, of chronological framework, the architectural and sociocultural context.

Il tema del progetto di ricerca è lo studio della pittura romana nell’area della Cisalpina orientale, con particolare riferimento alle problematiche connesse alla definizione dei processi formativi e delle peculiarità delle maestranze. L’ambito geografico considerato è compreso tra Altino e Trieste: all’interno di questo comparto territoriale Aquileia e Altino hanno costituito i due ambiti privilegiati della ricerca, anche per la possibilità di condurre un’indagine rigorosa su tutto il materiale pittorico conservato presso i Musei Archeologici. L’esame autoptico condotto con un approccio metodologico volto a considerare il supporto e la superficie dipinta è stato incrociato con l’analisi delle fonti documentarie inedite, che nel caso di Aquileia hanno rappresentato un imprescindibile strumento per la restituzione dei contesti: sono stati riqualificate nel senso topografico alcune partizioni edite, che assieme a numerose altre inedite vanno a restituire una nuova immagine alle abitazioni scavate nel secolo scorso. Lo studio ha messo in evidenza un panorama ricco dal punto di vista quantitativo che ho offerto significativi spunti di analisi sui caratteri della produzione, soprattutto nell’ottica del riconoscimento delle peculiarità regionali elaborate dalle officine pittoriche operanti sul territorio. / The subject of this research project is the study of Roman wall-painting in eastern Cisalpine Gaul, more specifically dealing with the aspects of the creation and development of the local workshops and their peculiar characteristics. The area taken into consideration is set between Altino and Trieste: within this territory Aquileia and Altino have represented the two privileged research fields, given the possibility to analyse thoroughly all the wall-painting evidence preserved in the Archaeological Museums. Direct examination, conducted with a specific attention to the plaster bearer and the painted surface, has been combined with the analysis of unpublished documentation which, in the case of Aquileia, has represented an indispensable instrument for the reconstruction of the original contexts. In this way it has been possible to re-define topographically some well known examples of wall-paintings which, together with many yet unpublished examples, contribute to give a new image of the private houses excavated during the last century. This research has revealed an outline very rich in respect of the quantities and which has offered interesting starting points for the analysis of the different aspects of the production, specifically aimed to the recognition of local peculiarities developed by the workshops operating in this area.

This dissertation examines the cultural, political, and artistic role of polychrome wall painting from funerary contexts in South Italy during the critical period that spans the crisis of Greek hegemony and the consolidation of Roman power. Numerous painted tombs were built between the late fifth and the early second centuries BCE for local as well as Greek elite groups across Southern Italy. I investigate the ways in which the wall paintings, with their colors, iconographies, and technical features were both the expression of indigenous cultures and local artistic trends, and a part of a wider and more complex phenomenon, that is the diffusion of funerary wall painting in the Mediterranean during the late Classical and Hellenistic period. Why did polychromy become a crucial component in articulating funerary space in South Italy towards the end of the fifth century BCE, and how did this experience develop in the regions of Campania, Lucania, and Apulia, respectively? Ever since the South Italian painted tombs were discovered in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, scholars have interpreted their decoration as ideal representations of the deceased, their funerary ceremony, or their journey to the Underworld. They have focused on the relationship between the images and the individual deceased buried in the tomb or the restricted group of their family/clan. In my study, I seek to restore the polysemic character of the wall paintings. Each chapter analyzes the paintings from a different perspective and with a particular methodological approach, combining archaeological, anthropological, topographic, historical, and artistic evidence. I argue that the tombs with their painted decoration served to build and articulate collective memory, elaborating a message which was supposed to address the local community. I propose that the figural scenes depicted on the tomb walls staged ritual activities and initiation ceremonies which marked the life of the whole community. I also reconsider the artistic development of funerary painting in Southern Italy, showing that this phenomenon did not derive from globalizing trends of "Hellenization" or "Romanization", as has often been suggested, but it was intimately connected to indigenous artistic traditions and local or regional socio-political dynamics. / The Classics

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’emploi des motifs géométriques, végétaux ou empruntés à l’architecture, dans le décor peint des monuments funéraires de Macédoine antique. Il s’agit d’une approche intégrale qui est effectuée à travers la documentation et l’analyse stylistique, technique et physico-chimique des motifs tels qu’ils apparaissent dans un riche corpus de soixante-huit monuments datés de l’époque hellénistique et le début de l’époque romaine. La thèse est organisée en trois parties. La première partie présente la documentation des motifs rencontrés, leur occurrence dans les monuments avec des observations sur le rendu, les combinaisons chromatiques et les pigments employés. Cette partie comprend une étude comparative des motifs dans l’art de l’antiquité en Grèce et ailleurs, et des commentaires sur l’origine et le symbolisme des motifs et leur transposition de la réalité ou de l’architecture dans la peinture.La deuxième partie concerne l’étude archéométrique des matériaux picturaux employés. Des prélèvements ponctuels ont été effectués sur le décor de vingt tombes et analysés au moyen de méthodes photographiques et physico-chimiques, in situ et en laboratoire. La présentation de la méthodologie et les résultats obtenus au cours de cette étude se fait de façon analytique et systématique. La troisième partie présente un catalogue illustré des tombes peintes de Macédoine classé selon leur type architectural, comprenant les données de fouille, la description du décor peint des surfaces pariétales et de l’aménagement intérieur et des informations concernant l’architecture et les matériaux picturaux. Les différents types de motifs ornementaux rencontrés et les types de moulures sur lesquelles ils sont réalisés sont présentés dans un lexique illustré. / The objective of this thesis is the study of the architectural, geometric and vegetal motifs that decorate the funerary monuments of Macedonia. An integral approach has been applied, combining detailed documentation with the stylistic, technical and physicochemical analysis of the motifs, as they appear in a rich corpus of sixty-eight monuments that date in the Hellenistic and early Roman period. The thesis is organised in three parts. The first part provides the documentation of the motifs, their occurrence in the monuments, along with observations on their design, the chromatic combinations and the pigments employed. This part includes a comparative study of the motifs in the art of ancient Greece and elsewhere, as well as commentaries on their origin and symbolism or the transformation from real objects or architectural elements into painted motifs. The second part concerns the archaeometrical study of the painting materials used. Samples from twenty tombs have been collected and analysed by means of photographical and physicochemical methods, both in situ and in the laboratory. The methodology and the results obtained during this study are presented systematically and in detail. The third part consists of an illustrated catalogue of the painted tombs of Macedonia, according to their architectural structure, which comprises the excavation data, the description of the painted decoration on the walls surface and on the funerary pieces of furniture as well as information on the architecture and the painting materials. The different ornamental motifs and types of moulding on which they are painted, are presented in an illustrated glossary of terms.

Mural art and its development in Czech republic This work deals with mural art as street art discipline. It briefly describes the development of muralism into the 20th century. Subsequently, he deals with the development of street art from the arrival of graffiti to the present, with the main emphasis being on mural art. The main part of the text shows this development in the Czech Republic, mentions the leading personalities of the Czech mural art scene and then maps its main centers and presents concrete examples of murals. Keywords Mural art, street art, graffiti, public space, Czech republic, art, Kaláb, Prague

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