No description available.

Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2006. / Title from title page screen (viewed on June 12, 2006). Thesis advisor: G. Kurt Piehler. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--RAND Graduate School, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Researchers have given considerable attention to war crimes across nations. Numerous anthropologists, political scientists, and economists have conducted research on the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka; however, there is scant literature exploring violations of international law as experienced by the minorities (i.e., Tamils) from sociological and criminological perspectives. The purpose of this study is to offer an insight into how masculinity and war crimes by the military and the paramilitary forces affected the Tamils from the Northern and the Eastern provinces in Sri Lanka. I explored victimization experienced by the Tamil Diaspora populations, the construction of victimization avoidance strategies, the social forces that motivated them to leave Sri Lanka, the short and the long-term effects of victimization (i.e., sexual, economic, physical, mental), the process the refugees adopted to assimilate themselves into new space, and the resources available from Sri Lanka and place of new residence to meet their needs. Finally, I explored within gender differences and similarities of victimization as experienced by the refugees. I employed qualitative methods to collect the data, where I gathered a sample of Tamils Diaspora population from Canada and the United States of America by way of snowball sampling via advocates who worked with refugees. I used open-ended questionnaires during the face-to-face interviews. I audio-taped most of the interviews and I manually transcribed them. I took written notes of a couple of the interviews when the participants did not permit audio recording. Finally, I analyzed the collected data and present the findings. This approach informs the scientific community of how people understand and give meanings to their life experiences (Orbuch, 1997; Mishler, 1986). The findings indicate that several types of social forces contributed to how families operated during the war. For instance, the war impacted the quality of available education, the quality of available shelter, and the social and family pressures for expected roles within the community. I specifically looked at victimization experiences, the social forces that motivated them to leave Sri Lanka, the short and long-term effects of war related victimization, the process of assimilation, resources available in Sri Lanka and their new place of residence, and gender differences or similarities of war crime victimization as experienced by the refugees. The research question I explored revealed that many faced financial/economic strain, secondary victimization, sexual abuse, mental/ emotional abuse, and physical abuse. When I explored victimization avoidance strategies, the data revealed that some participants submitted while others’ social bonds allowed them to evade victimization. Next, I explored the coping strategies employed by the participants during and post-civil war. The themes that emerged to explain their coping strategies were medical/counseling assistance, deference to God, and gendered roles. I also explored the social forces that drove the participants out of the country. The data revealed that it was the impact of the internal conflict on various infrastructures that stimulated the participants’ exodus from the country. I also explored the assistance the participants received in Sri Lanka and their new place of residence. The data revealed that many of the participants received most of their help from the paramilitary. All of the participants indicated they received aid from their new place of residence. Finally, I conclude by providing theoretical discussions of the findings, limitations of the study, future recommendations, and implications. This study unveils how the Sri Lankan Tamil refugees experienced and gave meaning to their lived experiences due to the war.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of History, August 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

<p>In the aftermath of World War Two, the International Community has shown a renewed commitment towards the protection of human rights. However, whether during wars or under dictatorial regimes, numerous human rights abuses occurred everywhere in the world, from Latin America to Eastern Europe and from Southern Europe to Africa. Countries which experienced oppressive governance or outrageous atrocities has to address the legacies of their past on the return of democratic rule or peace. In other words, they had to emerge from the darkness of dictatorship or civil war in order to establish a democracy. Today, after 14 years of civil war, Liberia is faced with the challenge of achieving a successful transition where the imperatives of truth, justice and reconciliation need to be met. The purpose of this research paper was to make some recommendations on the way the accountability process in Liberia should be shaped as far as prosecution is concerned.</p>

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-23T13:08:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Júlia Battistuzzi Penachioni.pdf: 1880890 bytes, checksum: ce978eef9cfb8d02702f7c7d748d4701 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T13:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Júlia Battistuzzi Penachioni.pdf: 1880890 bytes, checksum: ce978eef9cfb8d02702f7c7d748d4701 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation seeks to analyze how sexual violence in armed conflicts and in widespread or systematic attacks has become an international crime, and is criminalized especially by the International Criminal Court (ICC), responsible for characterizing it as a crime against humanity and a war crime, in addition to allowing it to be understood as a form of genocide. For a long time, sexual violence has been seen as an inevitable part of war, notion that will change with the new forms of global accountability — such as individual criminal accountability, contemplated by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Courts that contributed to bring sexual violence in armed conflict to prominence, as well as opening important precedents for what would later be understood by the ICC — together with the construction of a solid normative basis, which strengthened the legal foundations that culminated in the formation of the Rome Statute of the ICC / A presente dissertação busca analisar de que maneira a violência sexual em conflitos armados e em ataques generalizados ou sistemáticos tornou-se um crime internacional, sendo criminalizada sobretudo pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI), responsável por caracterizá-la como um crime contra a humanidade e como crime de guerra, além de possibilitar que fosse entendida como uma forma de genocídio. Durante muito tempo a violência sexual foi considerada como uma parte inevitável da guerra, concepção que vai se alterar a partir das novas formas de prestação de contas global — como a responsabilização penal individual, observada no Tribunal Penal Internacional para a antiga Iugoslávia (TPII) e no Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda (TPIR), Cortes que contribuíram para que a violência sexual em conflitos armados fosse colocada em evidência, além de abrir precedentes de grande relevância para o que mais tarde seria entendido pelo TPI — em conjunto com a construção de uma base normativa sólida, que fortificou os fundamentos legais que culminaram na formação do Estatuto de Roma do TPI

<p>In the aftermath of World War Two, the International Community has shown a renewed commitment towards the protection of human rights. However, whether during wars or under dictatorial regimes, numerous human rights abuses occurred everywhere in the world, from Latin America to Eastern Europe and from Southern Europe to Africa. Countries which experienced oppressive governance or outrageous atrocities has to address the legacies of their past on the return of democratic rule or peace. In other words, they had to emerge from the darkness of dictatorship or civil war in order to establish a democracy. Today, after 14 years of civil war, Liberia is faced with the challenge of achieving a successful transition where the imperatives of truth, justice and reconciliation need to be met. The purpose of this research paper was to make some recommendations on the way the accountability process in Liberia should be shaped as far as prosecution is concerned.</p>

Thesis (J.S.M.)--Stanford University, 2009. / Submitted to the Stanford Program in International Legal Studies at the Stanford Law School, Stanford University. "April 2009." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-82). Abstract available online.