The rising impacts of climate change are increasingly disrupting access to water infrastructure in educational and social institutions, jeopardizing the health and livelihoods of vulnerable communities worldwide. Although these impacts are global, they are particularly and disproportionately severe in low-income countries. Schools, being crucial institutions, and children, being among the most vulnerable, are at high risk from the lack of safe access to drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This lack of access exposes children to public health threats, violence, and disrupted education. Ensuring essential WASH services is a priority for reducing vulnerability and achieving the targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the definitions currently used to measure progress for the SDGs do not incorporate a climate lens. This means that not only is access to climate-resilient WASH services lower than current statistics reveal, but also that exposure to climate hazards could jeopardize any advancements made in improving WASH access.   This study aims to identify common bottlenecks hindering sustainable progress in delivering climate-resilient WASH services to schools. It presents a global analysis based on case studies from five continents, bottleneck analysis, and expert interviews. The findings aim to inform policymaking and programming for climate-resilient WASH in schools.  The approach for climate resilience in WASH requires more than just constructing resilient infrastructure and implementing technical solutions. It necessitates the development of holistic systems that incorporate soft adaptation measures, improved planning, public awareness, and institutional arrangements. / De ökande effekterna av klimatförändringar stör alltmer tillgången till vatteninfrastruktur i utbildnings- och sociala institutioner, vilket äventyrar hälsan och försörjningen för utsatta samhällen över hela världen. Även om dessa effekter är globala, är de särskilt allvarliga i låginkomstländer. Skolor, som är viktiga institutioner, och barn, som är bland de mest utsatta, löper hög risk på grund av bristen på säker tillgång till dricksvatten, sanitet och hygien (WASH). Denna brist på tillgång utsätter barn för folkhälsorisker, våld och avbruten utbildning. Att säkerställa grundläggande WASH-tjänster är en prioritet för att minska sårbarheten och uppnå målen för United Nations hållbara utvecklingsmål (UN SDG). De definitioner som för närvarande används för att mäta framsteg mot de globala hållbarhetsmålen (SDG) inkluderar inte en klimatisk synvinkel. Det innebär att tillgången till klimatanpassade WASH-tjänster inte bara är lägre än vad statistiken visar, utan också att exponeringen för klimatrelaterade risker kan äventyra alla framsteg som görs för att förbättra tillgången till WASH-tjänster. Denna studie syftar till att identifiera vanliga flaskhalsar som hindrar hållbara framsteg i att leverera klimatresilienta WASH-tjänster till skolor. Den presenterar en global analys baserad på fallstudier från fem kontinenter, flaskhalsanalys och expertintervjuer. Resultaten syftar till att informera policyutformning och program för klimatresilient WASH i skolor.  Tillvägagångssättet för klimatresiliens i WASH kräver mer än att bara bygga infrastrukturer och implementera tekniska lösningar. Det kräver utvecklingen av holistiska system som inkluderar mjuka anpassningsåtgärder, förbättrad planering, ökad medvetenhet bland allmänheten och institutionella arrangemang.

As part of the new navigation lock for Bonneville Dam a new water source for the Bonneville Fish Hatchery must be supplied. The hatchery is located on the Oregon side of the Columbia River downstream of the dam. It requires large quantities of water free from chemical and biological contamination. In addition, the water has to be in a narrow temperature range. Currently the fish hatchery receives its water from a well field that is located on the alluvial terrace downstream of Bonneville Dam. The well field lies in the proposed approach channel for the new lock and has to be abandoned during construction of the lock. For the continued water supply of the hatchery, a new well field will be developed north of the approach channel. Early in the planning phase for the new lock, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the relocation of the well field and the excavation of the new approach channel on the hatchery. To assess these concerns and to assure a continuous water supply during and after construction, a hydrogeologic investigation was initiated. Within the framework of the investigation this study focuses on the analysis of pumping test data and the development of a three-dimensional ground water flow model for the site. In the first phase of the study, data from eight pumping tests were analyzed. Hydrogeologic properties of the sedimentary units that make up the downstream terrace were determined. The focus was the pre-slide alluvium (PSA) aquifer, the water source for the existing and the future well field. In addition, the nature and location of hydrogeologic boundaries for the ground water system were determined. The results, in conjunction with information from subsurface exploration and laboratory tests, were used to develop a conceptual understanding of the ground water system at the site. The PSA aquifer receives its recharge primarily from leakage through the overlying confining layers over a large area. A direct connection between the Columbia River and the PSA aquifer could not be detected. They appear to be separated by a continuous aquitard layer or by a layer of fine-grained sediments on the river bottom. Based on these findings, in the second phase of the study, the ground water modeling program HST3D (Kipp, 1987) was used to develop a three-dimensional ground water model for the site. The model was calibrated with data from one of the pumping tests. The calibration was then verified with a second set of conditions including pumping from shallow and deep wells. Water levels in the deep PSA aquifer and the shallow unconfined aquifer were successfully matched. A satisfactory match of observed conditions was possible with only slight modifications of the hydrogeologic parameters determined by pumping test analysis and based on the conceptual model developed in the first phase of the study. It appears that a continuous aquitard layer separating the Columbia River and the PSA aquifer, with the aquifer receiving recharge through vertical leakage over a large area, is a valid representation of the aquifer system.

Between October 9, 1991 and October 16, 1991 a fire burned 577 hectares in the Columbia River Gorge near the west end on the Oregon side. All of the area burned consisted of second growth Pseudotsuga menziesii and the accompanying understory. This was the first disturbance of this magnitude in this part of the Columbia River Gorge since 1902. The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of understory recovery in the first two years following the fire. This study also sought to learn: 1) how Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings are recruited into the population, 2) how quickly the litter layer is a reforming, and 3) how quickly snags and downed logs are recruited into the understory. Four 800 square meter circular plots were established within the burned area of the Columbia River Gorge. Two plots were designated sun plots since the fire had killed the overstory. The other two were designated shade sites since the canopy over them was still intact. Twenty five randomly placed sample units (20 x 50 centimeters) were placed in each main plot. The plots were then sampled at approximately onemonth intervals from May through September of 1992 and 1993. The frequency and percentage of cover was recorded for all plant species that occurred in each sample unit. The data from 1992 and 1993 were compared by date of visit and type of plot, either (sun or shade) using the Pearson Goodness-of-Fit Test to examine and compare differences in the extent of cover and distribution of understory species. No significant differences were found. An increase in species richness and relative abundance of understory species was noted between pre-fire data collected by the US Forest Service and what I found. However, statistical analysis was not possible because of the limited data collection in the pre-fire sample.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 266-280).

Natural and anthropogenic processes over the past 150 years have altered the bathymetry of the Lower Columbia River (LCR) and have changed the long wave propagation of tides and floods. Possible causes for the increase in tidal amplitudes (+7% in tidal range in Astoria) are decreases in river discharge, lengthening of the river channel due to the construction of jetties at the mouth, dredging and deepening of the shipping channel, and reduction of the tidal prism due to the filling and diking of tidal wetlands. In this study, changes in the characteristics of long waves are elucidated by developing two hydrodynamic models of the LCR which reflect historical and modern bathymetric conditions and forcing. The historic model simulates late 19th century conditions and is extensively validated using recently recovered tide records along the LCR (e.g., Astoria, 1853-1876) and river stage measurements (e.g., Portland, 1876-1964). Results suggest that water levels in Portland at low river discharge are up to 0.5-1.0m lower than in the past. However, historical water levels during a flood scenario based on the 1880 spring freshet are similar to modern water levels. Since tidal range in the modern scenario is persistently higher at all locations, the flood risk in many locations along the LCR has increased for the same boundary conditions. The results are explained by considering the governing equations of momentum and mass-conservation. At low river flow, greater depth leads to reduced frictional effects, producing amplified tidal range and tidal velocities but a decreased river slope (and lower Portland water levels). At high flow, the modern flood is confined by dikes and the loss of wetlands, which counteracts the effect of decreased friction. Nonetheless, the high friction of the historical wooded floodplain also confined the historical flood path. Hence, historical and modern flood heights are surprisingly similar, though scaling analysis suggests that the historical flood wave was more diffusive.

Glaciers respond to local climate changes making them important indicators of regional climate change. The North Cascades region of Washington is the most glaciated region in the lower-48 states with approximately 25% of all glaciers and 40% of the total ice-covered area. While there are many on-going investigations of specific glaciers, little research has addressed the entire glacier cover of the region. A reference inventory of glaciers was derived from a comparison of two different inventories dating to about 1958. The different inventories agree within 93% of total number of glaciers and 94% of total ice-covered area. To quantify glacier change over the past century aerial photographs, topographic maps, and geologic maps were used. In ~1900 total area was about 533.89 ± 22.77 km2 and by 2009 the area was reduced by -56% ± 3% to 236.20 ± 12.60 km2. Most of that change occurred in the first half of the 20th century, between 1900 and 1958, -245.59 ± 25.97 km2 (-46% ± 5%) was lost, followed by a period of stability/growth in mid-century (-1% ± 3% from 1958-1990) then decline since the 1990s (-9% ± 3% from 1990-2009). The century-scale loss is associated with increasing regional temperatures warming in winter and summer; precipitation shows no trend. On a decadal time scale winter precipitation and winter and summer temperatures are important factors correlated with area loss. Topographically, smaller glaciers at lower elevations with steeper slopes and higher mean insolation exhibited greater loss than higher, gentler more shaded glaciers.

Aeroderivative gas turbines are used all over the world for different applications as Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Oil and Gas, ship propulsion and others. They combine flexibility with high efficiencies, low weight and small footprint, making them attractive where power density is paramount as off shore Oil and Gas or ship propulsion. In Western Europe they are widely used in CHP small and medium applications thanks to their maintainability and efficiency. Reliability, Availability and Performance are key parameters when considering plant operation and maintenance. The accurate diagnose of Performance is fundamental for the plant economics and maintenance planning. There has been a lot of work around units like the LM2500® , a gas generator with an aerodynamically coupled gas turbine, but nothing has been found by the author for the LM6000® . Water wash, both on line or off line, is an important maintenance practice impacting Reliability, Availability and Performance. This Thesis aims to select and apply a suitable diagnostic technique to help establishing the schedule for off line water wash on a specific model of this engine type. After a revision of Diagnostic Methods Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been chosen as diagnostic tool. There was no WebEngine model available of the unit under study so the first step of setting the tool has been creating it. The last step has been testing of ANN as a suitable diagnostic tool. Several have been configured, trained and tested and one has been chosen based on its slightly better response. Finally, conclusions are discussed and recommendations for further work laid out.

Data for the period 2015-04 to 2015-09 was analyzed in order to examine the possible relationship between teat wash failure and the result on milk yield for dairy cows. Data provided by Sveriges Lantrbruksuniversitet over 49 093 specific milking events were used. Two linear mixed-effects models and one basic OLS-model were estimated. In order to perform the analysis a lot of data manipulation also had to be performed. The data analysis was divided into to two parts. First the variable of interest (teatwash) was examined by constructing two versions of the different models; an unrestricted- and a restricted version were teatwash had been excluded. Because of the large sample and linear mixed-effect models an out-of-sample forecasting method was used as the primary evaluation criteria. The prediction errors were evaluated on the basis of root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean squared error (MSE). The difference between the unrestricted- and restricted models was very small and no indication of a relationship between teat wash failure and milk yield was found. The second part involved the comparison of prediction errors between the two mixed-effect models and the OLS-model. Surprisingly, the basic OLS-model resulted in the lowest prediction error although obvious breach of assumptions.

The model of rejuvenation of a near-solidus crystal mush to produce large volumes of crystal-rich magma is tested here by analyzing the mineralogical, chemical, modal, and physical characteristics of the 31.1 Ma super-eruptive (2000 km3) Cottonwood Wash Tuff. It is the oldest in a series of three so-called "monotonous intermediate" ignimbrites from the Indian Peak-Caliente volcanic field in southern Utah and Nevada. A crystal-rich (~50% Pl > Qz ≈ Hbl ≈ Bt > Mag ≈ Ilm > Cpx + Zrn + Ap+ Po) dacite (62 - 69 wt% SiO2), the Cottonwood Wash Tuff is similar in age, volume, mineralogy, crystallinity, and elemental composition to the 28.0 Ma, ~5000 km3 Fish Canyon Tuff (~45% Pl + Kfs + Qz + Hbl + Bt + Ttn + Mag + Ilm + Ap + Zrn + Po, 66 - 68 wt% SiO2), used as the basis of the rejuvenation model, which suggests that magma chambers remain in a near-solidus state until a late heating event melts the magma enough to allow eruption. The Cottonwood Wash magma chamber was compositionally varied, as shown by the composition of mineral and juvenile clast compositions. Most of the whole-rock compositional variations are likely due to the variation of mineral proportions induced by shear in the magma chamber. A volumetrically minor component with evolved mineral compositionss, is represented by "evolved" juvenile clasts. Mineral compositions and experimental phase relationships show the pre-eruption magma crystallized at 800°C, 2.3 kb under water-undersaturated but oxidized conditions (delta QFM = 2.1). The majority of plagioclase and amphibole grains exhibit small-scale oscillatory zonation; where systematic compositional zonation exists, normal and reverse zonation are equally present. Cathodoluminescence of quartz reveals typically normally zoned phenocrysts with late resorption, considered to be the result of eruptive decompression. Many of the characteristics used to identify the warming of a near-solidus mush for the Fish Canyon Tuff are not present in the Cottonwood Wash Tuff [i.e., reversely zoned hornblende or plagioclase, partially remelted mineral aggregates, evidence of fluid saturation, resorption textures not related to decompression, rapakivi mantles, and hybrid andesite inclusions]. The Cottonwood Wash Tuff magma system did not undergo rejuvenation from a near-solidus state. Instead, the magma was apparently cooling and crystallizing just prior to eruption.

The goal of this Project was to monitor and measure ongoing changes in the geomorphology of one reach of The Desert Knolls Wash (DKW), an unstable ephemeral stream channel in Apple Valley, California. The DKW flows into the Mojave River just upstream of the Upper Mojave Narrows, a historic site that has been the focus of recorded human activity in the region since 1776. Two surveyed cross-sections were established for three periods of time between November 2012 and November 2014 which were to be re-measured after significant flows. However, owing to the persistent drought in the location, there were no significant changes observed. Aerial photos from 1938 to 2005 and historic photos from 1919 covering the DKW were studied to note the increase in urban density. The project has established baseline field measurements to document the magnitude and timing of the ongoing channel changes as well as predict what will happen over the next two decades if measures are not taken to stabilize the channel permanently.