The coastal zone consists of a narrow resource complex occurring at the interface between the sea and land. It not only serves as a transition zone between the marine and terrestrial environments but is also a unique environment possessing qualities which emerge from the dynamic relationship between land and sea. Man has, throughout history, found the resources of this area to be highly desirable for a multiplicity of uses. Now, however, segments of society are expressing considerable dissatisfaction with the way coastal resources have been allocated and abused over the past decades. The unrestrained exploitation of coastal resources has resulted in serious degradation and single purpose co-optation of resources resulting in the denial of benefits from many coastal resources to different groups in society. Such conditions indicate the need to establish coastal zone management institutions which can respond to these problems by producing a mixture of goods relevant to the needs and desires of today's society while preventing future generations from being despoiled of the use of coastal resources. In order to design effective management institutions and policies which can fulfill this need, a careful and systematic analysis of coastal resources' inherent capabilities and limitations must be accomplished. This study postulates that, through the use of a methodology which integrates the evaluation of coastal resources and resource use capability with an evaluation of user resource requirements in an ecological framework, opportunities can be identified for allocated resources to various users in a way that will reduce the degradation of resources and use conflicts. To conduct this study it was necessary to develop a system for classifying and evaluating coastal resources for different uses. The literature regarding coastal resource systems was examined to provide a basis for designing a classification scheme. Additionally, three current resource evaluation techniques were studied for procedures relevant to evaluating coastal resources for a variety of uses. The evaluation procedure used in the study represents a synthesis of parts of these techniques. The technique was applied in a case study to provide a foundation for evaluating its applicability to planning the use of coastal resources. The coast of Whatcom County, Washington, was selected as the case study area. The results of the study were evaluated in a scenario comparing the existing resources-use situation and the county comprehensive plan in the study area to the alternative patterns of resource use revealed by the capability analysis. The classification and evaluation of the coast of Whatcom. County demonstrated that the inherent capabilities and distribution of coastal resources provides an opportunity to design alternative patterns of use allocations. Analysis of user environmental impacts indicated that these patterns could be selected for their utility in reducing user conflicts and the degradation of coastal resources. In addition, the classification and evaluation of the Whatcom County coast illustrated that the technique could be useful for identifying and defining the nature of prospective resource use problems that will affect the design of coastal management institutions. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Heavy rainfall on the evening of January 9 and morning of January 10, 1983 triggered debris avalanches and debris torrents at Smith Creek, western Whatcom County, Washington, USA. Nine debris avalanches are back analyzed in detail. Conclusions are drawn concerning, 1) climatic controls on debris avalanches and debris torrents; 2) debris avalanche characteristics; 3) hillslope hydrology; 4) slope stability. Rainfall data show that the January 9-10, 1983 storm had a 71-year recurrence interval in the 12-hour duration, with less than 6-year recurrence intervals in 1, 2, and 3-hour durations. In contrast, rainfall during a torrent event on January 29-30, 1971 had recurrence intervals of less than 2 years in all durations, but snowmelt was a contributing factor. The types of debris torrents produced by these contrasting storms are discussed. Four distinct failure geometries are defined, based on avalanche descriptions: 1) wedges; 2) drainage depressions; 3) logging roads; 4) discontinuity surfaces. Three scour zones are also distinguished, based on slope segment types observed. To model storm water table levels a one-dimensional, vertical, transient, saturated-unsaturated finite difference infiltration program is linked to a kinematic wave equation. Rainfall duration and intensity, initial conditions, soil hydraulic conductivity, and soil depth are factors controlling vertical soil discharge rates. January, 1983 discharges are clearly distinguishable from comparison storm discharges at all avalanches. Kinematic wave results help differentiate Coulomb shear and washout type failures, and provide pore pressures for stability analyses. The modified Mohr-Coulomb strength equation is used to outline factors controlling debris avalanche initiation. The factors are: 1) slope angle; 2) soil depth; 3) soil density; 4) vegetative cover; 5) bedrock surface characteristics; 6) snow. These factors are quantitatively assessed. Infinite slope analyses show limiting slope angles of 29.7° for Group I vegetation, and 24.6° for Group III vegetation. Vegetative cover and soil depth are the two controlling factors that change significantly over the short term. A root cohesion parameter, Cr, is used to assess the shear strength provided by vegetation. Four vegetative covers are distinguished, three of which were logged between 1918 and 1950: Group I - relatively weak understory vegetation (Cr range: 1.6 -2.0 kPa); Group II - understory plus stunted trees (Cr range: 2.3 - 2.6 kPa); Group III - understory plus mixed, regenerating forest (Cr range: 2.6 - 3.0 kPa); Group IV - old-growth forest of higher root strength. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to compare the sandstone composition and trace element geochemistry between samples representing the Summit Creek sandstone, Naches, Chumstick, and Carbonado Formations in order to determine if these sediments were all derived from the same provenance, and to determine the composition of the source rocks in hopes to identify the present day location of the source areas.

The southwestern part of the Kachess Lake quadrangle lies between Lakes Cle Elum and Kachess, on the east flank of the central Cascade Range of Washington. The region lies between the North and South Cascade petrologic provinces, and includes rocks typical of each. Pre-Tertiary Easton Schist (called the Shuksan Suite farther north), and the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene Swauk Formation occur widely in the North Cascades, while the Tertiary Silver Pass Volcanics and Teanaway Basalt are typical of South Cascade volcanic sequences. Diabasic dikes of the Teanaway dike swarm occur throughout the vicinity. The area is bounded on the west by a major fault, the Kachess, and bot.h folding and faulting have occurred in the area proper. Folding is represented by southeast plunging Thorp Mountain anticline; to the north, and Domerie Creek syncline to the south. Several faults have been recognized, the most important being northwest-southeast trending Thomas Mountain fault, which diagonally bisects t.he folds and complicates stratigraphic relationships. The region has been geologically active during most of its history. Eugeosynclinal rocks were metamorphosed to blueschists and greenschists during a late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic orogeny, and folding, faulting, and unconformable relationships involving Tertiary strata indicate continued diastrophism during the Cenozoic.

Social scientists examining the police role have typically assumed that the individual police officer or department is relatively free to implement social policy as he/she or it sees fit. This assumption is reflected in many police studies which stress the importance of police chiefs, police discretion, and police personalities as being the decisive factors in police behavior. A more tenable approach to studying the police would be to examine police behavior in terms of the place of the police in class conflict. This approach would focus mainly on how conditions outside of police organizations have shaped police response. To date there have been few attempts to systematically collect and analyze data on the police role in any kind 0f class conflict. A potentially rich area of study involves the police response to the pitched battles fought between labor radicals and the dominant political and economic interests. Two key empirical issues in this area are: 1) What do the police do in times of worker rebellion and revolution? and 2) Why do they act the way that they do? These type of queries have rarely been subjected to critical examination. Such a task was undertaken in this dissertation. More specifically, this dissertation was an exploratory study of the response of the urban police to labor radicalism. The purposes of the inquiry were to develop a conceptual framework that allowed for a more precise examination of police response than is currently feasible and to apply the framework in a comparative analysis of the responses of the city police in Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington to radical labor unrest during the period of 1912-1920. An exploratory approach was necessary because the theoretical work pertaining to police response is not sufficiently developed yet to generate rigorous hypotheses for testing. Additionally, the literature on this subject is limited and widely spread about in articles and books in the fields of labor history, policy history, urban history, criminology and criminal justice; these studies have yet to be combined into a single conceptual scheme. Hence, it was imperative to first systematize the knowledge of the area and to formulate "working" propositions; this made it possible to then conduct a more definitive investigation of the cases of the Portland and Seattle police. The product of this approach is a dissertation in three main parts. In part one, a theoretical frarrework is explicated for the analysis of the police response to labor radicalism. The second part consists of an empirical study of the response of the Seattle and Portland police to the protest and unrest of labor radicals in 1912-1920. Finally, in the concluding section, the theoretical concepts and propositions in the first part of the dissertation are checked in terms of their applicability to the empirical data in the second part.

A first-person narrative adult novel explores the theme of abandonment with its residual and enduring effects, and its antithetical theme of loyalty that is continually tested and measured. The protagonist, editor of the local newspaper in a small, isolated agricultural community in the mid-1960s, provides the narrative nexus of two families. His is a community which is a mix of characters that are quirky by virtue of their natures or the remote circumstances of their existence. Both families in focus have treasure troves of secrets. Only after the appearance of a mysterious young woman and her subsequent murder do the tightly bound secrets of the families and the larger community begin to unravel. The narrator reveals his personal story as it relates to how he reacts and responds to the events at hand. Adding to his personal experience in the community, the narrator offers texture and enhancement to the story through archived newspaper articles and his interpretation of short silent movie reels chronicling the town's history from its earliest days until the end of World War II. Characters from within and without the community assume disguises to maintain their lifestyle or achieve a nefarious purpose while other characters hide behind the falsehoods of their comfortable, everyday lives. The one honest character becomes a victim of his own purity, despite attempts of the narrator to intervene. Not until forty years after the events that changed so many lives is it safe for the truth to bubble to the surface.

Mapping and stratigraphic investigations of back barrier, open-coastal plain sites have been used to establish minimum inundation distances and wave heights of tsunami produced by great subduction zone earthquakes in the central Cascadia margin. Cascadia tsunami deposits have been reported for many coseismic subsidence events in bay marsh settings where tidal-channel features focus tsunami energy. Variable magnitude (8.5±0.5 Mw), frequency (500±300 yr recurrence), and rupture geometry produce widely varying computer model outcomes for Casdcadia tsunami inundation. The results presented in this thesis provide specific quantitative data regarding tsunami inundation at the open coast. Anomalous sand sheets that have been characterized consist of well-sorted beach sand that fine up-section. The thickness of the deposits vary from 45 em to 0.2 em, and thin in the landward direction. Many of the sand layers include detrital caps. One to three detritus and mud lamina are intra-layered in the deposits. Marine diatoms and bromine, a marine tracer, increase in concentration at each of the sand layers.

This was an investigation of organizational response to retrenchment in higher education. The presidents and deans of Washington State's 32 community and technical colleges were surveyed to measure the severity of, as well as the strategic and economic approaches taken to the retrenchment. It was found that although there was a statistically significant association of .69 (p > .05) between colleges that viewed retrenchment as a serious threat and the pursuit of revenue enhancing options, there was also a statistically significant association of 87 (p > .05) between the use of strategic retrenchment plans and a decremental approach. These findings support those in the literature which hold that the political context in which retrenchment ls carried out precludes implementation of strategies that are 1n the best long-term interests of the college. This investigation concludes that development of techniques for protection of administrators from retaliation by the college community during retrenchment episodes may be the most effective way to enhance college response. / Ed. D.

With rising concentrations of CO₂ in the Earth's atmosphere causing concern about climate change, many solutions are being presented to decrease emissions. One of the proposed solutions is to sequester excess CO₂ in geological formations such as basalt. The deep subsurface is known to harbor much of the microbial biomass on earth and questions abound as to how this deep life is going to respond to the injection of CO₂. Many studies have used model microorganisms to demonstrate the ability of microbes to aid in the safe, permanent sequestration of CO₂ in the subsurface. The objective of this research is to characterize the microbial community present in the basalts at the Wallula pilot carbon sequestration well prior to the injection of CO₂ and then perform laboratory studies to determine how the native microbial community will respond to carbon sequestration conditions. Six samples were collected from the Wallula pilot well prior to the injection of CO₂ into the system. The microorganisms in these samples were characterized by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, revealing a community dominated by the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The organisms detected were related to microbes known to metabolize hydrogen, sulfur, and single carbon compounds. These microorganisms may be stimulated in formations located at the fringe of the pool of injected CO₂. Laboratory studies revealed that the native microbial community suffered a two order of magnitude loss of population upon exposure to CO₂ under carbon sequestration conditions. The community also shifted from being dominated by Proteobacteria prior to CO₂ exposure to being dominated by Firmicutes after exposure. Specifically, the genus Alkaliphilus, which was previously undetected, appeared after CO₂ exposure and became dominant. The dominance of Alkaliphilus, along with other rare organisms which did not compose a majority of the population prior to the introduction of CO₂ to the system, indicates that members of the rare biosphere may be better adapted to changing environmental conditions specific to CO₂ sequestration than other indigenous cells. Thus, the rare biosphere should be examined closely as part of any environmental study, as these minority microorganisms may be the first indication of perturbation or impact. / Graduation date: 2013