This thesis applies three-dimensional (3-D) non-linear seismic tomography to image crustal/upper mantle structure of S.W. British Columbia and N.W. Washington. Two tomographic inversions are carried out including high-resolution imaging of upper crustal structure using controlled source data, and deeper imaging by simultaneous inversion of controlled source and earthquake data. Non-linear first arrival travel-time tomography is applied to controlled source data from the Seismic Hazards Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS) experiment conducted in 1998. Nearly 175,000 first arrival travel-times are inverted to obtain a minimum structure upper crustal velocity model to a depth of 12 km with a cubical cell size of 1 km. Results from checker-board tests for this velocity model indicate a lateral resolution of 20 km and above. The main geological and structural features in the study area are well defined by this velocity model. The structural outline of the sedimentary basins in the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca are distinctly mapped. The Crescent Terrane is mapped beneath southern Vancouver Island with velocities up to 7 km/s that correlate well with the presence of gabbro in the subsurface. The northwest-southeast structural trend observed in the Strait of Georgia correlates with the observed seismicity. Shallow seismicity observed at the southern tip of Vancouver Island correlates with the location of the Leech River Fault. An earthquake tomography algorithm was developed for joint estimation of hypocentral and velocity parameters, and tested on a synthetic data set. Using this algorithm, tomographic inversion was performed simultaneously on earthquake and controlled source data from southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington. Approximately 15,000 first arrivals from 1,400 earthquakes and 40,000 first arrivals from the SHIPS experiment were simultaneously inverted for hypocentral parameters and velocity structure. Model resolution studies indicate a lateral resolution of 30 km and above. Upper-crustal earthquakes close to southern Vancouver Island correlate with the velocity contrasts associated with the Leech River, Southern Whidbey Island, and Darrington-Devils Mountain faults. Three mafic to ultramafic high velocity units are identified at approximately 25 km depth beneath the Crescent Terrane and above the subducting Juan de Fuca crust. The continental crust and subducting Juan de Fuca crust and mantle are well mapped. The transition zone to continental mantle occurs at 35 km depth beneath the eastern Strait of Georgia. The slab seismicity beneath the Strait of Georgia at depths >65 km lies below a low velocity zone mapped in the mantle wedge at depths of about 45–55 km. This low velocity zone may be indicative of the presence of fluids released during the phase change from basalt/gabbro to eclogite in the subducting slab. / Graduate

This paper analyzes the impact of the 2012 legalization of recreational marijuana in Washington State on opioid abuse. Using synthetic control methodology, this paper finds that the legislation prevented 638 overdose deaths and lead to over 3,600 individuals seeking treatment for opioid abuse disorders. Due to the large health, social, and economic impacts of the opioid epidemic, further research should be conducted into ways to reduce the number of opioid prescriptions, the number of opioid overdoses, and opioid abuse generally.

This thesis compares the evolution of the policies and programmes for bicycle planning which have developed in Vancouver, B.C., and Seattle, Washington since 1970. The bicycle policies of the two City governments are reviewed, as are the outcomes of these policies in terms of programme activities. The activities of other organisations, both voluntary and governmental, are also considered in the broad review of bicycle-related activities in the two cities. The bicycle policies and programmes of both are compared to models developed from the literature. The reasons for the differing development of bicycle policies and programmes in the two cities are examined from an historical perspective. It is concluded that the development and implementation of a bicycle policy faces similar problems to that of any other policy that is at the margin of political acceptability. It is argued that bicycle policies will be implemented much more readily if there is an active well-organised cyclists' lobby; if there is a bicycle coordinator employed by the municipality; and if cyclists can link their cause to one with broader political support (in this case, open space). / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to propose a methodology for the estimation of demand for services and facilities for marine recreation. An attempt is then made to provide a methodological translation of these demands into, physical facilities for marine recreation in the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands, study area. Each of the major components of the proposed methodology is discussed in a chapter and applied to the study area. Chapter I introduces the scope and purpose of the study and hypothesizes that a comprehensive method is needed for planning for marine recreation development. The methodology should have both descriptive and prescriptive components if it is to, be successful. Chapter II studies methods of projecting the growth of the boat population, of a region. This, component has been refined to a high level of sophistication by previous studies. Human population growth, changes in income levels, and human population density are the parameters most useful for the projection of boating growth. Data obtained from a Federal Department of Public Works study on boating in the Georgia. Strait are reworked using, the method of a study done by .the State of Washington for Puget Sound in order to obtain consistent data for the international study area. Chapter III looks at how the number of trips taken in a region can be broken down into trips to and from an area within the region, and concludes that, at this time, the origin destination type of study is the most satisfactory method. Projection, of the distribution, of trips is based on the assumption that the number and type of trips taken by one boater will remain constant. Thus, the number of trips taken to an area can be projected by expanding the present trip distribution by a factor equal to, the projected growth of the boat population. For the thesis, trip, distribution data was obtained from a survey made of boat awning yacht club members. Chapter IV studies the demand for a range of facilities used by boaters. This is done in terms of the uses made of a facility on a type of trip by a type of boat; sail, inboard, or outboard. It is concluded that, except for certain specific facilities such as launching ramps for outboards, the use of a facility does not vary greatly between different types of boats. The thesis has carried this section of the methodology further than other studies have done by quantifying demands for a wide range of facilities associated with marine recreation. Previous attempts have only been concerned with primary boating facilities such as moorage and launching ramps. A final section takes the demands in terms of uses per trip and converts them into demands for space. Chapter V states the need for a prescriptive component in the methodology. This enables the planner to make decisions in respect to what amount of services should be provided. Data limitations precluded the application of this component to the study area. A number of locational constraints were stated which should, be recognized in the planning of future facilities. Based on these constraints, possible areas for different types of development were mapped. In Chapter VI it is concluded that the use of a descriptive methodology for the examination and determination of demand for different facilities for marine recreation is feasible and desirable. A prescriptive component is needed for the planning methodology. This component will require a statement of regional goals and extensive site and ecological, evaluation before it can be used for planning. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Amusement space embodies hegemonic and Utopian dialogue concerning urban conditions. Throughout the twentieth century, two rival urban visions have reigned: the Coney Island model, a chancy, participatory theatre where patrons can confront head-on current conditions; and the Disney model, a carefully planned setting where guests are made to feel comfortable and secure. The current ascendancy of the Disney model, evident in urban and suburban landscapes increasingly shaped in the Disney image, has attracted the attention -- and alarm --of critics who interpret this trend as urban planning with a 'sinister twist.' A case study of Disney's involvement with Seattle Center, originally the site of the 1962 World's Fair and now Seattle's premier urban park, demonstrates, however, that people actively challenge, negotiate, and reform the Disney model to meet their needs by infusing the space with traces of the rival Coney model. The suggestions Disney made for renovation of Seattle Center sparked a city-wide debate that centred on the roles of local participation, cultural sensitivity, and aesthetic design in urban space; Disney was found lacking on all accounts and eventually rejected entirely. Seattle's experience with Disney demonstrates that amusement space offers a rich terrain upon which people can dream about, and implement, urban change. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Armistice Day 1919 was enthusiastically celebrated in Centralia, Washington. The Principle event of the day’s activities was a parade organized under the leadership of the newly formed American Legion. But the parade was to be more than the simple affirmation of the victory in France, it was to be a reaffirmation of the patriotism of the newly returned sailors and soldiers and their home-town supporters. Centralia was a troubled city in 1919. Organized labor of the most militant and extreme sort was challenging the oligopoly of the lumber trust. The Industrial Workers of the World had been successful in their strike of 1917 and had worked significant and widespread changes in the wage and work conditions then effective in the lumber camps of the pacific northwest. These “Wobblies” had established an office in Centralia which was a principle transit site for both the lumber camps working in the Cowlitz River foothills and the incredibly rich Grays’ Harbor district. Loggers bound in and out of this location had to stop over in Centralia where they were proselytized by the firey orators of the IWW. The Becker Committee affidavits give us a useful and unique resource for attempting to present the tragic events of November 11, 1919 in Centralia, Washington.

During the past several years, service delivery for mental health in Clark County has changed dramatically. The increase in funding from the federal government in the 1960's, the trend toward de-institutionalization, the emphasis on local control and administration, the proliferation of service agencies and types of programs, and the increase in demand for mental health services, has created the complex, multi-dimensional, multi-funded "system" called the mental health system. This increased complexity in the service delivery system has resulted in confusion among decision makers, consumers, providers of service, and the community at large. This confusion has manifested itself in a call for accountability. For local agencies receiving federal funds, accountability has been primarily an audit function. With respect to private agencies receiving private donations, accountability has been limited to budget presentations and rudimentary data collection, i.e., numbers served, client/staff ratios, program utilization by clients and the like. In general, no systematic, continous effort has been made to develop a full range of program evaluation accessible to decision makers, consumers, providers of service, and the community at large. In addition to the influence on the mental health system due to the increasing demands for accountability, elected officials are often becoming administrators of mental health funds. This increase in the span of control of elected officials has created greater visibility for their positions, thus bringing pressure from consumers as well as the community at large, to the mental health system. Recognizing the above trends in mental health care, the Clark County Commissioners contracted with the Health and Welfare Planning Council (HWPC) to investigate and provide information describing the nature of the mental health service delivery system in Clark County, and to report this information to the Commissioners and the community at large. In addition, the study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of that system in the delivery of service.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between collective bargaining for public school principals and principals' perceptions of their working conditions. Specifically, this study examined the perceptions of working conditions for a sample of principals who had statutory authority to bargain collectively (Washington) and a sample of principals who did not have such authority (Oregon). This type of study can make a contribution to the knowledge base for educational leadership, administrative behavior and governance dynamics within educational organizations. Methodologically, this descriptive study utilized a survey research design. Survey research permits data gathering from a relatively large number of cases at a particular point in time. This research strategy focuses primarily upon the generalized characteristics of a population rather than individual characteristics. The population for this study were principals in Oregon (908) and Washington (1102). The instrumentation for data collection was The School Principal's Working Conditions Questionnaire which was mailed to a sample of one hundred principals in Oregon and one hundred in Washington. The return rate for Oregon was sixty seven (67) percent and eighty (80) percent for Washington. Seventy-three and one half (73.5) percent of the principals responded to the questionnaire. Nine sub-scales were used to measure determinants of principal's working conditions: 1) salary, 2) existence of formal written contracts, 3) autonomy, 4) power and authority, 5) job security, 6) fringe benefits, 7) role definition, 8) communications with superintendents, and school boards, and 9) involvement in decision making. The data analysis compared responses of two principals groups; an analysis of variance was used to identify significant differences between the two groups means. A major conclusion of the study was that there was no significant difference in perceptions of working conditions for the two groups of principals. Of the nine determinants of principals' working conditions, only autonomy was found to be significantly more positive for non-bargaining principals. Non-bargaining principals (Oregon) perceived that they have greater autonomy in their management roles than do the bargaining principals. An explanation for this finding may be that Oregon Principals, although they have no impact on district collective bargaining processes, have a considerable amount of discretion in managing their schools and they have an impact upon teaching behavior and student learning outcomes. A secondary data analysis compared the level of bargaining - formal, informal, and unilateral decision making to nine determinants of principal's working conditions. This analysis found salary (.001), involvement in decision making (.03), job security (.013), and fringe benefits (.016) to be statistically significant. The group of principals who indicated they formally bargain had a significantly higher mean score than the informal collective bargaining or unilateral decision making groups. This finding suggests there may be a positive relationship between adequacy of salary, formal collective bargaining, and higher levels of job satisfaction. With regard to involvement in decision making, job security and fringe benefits, the informal bargaining principals' group had a significantly higher mean score than the formal bargaining and unilateral decision making groups. The informal bargaining group perceived that they were involved in decision making processes more often or to a greater extent than principals in the formal and unilateral decision making groups. These decisions include policies and procedures which effect job security and fringe benefits. Consequently the higher scores for principals in the informal decision making group may be reflective of their participation in an inter-active "administrative team" model. This study's findings have implications for legislative bodies who are developing and/or amending collective bargaining statutes. In addition, the study's findings can inform local policy makers as they develop policies and practices for involvement of principals in matters which relate to working conditions. School district officials who have the responsibility for policy implementation can benefit from the knowledge that formalized collective bargaining (with the exception of possible salary issues) may not be as important as establishing structures and processes for including principals in decision making. In summary, the major finding that there is no significant difference in perceptions of working conditions for the non-bargaining and bargaining principal groups, has powerful implications for the collective bargaining movement and for principals in the Northwest.

Oregon and Washington state administrative agencies’ impacts on economic development within the winery industry are examined. Policy cluster development appears to impact economic development programs differently in each state. The wine industry has flourished in both states since 1970, yet Oregon with 60% of Washington's population supports 10% more wineries. Oregon winery numbers continue to grow while Washington’s seem to have leveled out. From the literature and industry interviews, three variables were selected to be tested for their industry impacts: domestic consumption (state population times wine industry per-capita consumption); market domination (estimated from interviews and proportional market share); and net government intervention, an outgrowth of policy cluster analysis (policies cannot be examined in isolation, but must consider the impacts of direct and indirect collateral state agency policies as well). Comparisons between states were made. Multiple regression analysis determined these three variables accounted for approximately 95% of the variability of numbers of Oregon and Washington commercial wineries. Different equations were derived for each state. Of the three variables, Oregon’s number of wineries appears to be more influenced by government policy than in Washington. In Washington domestic consumption has more impact on winery numbers than in Oregon. No substantial impacts of oligopoly could be determined in either state.

Since the 1960's, the number of publications has increased at a phenomenal rate, and the introduction of the computer has resulted in greatly expanded technological advances in information processing and information access. The information delivery component of health sciences libraries has been transformed; and concomitantly, their interorganizational relations have been altered. This research investigates the impact of a federally mandated information program. The Medical Library Assistance Act was passed in 1965 to support the escalating information needs of health professionals. Also, a computerized access system for biomedical literature was introduced by the National Library of Medicine. This study focuses on health sciences libraries in the Pacific Northwest, primarily Oregon and Washington, from 1965 to 1985 to determine how the Act impacted them. Of the various theories in interorganizational relations, Raelin's legal-political model provides the most cogent framework. One of his two types of mandated networks results from society-at-large placing its will on a group of organizations through the enactment of a law. As a decision maker with a mandate, the National Library of Medicine has changed the relationships of health sciences libraries through a hierarchical network, the Regional Medical Library Program. This analysis is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and personal observation. Data were collected to determine the number of interlibrary loan transactions routed through the Regional Medical Library at the University of Washington and consortium grants from the National Library of Medicine. A survey of health sciences librarians in the Pacific Northwest was conducted to find out to which organizations they belonged, their familiarity with the Medical Library Assistance Act, and their first use of MEDLINE. The results show that interorganizational relations among health sciences libraries in the Pacific Northwest increased after passage of the Medical Library Assistance Act of 1965. The confluence of the establishment of the Regional Medical Library network with the development of a computerized database, MEDLINE, made this component of the Medical Library Assistance Act a resounding success. Information technology also changed a hierarchical structure to a more lateral one, whereby health sciences librarians at all levels perform their own on-line database searching.